KR9900262

KAERI/TR-1378/99

Radiation Counting Statistics

3 1-02
% 1999

1999^

-g-

-l-
JSL

- 3 -
 Abstract

This report is intended to describe the statistical methods necessary to

design and conduct radiation counting experiments and evaluate the data from

the experiments. The methods are described for the evaluation of the stability of

a counting system and the estimation of the precision of counting data by

application of probability distribution models. The methods for the determination

of the uncertainty of the results calculated from the number of counts, as well

as various statistical methods for the reduction of counting error are also

described.

c .
1. 3-!-$^ « £ £ 9
1.1. «»1^^-1:^^ 10
1.2. ^ ^ - t - ^ 13
1.3. <>lWl-££ 15
°)%&Z. 15

3.°}$ £%- 17
1.4. "S^f-^-S. 20

20

21

22
22

2. 3-ir^-S. S i s ] -g-g- 29

2.1. ^ l ^ ^ l ^ ^ s ] o ] . ^ ^ 3-0] 29

2.2. 1 Sj 7il#^ ^ ^ 5 . 36
2.3. «>4 ^l#a] ^ ^ s . 37

3. *D^.SL*l-3 4 ^ - 43
3.1. ? > ^ e ^ o ] 7}# T%# 43

3.2. 7F^E^fif AJ-^O] ^ ^ 44

3.3. 7 } - £ m ^ ?>fi1 ^ - ^ 45

3.4. 4 - t zH# 46
3.5. t ^ I t t t ^ ^]^> 51

-7-
4. 3 ] # 63

4.1. «j 63

4.2. 3 64

4.3. 65

4.4. 68

4.5. 74
4.6. 77

84
 PH ^

variable)^JL

variable)2fJl
X, Y, Z f-^-S. a ^ ^ j i , ^ - # ^ ^ 2 ] ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ x, y, z ^ A
o
14^-l:^^(Sltk5i$«®:; discrete random variable)^
random variable)^ ^ £ € 4 . ^ ^ ^ > ^

}6)]

distribution)!-

-g-
distribution)^3. ^Vt\^_ ^ O J E ^ ^ ^ ^5(experimental mean)4
(experimental variance)^ o}3,^ rfl-g-^r^I^ Xlfe 3 H z]-z| S-^

Slfe S€-

7]"S\ s-f-H-i(hypergeometric probability distribution)7}

-9-
 1.1. Ref.l, p.131

±= n 1- Xi (i = 1, 2,. . . .,n)

P(X=Xi) HLfe

(probability density function) £.fe '&^r(probability function)4JL

1.

x Xl X3 • • Xn

P(x) - P(X=x) P(xi) P(x2) P(x3) P(Xn)

P(x)fe 4 ^ 4 44
(1) X7V

0 < P(x) < 1

(2) S ^ ^ - 1 - P(xi)^

i) = 1

X - 0?l ^ " 1 : ^ 0.70*1 Jl, X = IS! ^ 1 : ^ 0.20*1 Jl, X = 2*1

Ref.l, p.132

-10-
 :2.g.
X

P(x) = P(X=x) 0.70 0.20 0.10 1.0

0.8 n

0.6

0.4

0.2

o.o
1
X

l(expectation) E(X)»
^^(mean) ^ 5}-ji£ ^cf.

ft = E(X)
= XrP(Xi) + X2'P(X2) + Xn'P(Xn)

(1)

-11-
 (variance)

V(X)
E[(X-^) 2 ]

2 (xi- /i )2 • P(xi) (2)

^ l ^ - H-3.7J- $14. ^i^}7l- ^ ] ^ ^ ^^(theoretical distribution)^El

°}^^ ^^(theoretical mean)•yell w]«fl ^ > f e Als.1-

(experimental mean)<>14.

^^(theoretical variance)

variance) s 2 ^ S . ^

2] ^ ^ # 2

Ref.2, p.90, 107

H,

( H, H ), ( H, T ), ( T, H ), ( T, T )
x 2 1 1 0

x
P(x) 1/4 2/4 1/4

-12-
 X P(x) xP(x) (x-^)zP(x)
0 1/4 0 1/4
1 2/4 2/4 0
2 1/4 2/4 1/4
1 1 0.5

= E(x) =

= V(x) = 2 (x r /^ )2 • P(xi) = 0.5

(7 = VV(X) =

1.2. Ref.l, p.150

H *M, f(x)

(1)

fC°f(x)dx = 1
J —CO

(2) f(x) >

(3) p(a) = Q

(4) a^ b

P(a<x<b) = f*f(x)dx

1 <5
4. Zl

P(a<x<b) P(a<x<b)
P(x)

1.

