A d v m i,I Orguk Geochealmy 1991

Org. Geochem.Vol. 19, Nos 4-6, pp. 545-555, 1992 0146-6380/92 $5.00+ 0.00
Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved Copyright © 1992Pergamon Press Ltd

Source rock potential (TOC + Hydrogen Index) evaluation by

integrating well log and geochemical data
THOMASA. SCHWARZKOPF*
BP Research Centre, Sunbury-on-Thames, Chertsey Road, Middlesex TWl6 7LN, England

Almtraet--Evaluation of source rock potential using well log data alone, e.g. density or sonic log, is limited
to the assessment of total organic carbon (TOC) content. Well logs that directly measure the most
important source quality parameter, the hydrogen content of the kerogen, do not exist. Therefore, a
method is proposed that combines log-derived TOC data with calibration schemes relating TOC content
to Hydrogen Index and maturity for individual source rock sets. The method has been applied to the
compositionally heterogeneous Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the North Sea and the homogeneous
Lower Toarcian Shale of N.-Germany. The combination of well log and geochemical data greatly
improves the accuracy with which the lateral and vertical distribution of source rocks and their potential
can be predicted on a basin and prospect level.

Key words---geochemistry, source rock, wireline log, density log, organic matter, kerogen, pyrolysis,
Kimmeridge Clay Formation, Lower Toarcian Shale

INTRODUCTION other geochemical data. A method is outlined here

Sophisticated basin modelling techniques are com-
monly applied in petroleum exploration in order to
predict the spatial distribution of oil and gas in a
sedimentary basin. An important aspect of these
models is the quantification of source rock volumes
and corresponding potential to generate petroleum.
However, detailed information on both source rock
occurrence and potential in sedimentary basins is in
general limited. Direct geochemical measurements on
source rocks are in most cases sparse and sampling
often does not allow an accurate regional assessment
of source potential. Consequently, wireline logs have
in the past increasingly been used to identify source
rock intervals, to quantify the organic matter content
and interpolate between borehole geochemical data-
sets (Herron,1987; Meyer and Nederlof, 1984; Car-
pentier et aL, 1989; Schmoker, 1979, 1981; Schmoker
and Hester, 1983; Mendelson and Toksoz, 1985;
Passey et al., 1990).
Common aims of all the existing methods are,
firstly to identify the source rock intervals, secondly
and more importantly to improve the detection limit
of the organic carbon content and finally to improve
the accuracy of the total organic carbon (TOC)
assessment. However, even the most reliable quantifi-
cation of TOC content from logs does not permit a
t r u e estimate of source potential. This requires the
determination of the hydrogen content ( C - H bonds)
o f the kerogen. A tool providing this facility does not
exist at the present time. As a result any improvement
in the application of log data to assess the true source
potential of a mudrock requires integration with
*Present address: RWE AG, Research and Development,
Kruppstrasse 5, 4300 Essen I, Germany.
which combines the determination of the total or-
ganic carbon content from density logs with an
empirically derived relationship between TOC, Hy-
drogen Index and maturity for a source rock suite.
The aim of this approach is to improve the database
used for more detailed volumetric calculations of the
petroleum generation potential on a basin and
prospect level.
DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ORGANIC
CARBON CONTENT
The first step in developing a method to predict the
quantity and quality of organic matter from logs is
the determination of the total organic carbon (TOC)
content in a potential source rock. Conventional
methods are based on the physical properties of the
organic matter, such as low density and high sonic
travel time, which influence log response in different
ways. Various logs or combination of logs have been
used to detect and quantify organic matter in sedi-
ments: gamma-ray log (Schmocker, 1981; Fertl and
Rieke, 1980), pulsed-neutron spectral log (Herron,
1986), density log (Schmoker, 1979; Schmoker and
Hester, 1983), sonic log (Dellenbach et al., 1983;
Meyer Nederlof, 1984; Carpentier et al., 1989), resis-
tivity log (Carpentier et al., 1989; Passey et al., 1990).
For detailed discussions on the advantages and disad-
vantages of each method the interested reader is
referred to review papers by Passey et al. (1990),
Mendelson and Toksoz (1985) and Fertl and Chilin-
gar (1986). Testing various methods it was concluded
that the application of the density log for the determi-
nation of the TOC content in the studied examples
was the simplest and most reliable method. Rugosity
of the borehole walls or high pyrite content which

545
546 THOMASA. SCHWARZKOPF
both could negatively influence the data, had no
significant effect.
In general, the bulk density of a sediment depends
on the density of the mineral matrix, the pore volume
(porosity) and density of fluids occupying the pore
space. Organic matter has relatively low density and
its presence therefore causes a decrease in bulk den-
sity relative to sediment with no organic matter but
the same rock matrix and porosity. A direct corre-
lation between TOC content and the bulk formation
density (as measured by density logs, Schmocker and
Hester, 1983) is only possible, however, if porosity,
kerogen, rock matrix and fluid density are constant.
The natural variation of these parameters prevents
the general application of this kind of approach
across different basins.
Modelling variation in sediment density as a func-
tion of TOC content requires data such as the
porosity of the sediment, the density of the fluids,
the rock matrix and the kerogen (Mendelson and
Toksoz, 1985). This kind of model requires careful
application because slight variations in the input
parameters, in particular porosity and kerogen den-
sity, have a major effect on the calculated TOC value.
The input parameters should be calibrated resulting
in different constants for specific source rocks and
basins. To do this the first step is to determine the
true porosity of the source rock interval: i.e. the
volume of the fluid-filled pore space between the
matrix grains. There are basically two ways to achieve
this: (1) calculate the true porosity from the density
log of the adjacent non-source interval; (2) estimate
2.6
~" 2.4
@
O
2.2
2.0
0 2 4 6
Total Organic Carbon (%)
Fig. 1. Calculated variation of source rock density with increasing TOC content.
the porosity of the source interval from present day
burial depth by using a generalized porosity/depth
curve for mudrocks in the area of interest. The first
option is preferred because of the many problems
involved in establishing a generalized porosity/depth
curve such as overpressure and mineralogical vari-
ability effects. To apply the first option several con-
ditions should be met: (1) ideally, the non-source rock
should contain no organic matter; (2) in addition, the
porosity and the density of the matrix of the source
and non-source interval should be similar. Porosity is
first calculated for the non-source interval:
porosity ffi a m - - arts (1)
a m -- a w
an, = density of non-source interval; am = matrix den-
sity; a,~ = density of water.
In a simplified rock model, total rock density
depends on the volume and specific density of water
in the pore space (porosity), rock matrix and if
present kerogen. Provided porosity and rock matrix
of the non-source and source interval are the same,
the volume of kerogen represents the difference in
bulk densities between the source and non-source
interval
¢~ = a, - a., (2)
(7 k -- a m
Ok = kerogen volume; as -- density of source interval;
a,, = density of non-source interval; a m = matrix den-
sity; ak = kerogen density.
Input parameter :
Matrix density - 2.7 g/cm 3
Kerogen density - 1.2 g/cm s
8 10 ~2
 Source rock potential evaluation 547

Well Depth
2.6-] ~ 0 2240-2500m
t ~ O ~25~om

I "".~,, ~'~,~ -- • ~o~32~o.

2.4~_ ~'~,,.'~.~ "~.~,,~ O 03750-3800m
I ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ " , , O 3720-39605

u~ 2.2- ~'.~.~. U ~ 3km

- ~ 0 ~ ' " ~ ' 2 km

2.0 I I I I I I I I I I I I
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Total OrganicCarbon (%)
Fig. 2. Comparison between the observed ( ) and calculated ( - - - ) relationship between source rock
density and TOC content in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the North Sea.

10--
• • • u----O
• • • O
8 m • I °° • o• •oo 0! .0
• • • • •
.', !:...
o
•0 .0o00
• O 00 •
"
i 00
20
i °
• $
•
@
4 j I, • I * oo • * * ***

2
t.::
oil Io'!: •"I• " I"
008 •0 •
• •

I I I I I
0 10 20 30 40
Delta Sonic TravelTime (ft/s)
(source vs non-source)
Fig. 3. Delta sonic travel time of a source and a non-source interval from the KCF vs the measured TOC
content of the source interval.
548 THOMAS A. SCHWARZKOPF

|
$•

6.

o
J • •
0
Q • •
~B~O
llW'~a~ O• • • • •

-2.