= E(X) = x-f(x)dx (3)

J —oo

= V(X) = (x -/«)2-
J —CO

= x" • f(x)dx (4)

J —oo

-14-
 1.3.
binomial distribution)

(1) B 4.
(2)

(3)

p, q(= n

A7V

q(=

4 n 4] A7f 14,2.^ (5)^.2-

P(x) = nCxpx(l - p ) n " , x = 1, 2, 3, . . . . , n (5)

3] « ^ 3 7 M t 7 o > ^ 2

7111-

n - 2, p = 2/5*1

-15
 Ref.2,p.l22

0 P(0) = 2Co(2/5)°(3/5)2 = 9/25

1 7fl(x = P(l) = 2 Ci(2/5) 1 (3/5) 1 = 12/25

2 7fl(x = P(2) = 2C2(2/5)2(3/5)° = 4/25

(1)34 (2)3 <*l

^ s (6)34 (7)3£-£ ^ « | E S (8)3
4

U - 2J x • P(x) = np (6)

a2 = V(X) = S ( x - / = np(l - p) = p) • • • • (7)

a = VV(X) = V n p ( l - p) = V ju(l " P) (8)

^ t t ^"1-^ p = 1 - e^^l4. 4 ^ i , t A)#

q = 1 - p = e"At°14. ^^1) n 7fl^ «oUf^ sfl ^ x

)fe (5)3i £\^*\ 4 ^ - 4 %V4.

P(x) = nCx(l - eAt)x(eAtr*

A: if-^^r(decay constant),
A = (In 2)/Ti/2l

-16-
 ^ t ^r 584.
ft = np = n(l - e ' " )

At
a = Vnpq = V Me

At

4] <H^ tfl^-6!) <atv^ ^l°d^°l 4 \1 ^ # ^ 1 : ^ - 1 - ^ 0.9°14. 5000

Ref.l, p.170

n = 5000, p = 0.9?] o)«j-«-^o| S ^ 7lcfl^sf s ^ ^ A ] - ^ zj-z)- (6)^^- (8)

S14.
^ = np = 5000 x0.9 = 4500 ^

: cr = Vnpil - p) = V5000 x 0.9 x 0.1 = 21.2

distribution)
fe p -> 0, n -»• OOOIJL /i = np7l-

-g-

137
= 30 Id 6] 137 Cs ^ o j o } ^ ^ ^ 7flfi] CS

-17-
 ^ = (In 2)/30y = 7.3 x
137
^ Cs A l s . ^ 5 . 4 x 1015

1 51 A

Als.fi! s j $ ^ - ^ ^ ^ r p = np = 4 x 1015 x 7.3 x 1(T10 = 2.9 x 106

decays/s^ ° ^ ^

P(x) = e'" //Vx!, x = 0, 1, 2, (9)

e = 2.71828

5] < H ^

count rate)0] 20 cpm(counts/min)°1^.4. 4-g- #^°fl A 1 18 cpm-lr

Ref.3, p.34

, /i= 20, x = 18°1

P(18) - 2018e 2 7l8! = 0.0844 ~ 8%

10,000 $ 31 ^ f ^ 844 #£: 18

-18-
 6] *% =3:47)7} <£$& W ^ ^ *$-*}%• &^ <&%*Q{*\ 50

19,500 71] 5] a °^

^M^ 1 £ ^ # 4 4 ^ 7flfi) a °a^7l- 71^-Elfe^ll- <£ ^ $14. Ref.4, p.207

(a) 1 £ ^L> ^ *

(b) 1 £ ^ * H ff

(C) 1 ^ ^ H 1 7flSl ff

(d) 1 ^ ^^>°11 6

#°1] (a) 1 ^- ^ # ^ ^ S a °J^> ^r- M = 19500/(50x60) = 6.5 a -rays/min

(b) P(0) = 6.5°e a5 /0! = 0.00150

50 x 60 7U°1 1 ^ ^#<>l SX^-B-S., a ^T-W ^ 711=-£1*1 & £ ^^V ^

3000 x P(0) = 3000 x 0.0015 = 4.5 ^ #

(c) P(l) = aS^" 6 5 /!! = 0.00977

1 7flfil ff °g^7f 7 1 ^ - ^ ^^V ^ : 3000 x P(l) = 3000 x 0.00977 = 29.3

(d) P(6) = 6.56e"&5/6! = 0.157

6 7flsl a °gx>7^ 7 1 ^ - ^ ^ # ^ : 3000 x P(6) = 3000 x 0.157 = 471

M = It x • P(x) = np (6)
0

cr2 = 1 ] ( ^ - x ) 2 - P ( x ) = np(l - p) <- (p - O°1H.S- l - P = l)

x=0
= np = ft (10)

a =W (11)

-19-
 7] ^433- 1,000 ^ *<>M ^11O1 -2-*?! 4 t # 2:4^4.