0 10 20 30 40
DeltaSonicTravel.time ( ft I s )
Fig. 4. Delta sonic travel time o f a source and a non-source interval from the K C F vs the measured T O C
content of the source interval minus the measured T O C content o f the non-source interval.

In this equation kerogen volume is calculated as a density of 2.7 g/cm 3 were assumed, the TOC content
fraction of the whole rock. Taking account of poros- increases with decreasing formation density.
ity and using a standard factor of 0.85 kg carbon/kg The method was tested on the organic-rich Kimme-
kerogen to transform kerogen volume, the TOC ridge Clay Formation (KCF) in the Central North
fraction of the source interval is calculated Sea. This provides an ambitious test for the method
a~ ~k
because firstly, the organic matter is heterogeneous
in
TOC = W (3) both quantity and quality, secondly, it varies in
crk ~k + trm (1 - porosity - <~k)
maturity and thirdly, it varies in mineralogical com-
W = 0.85 kg carbon/kg kerogen. position. The measured bulk density of mudrocks
Equations similar to the ones described above have from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation are plotted
been published by Mendelson and Toksoz (1985), against TOC measurements, from cuttings and cores,
Schmoker and Hester (1983) and Schmoker (1979) of single wells in Fig. 2. The calculated regression
which even take into account the volume of pyrite. lines for each well are also plotted together with the
Results from the three methods differ slightly and it
depends on the user which kind of underlying rock
model he prefers. The principle of deriving TOC
content from density logs is not affected. In any case,
J Environment J
Depositional I Preservati°n
Conditions J
apart from porosity, two other input parameters have
to be defined, namely the kerogen and matrix den-
sities. Kerogen density depends on the organic matter
composition (maceral composition) and maturity. Matter
I Amountof Organic ] I c°rn°°sRi°n °f
OrgJinicMatter ]
The density of labile marine organic matter varies
between 1.1 and 1.4g/cm 3 whereas the density of
terrestrial organic matter (e.g. vitrinite) ranges from
1.3 to 1.7 g/cm 3 (Stach, 1982). The matrix density of
silieielastic sediments is less variable and is normally I Maturity J
assumed to be constant. High concentrations
of heavy minerals may, however, invalidate this
assumption.
An example of the above calculations is shown in I ,o° I
Fig. 1. In this case where a calculated true porosity Fig. 5. Factors influencing the relationship between source
of 15%, a kerogen density of 1.2 g/cm ~ and a matrix rock maturity, T O C content and Hydrogen Index.
 Source rock potential evaluation 549

predicted TOC-density relationship for organic-rich density logs, they are unaffected by rugose borehole
mudrocks at various depth (2-4 kin). There is good wall or by the presence of pyrite.
agreement between the calculated regression lines and In order to test the applicability of sonic logs in
the predicted TOC-density relationships. assessing the TOC content of mudrocks, the relation-
The detection limit for organic-rich mudrocks ship between sonic travel time and organic matter
using this method is about 2% TOC. Applying content was tested on the same Kimmeridge Clay
this method and comparing the results with measured sample set that was used in evaluating the density log.
data from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation showed The TOC content was calculated by comparing the
that for similar organic-rich source rocks the error sonic travel time of organic-rich to organic-poor
is __2% TOC. This error is acceptable for the mudrock intervals and relating the difference in sonic
purposes of assessing the TOC content of this kind travel time to the amount of organic carbon (Fig. 3).
of organic-rich source rocks in areas where no Apart from a vague trend of increasing TOC with
geochemical data is available. For more homo- increasing sonic travel time no direct correlation was
genous source rocks, such as the Bakken shale or the observed. Part of the scatter may be due to not
Lower Toarcian Shale (shown later) the error is compensating for the TOC content of the assumed
reduced. non-source interval. If this is done and the values
Sonic logs can be used in a similar way to density subtracted from the TOC value of the source interval
logs in order to calculate the TOC content of mud- the resulting correlation is better (Fig. 4). However,
rocks. However, the relationship between sonic travel even this improved version does not allow accurate
time and organic matter content is much less con- assessment of the organic carbon content. It is con-
strained than the relationship between bulk density cluded that sonic logs should not be used to estimate
and organic matter content. This is because sonic the amount of organic carbon in mudrock intervals.
travel time is influenced firstly by a greater variety of
parameters including lithology, porosity, and distri-
bution of organic matter (Meyer and Nederlof, 1984) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOC CONTENT, ORGANIC
MATTER COMPOSmON ( H Y D R O G E N INDEX)
and secondly, because the physical properties of AND MATURITY
organic matter vary substantially according to their
chemical composition e.g. different kerogen types, It has been suggested that density logs can provide
different maceral composition. In addition, the verti- reliable estimates of organic matter quantity (TOC
cal resolution of sonic logs is less than that of density content) in mudrock intervals. In order to improve
logs. One advantage of the sonic logs is that, unlike the effectiveness of this method and to achieve the

700

• 400
600
• • Y

• • go
• • 2• ,~ s
• es '~ • I
-- qL 0 . • O • •
u O •'s'O • • • •
o° o• .. o• • # • ° o
4oo • _j oOo • __ • •
oO°~ ° e• • o" • • go•" •

• • ~qs • ~s" oS• so "• • •

• •qlJU • • •
• O0
150 5 t
o~ •
• • • •
• • O•

100
. "..0 . . . :

o 2 4 6 8 10 12

Total Organic Carbon (%)

Fig. 6. Hydrogen Index versus TOC content of immature KCF mudrocks. Average H I values are assigned
to a low TOC source rock (<3%TOC-150HI) and a high TOC source rock (>3%TOC-400HI).

0(3 19/4:6.--P
550 THOMASA. SCI-IW~mZXOPF
final aim of predicting the true source potential,
density-derived TOC calculations must be integrated
with geochemical information. The crucial step here
is to take the calculated TOC value from the density
log of a source interval and link it to a model that
describes the relationship between TOC content, or-
ganic matter composition (Hydrogen Index ffi HI kg
HC/tonne rock, Espitafie et al., 1977) and maturity.
Due to petroleum generation and expulsion, maturity
has a direct effect on both TOC content and Hydro-
gen Index of a source rock (Fig. 5).
The relationship between TOC content and Hydro-
gen Index is more complex. Because many factors,
such as initial organic matter supply in the deposi-
tional environment and preservation conditions
during and after decomposition, determine the TOC
content and Hydrogen Index of a source rock, the
relationship between the two, is hardly predictable
(Hartman-Stroup, 1987). Therefore, in most cases
there is no simple, numerical relationship between
TOC content and HI which in addition would have
to take into account the effect of maturity on both
parameters. Instead, simple schemes based on empir-
ical data have been developed. In the following
section two examples are given from two distinct
12
10-
I 8-
o
6 -
g
o
4 -
2 -
Fig. 7. Scheme showing the relationship between TOC content and average Hl's at various stages of
maturity (KCF mudrocks, North Sea).
types of marine oil-prone source rocks: (1) the Kim-
meridge Clay Formation (KCF) in the North Sea,
representing a regionally heterogenous source rock
deposited in a predominately post-rift setting (I-Ierbin
et al., 1991; Lott et al., 1989; Rawson and Riley,
1982); (2) the homogenous, regionally widespread
Lower Toarcian Shale of Central Europe characteris-
ing source rock deposition on a stable, shallow
marine shelf (Littke et al., 1991; Riegraf, 1985;
Jenkyns, 1985; Morris, 1980; Huc 1977).
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Kimmeridge Clay Formation
A prerequisite for the proposed method is a geo-
chemical database containing information on the
variation in TOC content, organic facies and
Hydrogen Index with maturity for the source rock.
The first step in the calibration scheme requires
the construction of TOC%-HI crossplots for
different maturities. Figure 6 shows one example
for immature KCF mudrocks (Re% < 0.5%). The
observed scatter is typical for source rocks
deposited under varying conditions. This is mainly
22O
HI
 Source rock potential evaluation 551