Ref.5, p. 116

p = 1/365 = 0.00274 n = 1,000

M = np = 1,000 x 0.00274 = 2.74 ^

a2 = ft - 2.74

2774 = 1.66

1.4. ^^^-l-^-i
rSL (normal distribution)

f(x) = - ^ - exp[- ^-4^"] (12)

fe x 3M x 4 x+dx 4O1°11 ^ - i : ^-1:SA-1 o]

^ f°Of(x)dx = H 4 .
J — CO

r AA (3)^4 (4)

x-f(x)dx (3)

(x - /i)2-f(x)dx (4)

-20-
 :5.(standard normal distribution)

^0)^4.

x - /i
z = — (13)

f(z) = - 4 = exP(-z2/2) • (14)

72

z = f°° Z f( z )dz =0
J —oo

(72 = V(z) = f" Z 2 -f(z)dz = lolt)-. Ref.3, p.39

8] <H^1 -8-7H 1 - ^ o , ^ o j ^ o j ^ ^ i ^ > g 3 iU = 500 g> S^^xf ff= 5 g

(a) 510 g ol^-oj 3 . ^ (b) 49 8 g 6 l ^.oj ^.^ (c) 491 g ^ 498 g

^r -§-71 oj-ofl s o | o l f e o^^c] J J L ^

" ^% V ^ Si4. Ref.l, p.204

510 - 500
(a) P(x>510) = P(z> ) = P(z>2) = 2.28% <- ^ 1,

498 - 500
(b) P(x<498) = P(z< ) = P(z<-0.4) = P(z>0.4) = 34.46%

491 - 500 498 - 500

(c) P(49Kx<498) = P( <z<

-21-
 = P(-1.8<z<-0.4) = P(z<-0.4) -
= 34.46 - 3.59 = 30.87%

Ref.l, p.207, Ref.3, p.33, 41, Ref.4, p.237

SI4. #, 3 J^ M = np^l S°|-^ ^ I S e4 A l^l^q- 3g3- ^ =np,

o=

n = 103 3-f p7> 0.1, 0.4, 0.

O o|u|.

nfl ^ £ £ ^ - ^ (12)^3 ^ ^ ( ^ ) ^ S f e - np,

Vnpqt-

Ref.3, p.36, 41, Ref.4, p.244

> 20^]^ S 4 * ^-£1- ^ i ^ S S ^ 4 ^ 1 ^ ^ $14. 1 * ^ £•£# ^fl-^-

(12)^)3 3 j ^ ^ . ^ ^ np, £^9*1-3.^ Vnpl- 4

-22-
 0.4 —
(a)
0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 1 i . i . i . i .
6 10 12
X

0.25
(b)
0.20

0.15
QL

0.10

0.05

0.00
6 10 12
X

0.30
: (C)
0.25
0.20 -
0.15 -
0.10 •
0.05 - 1
0.00 " l . I . 1 1 1 1 .1
6 10 12
X

2.
(a) p = 0.1, (b) p = 0.4, (c) p = 0.8.

-23-
 0.16 (a)
0.12

QT 0.08

0.04

0.00 i i i i
10 15 20 25 30
X

0.12 - (b)

0.08 -

0.04 -

0.00 I., I, I I .1 1 .
15 20
1 .
25
1 .
30
10
X

0.08 (c)
0.06

QT 0.04

0.02

0.00 M10 15 20 25
1^
30
X

3.
(a)/u = 5, (b)j« = 10, (c)/i = 20.

-24-
 20

= 25?]

$14.
7] £| (7= - 5

= 25, S.

S ^ = np

0= = Vnp Ref.3, p.4i

2. = 25)

P(x)(Poisson) f(x)(normal), a = 5

10 0.0004 0.0009
12 0.0017 0.0027
14 0.0059 0.0071
16 0.0154 0.0168
18 0.0316 0.0299
20 0.0519 0.0484
22 0.0702 0.0666
24 0.0795 0.0782
25 0.0795 0.0798
26 0.0765 0.0782
28 0.0632 0.0666
30 0.0454 0.0484
32 0.0286 0.0299
34 0.0159 0.0168
36 0.0079 0.0071
38 0.0035 0.0027

-25-
 0.10 r-

0.08
db
0.06

A
X
<*^ V-—
- normal
o
0.04

0.02
A V
0.00
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
X

A.
cr =

7 ~ 8 3 si-

SL N( x,

S.'fflS.

f of^

20

$14.