caused by (1) a variation in organic matter com-
position e.g. hydrogen-poor terrestrial organic mat-
ter versus hydrogen-rich marine organic matter,
(2) variation in preservation conditions at the sedi-
ment-water interface and (3) variation in organic
matter supply e.g. autochthonous, primary pro-
ductivity versus allochthonous terrestrial organic
matter. In view of this only a simple separation of
the dataset into two groups is justified. Group 1
consists of low to moderately organic-rich mud-
rocks (0.5-3% TOC), HI's ranging from about 50
to about 300. Group 2 comprises source rocks
with more than 3% TOC and HI's of 300-550. In
a similar way, diagrams were produced for seven
different maturity stages and average HI-values
assigned to each range in TOC-values. The results
are summarised in Fig. 7 for the two source rock
groups. This diagram can now be used to assess
average HI-values at a given maturity/depth level
from log-derived TOC-values in order to calculate
the present day source rock potential.
An example of the application of Fig. 7 is given in
Fig. 8. In this typical North Sea Well, the KCF is
characterized by low but variable density, implying a
variable TOC content. Measurements on cuttings,
however, suggest a continuous organic-rich source
interval (Fig. 8). From the density log, four zones
were tentatively identified. Here calculated average
TOC values range from 0.5 to 8.0% TOC (Fig. 8). In
contrast to measured data from cuttings there is a
large predicted variation in the TOC content over the
interval. The measured data from cuttings suffer from
various problems such as: sampling and preparation,
cavings (zone 2 and 3), contamination and depth
conversion. This is evident in particular in zone 2 and
3 where the decrease in TOC content is not shown by
the measured data nor, as sometimes suggested, by a
decrease in the gamma ray (GR) response. The most
important result is, however, the correct assessment
of the source potential by the applied scheme. In zone
1 where the measured data is believed to be fairly
representative, good agreement is observed between
the calculated and measured present day source
potential. Unlike the measured data, the calculation
scheme allows a continuous assessment of the source
rock potential over the whole interval. In summary:
any assessment of the source rock potential of the
KCF in this particular well from cuttings data alone
or GR response would firstly overestimate the source
rock potential in zone 2 and secondly, probably miss
a source rock interval in the lower part of the
formation (zone 4).
Lower Toarcian Shale
To further test the proposed method, published
wire-line logs and geochemical data for the Lower
Toarcian Shale from N-Germany were taken from
the literature (Rullkttter et al., 1988; Littke and
Rullkttter, 1987; Mann and Miiller, 1988). As in
the previous example for the KCF, a model to predict

GR Comp ISN il.l) C ( . . p ISiN RHOB Comp LDN DT Comp ISN

150 300 20 200( 240 14¢
0 15( .2 20 1.95 2.9~ 140 4C
-J Total TOlal
4
4
~/nd~en t rock
kg HC/ (%) HyCI.,u~e" I rock
4~ ~ | I | I i

ZoneI 8.0 220 17.6

i ,~ 37OO
~_~ 8.9 167 14.9

2 8.6 191 16.4 3.9 220 8.6

;~ , ~-* 7.6 151 11.5
= .."1 -- 78 153

I
Zone3 0.5 100 0.5

3750 '~~lrle4 ~ "-~ 3"1 2196.6 2.02204.4

GammaRsy ~ ~ Dsns~ So.~ ._Me~__yrsd

dsts(cunlngs} Calculatsddais
Fig. 8. Comparison between measured geochemical data of cuttings from the KCF of a North Sea well
and calculated data based on density log measurements and the application of a regional calibration
scheme relating TOC, HI and maturity (Fig. 7).
552 THOMASA. SCHWARZKOPF
2.6~

2.4 Input parameter :

i 2.2 1.3 10%

t/)

- 1.2 15%

O ~ 1.1 20%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Total Organic
Carbon(%)
Fig. 9. Calculated variation of the decrease in source rock density with increasing TOC content (Lower
Toarcian Shale, N-Germany). Four curves are shown, each assuming different porosity and kerogen
density. Matrix density constant: 2.7 g/cm3.

the TOC content from the density logs was set up
(Fig. 9). The model was refined to take into account
the increase in kerogen density with maturity. This
was possible in this case because (a) more detailed
geochemical information was available and (b) the
source rock has a relatively uniform organic matter
composition.
The typical log characteristics of the Lower Toar-
cian Shale are shown in Fig. 10. Organic-rich, car-
bonaceous mudrocks (marls) are easily recognised by
sharp shifts in the log traces relative to organic-lean
mudrocks. Following the procedure outlined above,
the TOC content of the source interval was calculated
from the density difference between organic-rich and
surrounding organic-lean shales (Fig. 11). Based on
geochemical (pyrolysis) and maturity (vitrinite reflec-
tance) data from four wells (Rullk6tter et al., 1988)
a regional TOC-HI-Maturity scheme was constructed
in order to calculate the source rock potential for a
section of the Lower Toarcian Shale (Fig. 12). The
predicted TOC content and the source rock potential
varies from 10.2 to 12.8% TOC and 66 to 83 kg
HC/tonne rock, respectively. This result is in excellent
agreement with the actual measured data on
cores (10.7% TOC, o 1.2; 71 kg HC/tonne rock, (75.0)
(Fig. 11).
In cases such as the organic-rich, homogeneous
Lower Toarcian Shale, where a close correlation

RHOB CGR, $GR URANIUM ILD PROX

( g-ore4 ) (GAPI) (ppm) (ohm.m) (ohm.m)
2.0 2.3 50 150 0 10 10 100 10 100 AGE
I I • I I I - I I I |

i Dogger,
LowerAalenlan

A
I
Upper Urn,
Totm::ian

L
50 Middle HaS,
Plienstmchlan

Fig. I0. Log traces from the Lower Toarcian Shale (Well Wenzen) in N-Germany (from Mann and Miiller,
1988).
 Source rock potential evaluation 553

2e1
2.4
• Lower Toarcian shale
1 measured data
c~ / 10.7% + l o
151~ '1
< .

~ 22.
lO-

0 I 2.o-
2.6 2.8 0 2 4 6 8 lg r
2.0 Z~ensi ", TOC % 10.2% 12.8%
[ nooou--g"t non-source I
Uas alpha I

Fig. 11. Comparison of density log-derived TOC data with measured data from core (Lower Toarcian
Shale, N-Germany).

exists between the decrease in TOC and HI with
maturity and the initial TOC content was regionally
similar, a simplified way of directly assessing the
source rock potential from density logs is possible. In
Fig. 13 the measured value of the source interval from
different wells is plotted against the measured source
rock potential (P2). With density values from wireline
logs of a new well it appears it would be possible to
roughly assess the source rock potential (P2) to
within + 10%.

12.

10.

v
e- 8"

2.

0
0.4 015 0~6 0~7 0~8 0.'9 1~0 1~1 112 113

VItrinite Reflectance ( Rm% )

Fig. 12. Scheme showing the relationship between TOC content and average HI's at various stages of
maturity (Ro%) (Lower Toarcian Shale N-Germany, data from Rullk6tter et al., 1988, Littke and
Rullk6tter, 1987).
554
2.60
1.45% Rm
5 2.40 Well H~essen 0.88% Rm
I I
Well Harderode
(o
0 0.68% Rm
r~
n-
2.20
2.00
0 ' 1'o ' 20
' ' ;o
Fig. 13. Kerogen conversion into petroleum with increasing maturity causes the decrease in source rock
potential (P2) and TOC content of the source rock. The latter effect results in an increase of source rock
CONCLUSIONS
At present, the use of density logs is the simplest
and probably most reliable method to assess the TOC
content of siliciclastic source rocks from E-logs.
However, the true source potential of a mudrock
interval can only be estimated by linking the log-
derived TOC-values with empirically derived re-
lationships between TOC, Hydrogen Index and
maturity. These must be developed for individual
source rocks. The application of this integrated ap-
proach is therefore restricted to sedimentary basins
with at least some geochemical information on poten-
tial source rocks. Once calibration schemes have been
developed, however, all wireline log information can
be used to greatly improve the confidence in predict-
ing the lateral and vertical distribution of source
rocks and their source rock potential from log data.
Furthermore, a continuous calculation of source rock
potential over the whole source rock interval is very
valuable in calculating the petroleum generation po-
tential of specific source rocks on both prospect and
basin scale.
Acknowledgements--I wish to thank BP Research for per-
mission to publish this paper and give special thanks to
Keith Myers for discussion and Shona Grant for aid in
improving the final version of this document.
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logging and source rocks: estimation of organic carbon
THOMASA. SCHWARZKOPF
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I Well Dielmissen
I
0.48% Rm
I
Well Wenzen
I
. . 4o. . . 50 . . 6o ;o ' 8'0 ' ~
P2 ( kg HC / t rock )
density.
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