-26-
-27-
 2.
2.1. 7il# Ref.5,pl22

20 ~ 50

*\ n £ « * > 4 3 1 «W. F(x)

fe 4^- (15)^] o. distribution function)6]^, n°]
ve frequency)^

F(x) =

£=0

5£4

x = Sx-F(x) (16)
x=0

s2 = S(xi
I
x)22--F(x)
- x) (17)

4-§-

1- §-5^r S-3j^(population mean) //•§•

$1
4. P(x)7|-

-29-
 S (population distribution)#

P(X)

Sife-

Efl^-E(Chi-squared test)"!-

20

5.

0.20

0.15

o
0.10
f
On Poisson

0.05

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
X

5. M = 8.80^] JS.1S.

-30-
 3.

A x • F(x) (Xi- x) 2 • F(x)

8, 14, 5, F(3) = 1/20 = 0.05 0.15 1.682
8, 12. 8,
F(4) = 0/20 = 0 0 0
10, 3, 13,
= 1/20 = 0.05 0.25 0.722
9, 7, 12, F(5)
9, 6, 10, F(6) = 2/20 = 0.10 0.6 0.784
10, 6, 8, F(7) = 2/20 = 0.10 0.7 0.324
11, 7 F(8) = 4/20 = 0.20 1.6 0.128
F(9) = 2/20 = 0.10 0.9 0.004
F(10) = 3/20 = 0.15 1.5 0.216
F(ll) = 1/20 = 0.05 0.55 0.242
F(12) = 2/20 = 0.10 1.2 1.024
F(13) = 1/20 = 0.05 0.65 0.882
F(14) = 1/20 = 0.05 0.7 1.352
EF(x) = 1.0 E x • F(x) S(xi- x) 2 -F(x)
= 8.80 = 7.36

cfl x = 8.80^1 J5.

= 8.80-§r EL7]

ZL

20 F(x) ^s-

p( x )
^614.
Oil

-31-
 -II-

IOO Wbv Pol - " Ib9-o b-l-te '&"? klbfr 5"

tH ^ l o { ^ to (I " u )

Ml -

ft R^ to l-a [o

kilo I -1^[H x / s s

-5o-|r(0Z) - t i : ^tv(6I) to ^ |zx 'TTtair --tats to

- u) = zx

(61)
- u)

£{£-§-[0 #,,

-|-(08"8

u
"
(81)

toi^-8-te ^-ty(8I) '-bio

s
9£L = s
 4.

* t-
N-1 0.99 0.95 0.90 0.50 0.10 0.05 0.01

1 0.0002 0.004 0.016 0.455 2.706 3.841 6.635

2 0.020 0.103 0.211 1.386 4.605 5.991 9.210

3 0.115 0.352 0.584 2.366 6.251 7.815 11.345

4 0.297 0.711 1.064 3.357 7.779 9.488 13.277

5 0.554 1.145 1.610 4.351 9.236 11.070 15.086

6 0.872 1.635 2.204 5.348 10.645 12.592 16.812

7 1.239 2.167 2.833 6.346 12.017 14.067 18.475

8 1.646 2.733 3.490 7.344 13.362 15.507 20.090

9 2.088 3.325 4.168 8.343 14.684 16.919 21.666

10 2.558 3.940 4.865 9.342 15.987 18.307 23.209

11 3.053 4.575 5.578 10.341 17.275 19.675 24.725

12 2.571 5.226 6.304 11.340 18.549 21.026 26.217

13 4.107 5.892 7.042 12.340 19.812 22.363 27.688

14 4.660 6.571 7.790 13.339 21.064 23.685 29.141

15 5.229 7.261 8.547 14.339 22.307 24.996 30.578

16 5.812 7.962 9.312 15.338 23.542 26.296 32.000

17 6.408 8.672 10.085 16.338 24.769 27.587 33.409

18 7.015 9.390 10.865 17.338 25.989 28.869 34.805

19 7.633 10.117 11.651 18.338 27.204 30.144 36.191

20 8.260 10.851 12.443 19.337 28.412 31.410 37.566

21 8.897 11.591 13.240 20.337 29.615 32.671 38.932

22 9.542 12.338 14.041 21.337 30.813 33.924 40.289

23 10.196 13.091 14.848 22.337 32.007 35.172 41.638

24 10.856 13.848 15.659 23.337 33.196 36.415 42.980

25 11.534 14.611 16.473 24.337 34.382 37.382 44.314

26 12.198 15.379 17.292 25.336 35.563 38.885 45.642

27 12.879 16.151 18.114 26.336 36.741 40.113 46.963

28 13.565 16.928 18.939 27.336 37.916 41.337 48.278

29 14.256 17.708 19.768 28.336 39.087 42.557 49.588

-33-
 )fe ^ ° M , 0.995}

0.50014. ^r,

. n =

20, x = 8.80, ne|aL s'2 = 7.36*1 B.S. (20H°fl £]«M xi - 15.89°lai,

4°11^ i f l ^ A S ^S}^. p = 0.66*9-1: t *r Si4. ^ # 0.66^
§ A E £ ol cflolE]^. <g^- ;

Ref.3, p.57, Ref.4, p.17

7H ^ - ^ ^ £i^r ^ - 1 : ^

U " ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 - ^ $14. 7 1 ^ ^-1-S. ^31 ol-g-5)^. oj

(Chauvenet's criterion)ol4.

V2n ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ - f *1 741^^11:

. n = 29] 3-f, '

0.25^1 ^a>)7f El^r z =

-34-
 n=
0.053 fe z =

n =2 n = 10

3. 5. £J±

\ n l/2n
2 1.15(7 0.25
3 1.38(7 0.167
4 1.54(7 0.125
5 1,65(7 0.1
10 1.96(7 0.05
15 2.13(7 0.033
20 2.24(7 0.025
25 2.33cr 0.02

X - X Z(J

-35-
 9] ^5] s 3 i ^ t-Ho]Ei5] ^ £ 1 . ^ ^ £ s 7>^f- ^ ^ 1 ^ 1 x = 14fe
X = 8.80)°ll «l*fl

n = 2 ( H l l ^ 5. 5S^-Ei z = 2.24°)31, S f ^ ^ } s - 2.

x - x = 14 - 8.80 = 5.2 < zs = 2.24 x 2.78 = 6.2

2.2. 15) ^1#^ ^ ^ £ Ref.5,p.l27

l-S-£(uncertainty)l- ^ ^

-36-
 (4)

^r x1?! 7 ^ 2 $14.

^%*)3. xl- P(x)#

-I: ^r $14. P(x)7|-

$14.

= x, o2 = s2, s2 =

standard deviation)^-

s = Vx

-t^H, 1 x = 100 n ^ - e fe 10 4^-E.

s = = V100 = 10 counts

2.3. Ref3,p57

$= a =

1 si 31#§H x ?>^^.l- fe l si

X 7}

-37-
 n
2, . . . . .

Si =

Vxi" ° H , ^ S xfe (21)^1

X = (21)
n

AA x

(7=7 X^]

a V x
(22)

^ d x 2 2 / ^ ( " v ^ i )2 /A X
i
!=1 I=1
V n V n
i

xtot (23)
n

xtot = xi + x 2 n : n

-38-
 10] 4^- afe 10 si 7fl#

X i - X)2

1 197 81
2 210 16
3 200 36
4 198 64
5 205 1
6 195 121
7 190 256
8 220 196
9 215 81
10 230 576
Total 2060 1428

2060
x = 3 = 206 Ref.3, p.59
„ Si 10

V
= 4.5 (22)

2060
s- = = 4.5 (23)
n 10

s = i - x)7(n-l) = V1428/9

a V1428/9
s- = = = 3.98 ~ 4

S. S2 f1 ^}=:

-39-
 Ref.6, p.93-£

x = i (a)
n •-'

s z2 = (b)

s2= x

2
n - 1

3711 4^ HS Xi -

, n

1 - 2 Hfl Ref.5, p.136

(24)^4
Ref.3, p.59, Ref.4, p.28, 42

x = (24)

s- = (25)

-40-
 °-S. 2
X! ± X2 ± S2#

AA x
xi<»l| 1 (normalized statistical weight)

= axi + (1 - a)x2

= a2si2 + (1 - a ) V

ds2/da = 2asi2 + 2(1 - a)(-l)s 2 2 = 0

S2 1/si2
a = s i 2 + S2 2 1/si2 + 1/S22

si2 1/S22
1 - a=
s,2 + s,2 1/si 2
+ 1/S22

#^ 2
-^S. (24)^4 (25)

2 , / 2
xi/si + X2/S2
x = Z
+ 1/S22

s -

-41-
 3. 7il# Ref.5, p.131

°<Kg, M, atom etc.)A

€4. x,
s x , S y , SZ

u = f(x, y, z,. .)<»1

<26)

©1 3-i: ^^1-3}-^- ^-^1 (error propagation formula)

^ 71S] £ ^ ^o1-*0!] ^-§-^ v ^r Sife ^ 1 C ) )4. ^ 7 H , ^ ^ X, Y, Z, . . .fe

3.1.
u = ax ± by, a, b

s u 2 = (a) 2 s x 2 + (±b) 2 s y 2

: su = V a V

Ref.5, p.132

-43-
 , "u = x - y"
gross counts : x = 1071
background counts : y = 521 ( -

net counts : u = 550

It

sx = Vx = V1071

sy = Vy = V521

su =Vs x z + syz = Vx + y = V1592 = 39.9

(net counts) = 550 ± 39.9 counts

3.2. ?}£HL

u = ax u
su2 = aV
s u = as x s u = (l/a)s x

12] t Al^V ^-oi-ojl x ? ^Ef ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ T g ^1^^-^. r = x /t

1120 7 } ^ l t QSX^r $3- 7]]^|:4 I § ^ x } f =?i% £.7.}. Ref.5, p.133

[
*°1] *+*: r =^ - ^ - 224 counts/s

sr = —^ = = 6.7 counts/s
t 5

r = 224 ± 6.7 cps

-44-
3.3. 7>^S

u = xy u = x/y

su2 = y V + x 2 s y 2 su2 = (l/y) 2 s x 2 + (-x/y2)2sy2

13] 2 7fls1 #Q-^r ££ *)# ^<£ 7 B t ^ ^ - ^ 31#§H AA 16265 7 > ^ E

. Ref.5, p.135

x = 16265 y = 8192

sx = V x = V16265 sy = Vy = V8192

: R = x/y = 16265/8192 = 1.985

16265 8192
162652 81922

= 1.836 x 10-4

SR
0.0135
R

SR = 0.0135 x R ~-
= 0.0135 x 1.985 = 0.027

R = 1.99 ± 0.027

-45-
3.4. ^ 1
$ S^€*> Ref.3, p.59

G : ^ ^ I T ^ I (gross counts : number of counts recorded by the sealer in

time tG with the sample present)

B : ^ZLBf-^s. TJl^r^] (background counts : number of counts recorded by

the sealer in time tB without the sample)
p
g = —— : ^ ^ I T ^ ^ : (gross count rate)
tG

b = —- : ^ Z L H ^ ^ H . ^l^^r(background count rate)

tB

G B
r =— —- - g - b : ^ ^ l ^ l r ( n e t count rate)
tG tB

G, tG,

2 / ^ r N2 2 , f_§_£_\2 2 , /_£r -,2 2 , , d r ^2 2

= S
( ) (~5T~) StG + (TB")
B S B + (~5T"^ StB
5t

, SB

2 _ r d r .2 r 2
sr -(-gG-)sG

-46-
 sG = VG, s B =

Gj to,

^ .SL^l-fe- G, to,

b7l-

14]) G = 1000 counts, to = 2 min, B = 500 counts, t B = 10 min°J

Ref.3, p.61

G B 1000 500 ,CA

r = — - — = —2 J Q - = 450 cpm

sr = V 7VV ++ - r z - = -71000/2" +500/10z = 16 cpm

tG tB

•'• r = 450 ± 16 cpm

b7l- 4 4 GSf B^I t ^ r 4 f e 5J* u o v 4§U r = g - b

sr = V sg2+ sb2 =

= V g + b = V1000/2 + 500/10

= 23 cpm

, sg

-47-
 g b = JB_
tG tB

Sg = sbz =

5 SG SB
tG

to2

1000 7B TBOO
Sg = Sb =
to tB 10

r =g
, or -2 2
(T-[-) Sb

= sS + s b

II I 2
Sr = V Sg + S
Sb

/G
/ . 2 ,2
= VlOOO/22 +500/102 = 16 cpm
V tG tB

15] ^ H ^IS.1- ^ 1 # « > ^ ^ ^ 2 1000 ? > ^ ^

^ ^|^^-^r 100 ± 6 cpm^-S. n

Ref.3, p.62

G 1000
r =— b = K 100 = 400 cpm
tG ^

sr2 =
3b

-48-
 / 1 \2/ /ns2 / -,\2 2 G 2 _ 1000 fi2 _
( ) (V G) + (-1) Sb = o~" + Sb = + D -
tG to 4

sr = 7286 = 17 cpm

B 4 tBfe

^ , B - 100°]51 t B =

100 ±10

b = BAB = 100 cpm

sb VB/tB = VlOO / 1 = 10 cpm

(combining count rates) Ref.3, p.62

Gi, G2, G3, . . . . G n Bi, B2, B3, . . . . B n

° l l - 4 ^5^^l^r^(average net count rate)4^ 4?i]fe (27)^14

1 _2L 1 JL,
«, Gi
VJi Bi
JL>i
r = n '=1 n £(—-—) (27)

t ^r 9X^-B-£- (27)3 £ 4^" 3-2-3. l

-49-
r =
_ (9L _ 5L_) = 1 ^ _JL
=1
' tGi tBi n tG tB

Gt = Bt =

^ G-A

2 21
) SBi }
n dB;

1
n2 -i tG2

G; B;
2 *"" J i 2 9
!=1
n tc tB

X_/_Gt + _Bt_ x
n tG tB

n tG

s- _ (IMWGAG
r Gt/ntG "Gt

-50-
 3.5. Ref.7, p.79

222
Rn

water standard), 1-^3.

12

a
60 ^

Cycle Standard Blank Sample

k ts(min) Cs( counts) tb(min) Cb(counts) tx(min) Cx(counts)

1 243.74 15380 305.56 4054 367.37 41432

2 984.53 14978 1046.10 3922 1107.66 38706

3 1723.87 14394 1785.43 4200 1846.99 35860

4 2463.17 13254 2524.73 3830 2586.28 32238

5 3217.56 12516 3279.12 3956 3340.68 29640

6 3956.83 11058 4018.38 3980 4079.94 26356

-51-
 ts, tb, tx : AA S § # , i - ^ 2 , ^lfi-1- # £ «H
To = 60

Cs, Cb> Cx : A A £ t t , 1-^3.,

^tb ^1^1 ?t To = 60 ^ ^ s ] ^1^1 o] tj-

^ (28)4 (29)^1 J5.

C s = C b + £ AsToms • exp(- A t s ) (28)

C x = C b + e AxTomx • exp(- A t x ) (29)

As : 7]$A1^ t =

A x : 7l^A]^V t =

ms: # a ^ # ^ ^>n.
mx : # *1ILS1 ^Tfl.

, ^ = (In 2)/Ti/ 2 = 1.25894 x 10~4 min"1,

T1/2 = 5505.8 min.

(28)4

6 7fl3 Cs &ir o H- Cx &!:S.^-Bl

> ?fl^^S 4^7-14, ^ ^ ^1^^1# To = 60
- ^ ^ ^ - ^ ^ f l ^ ^ 4 - °1 ^ ^ l ^ H (28)4
1- ^ V ^ (30)^1

-52-
 ms (C x - Cb) • exp( A t x )
A = A
mx (Cs - Cb) • exp( A ts)

=As— * " * expU (tx - ts)] (30)

mx Cs - Cb

(Cx - Cb)-exp(yltx)^- (Cs - C b ).expUts)fe 71$A]^> t =

To = 60 M tfltflAl q-zv f
t S l ^1^1^14. 1 - ^ 3 ^ «0VA}^ ^-Ji|# £.%& ?\)^RX<H- R,% 4Z]- (32)

(33)^1 ^-S. S^^f 1 ^ (30)^]^ (31)^^.3

(31)

Rx = [(Cx - Cb)/T 0 ] • exp( A t x ) (32)

/?, = [(C s - C b )/T 0 ] • exp( A t s ) (33)

-^-S.(combined standard uncertainty), # S^^^> sAx

u = f(x, y)^ ^ T f l ^ S . a ^ £ ) i , xS} y7|-

Ref.7, p. 19

s u 2 = ( - 5 — ) 2 s x 2 + ( - T — ) 2 s y 2 + 2(-~—)(-~—) Sx-sy-r(x, y ) . . . . (26a)

r(x, y)fe x 4 y$) -^i-^Tjl^-(correlation coefficient)°)4. x 4 y7\ ^^^^o]^ r(x,

-53-
y) = r(x, y)

r(x, y)fe 4 ^ n

fe (34)^1 A r(x, y)fe

, sxy> s x ,

r(x, -, s-, s -

r( x, y)#

r( x, y)fe r(x, Ref.l, p.144, Ref.7, p.22

Sxy = i ^ x)( y i - y) (34)

(n _

r(x, y) = Sx Sy
(35)

i - x)(y; - y) (36)
n(n - 1)

s—
r( x, y) - (37)
s-s~

s - = Sx/Vn, s- - Sy/Vn

6 7H

#§l-SAHS (31)^13

-54-
 Rx
Ax -= As ms (31a)
mx R^

Ax-, I 2 +
,2 2 , A 2
SAx U y Sms ( ) Smx + S
d As ) SAs
R R~
3ms 5m x
^5A (38)
9 R, R R,

7. »

cycle R. tx ~ ts
: R = Rx/ Rs
k min min"1 min
1 652.46 194.65 123.63 3.3520

2 666.48 208.58 123.13 3.1953

3 665.80 211.08 123.12 3.1543

4 655.68 214.17 123.11 3.0615

5 651.87 213.92 123.12 3.0473

6 623.31 194.13 123.11 3.2107

R^ = 206.09 R = 3.170
R^ = 652.60
5 R = 0.046
s R^ = 6.42 Sj; = 3.79
s R / R = 1.44xlO~2
s F : / R^= 9.8xlO~3 S E ; / R ; = 1.84X10" 2

WJ Ws = 3.167
=
S(RJRJ 0.045
S(RT/RT) A R 7 R T ) = 1-42 x 10"2

Correlation coefficient, r( R x , R s ) = 0.646

-55-
 -id, RA RS^ ( 3 2 ) ^ 4 (33)3 £

k =13 RX = 652.46^

i?* = [(C x - Cb)/T0] • exp( A tx)

= [(41432-4054V60] • exp(1.25894 x 10"4 x 367.37)

= 652.455

o|^ T ^ ) ^ = [(Cx _

Cb)/(CS - Cb)] • exp{ A (tx - t s ) } #

R,, Rx, R^t] AA$\ 3.^*} SRS, SRX, SR^-

Sj;, Sj;, S j l 44 ^l-# 0l-S-«fl>H 711^^4. ^11- # ^ , (18)^14

SRX = 15.715o]£.S. S l T = 15.715/V6 = 6.42<>14.

s R; = SRs/Vn, S f ; = SRx/Vn, s R=

r( ^ ^ ) # W f e AIO.

(37)^1 *-S-¥-El -B-^^" *T $14.

1
x
c _ W p _ p V p _ p— \ ('Qfio'l
o R "R~ "" / i^ Y\ v Ix XJ\ I\ s K.s y . . . ^Qgj

n(n - 1)

r(RaRs) = r( R^, R^) = 5 _ X g l (37a)

R x R5

-56-
 a
Cycle, k Rx Rx Rs Rs- Rs (Rx - RX)(RS - Rs)

1 652.46 - 0.14 194.65 -11.44 1.6016

2 666.48 13.88 208.58 2.49 34.5612

3 665.80 13.20 211.08 4.99 65.8680

4 655.68 3.08 214.17 8.08 24.8864

5 651.87 - 0.73 213.92 7.83 -5.7159

6 623.31 -29.29 194.13 -11.96 350.3084

E 471.5097

1
~ Rs)
" * n(n - 1)

= 471.5097/[6(6 - 1)] = 15.717

r(Rx,Rs) = r( R^, R~s) =

S S
E, R.

= 15.717/(6.42 x 3.79) = 0.646

S.

Q =

Q =

Q2 =

-57-
 2 3Q 2 2 9Q
SQ = ( S + (
7^ ^ dlc

S
R

3 2 2 2
= (9.8 x 10 3 ) 2 + (1.84 x 10~~ 2)) 2 - 2(9.8 x 10'3)(1.84 x 10~2) x 0.646
4
= 2.016 x 10"

SQ2 = Q 2 x 2.016 x 10 4
3
= ( R x / R . r x 2.016 x 10"4 = (3.167)' x 2.016 x 10"4 = 2.022 x 10

=
dQlu V2.022 x 10"' = 0.045

Rx/R 3.167

Ref.8, p.24

As = 0.1368 Bq/g

sAs = 0.0018 Bq/g; = 1.32 x 10"2

ms = 5.0192 g

Sms = 0.005 g; sms/ms = 1.0 x 10 3

mx = 5.0571 g

= 0.0010 g; = 2.0 x 10"4

-58-
 U,

3-Ht- ^z}-* ^ $1^4 °1#^ ^-^-lt ^ a * 35L3.

A . ms R x
Ax = As =•
mx R s
g
= 0.1368 Bq/g x ^ ^ x 3.167
= 0.4300 Bq/g

, ^ ^ 0.4300

7V ^

,,. 2 2 2 2 2_
^AX 5>As oms omx o i?
n -r r, -r r, T ;

As ms mx R;

- 2 - t = r - r = f r ( Rx> R8) (39)

R s2
"3\2
= (1.32 x 10"")' + (1 xlO T + (2 x 10"4)' + (6.42/652.60)"

+ (3.79/206.09)2 - 2 x (6.42/652.60) x (3.79/206.09) x 0.646

= 3.7656 x 10 4

-59-
 = V 3.7656 x 10~4 = 0.0194

SAX = Ax x 0.0194

= 0.4300 Bq/g x 0.0194 = 0.0083 Bq/g

- ^ ^ 5 . ^ Ax = 0.4300 Bq/ g olJL

fe sAx = 0.0083

Rl-

ms _
Ax = As R (31b)
mx
= 0.1368 Bq/g x 5.0192 g x 3.170/5.0571 g
= 0.4304 Bq/g

2 2
c»
5>Ax QA
oAs = 2
<5>ms Q
omx
2 2
o c -o
— __
t _i_ i

Ax2 As2 ms2 mx2 R:

= (1.32 x 10~T + (1 x l 0 ~ T + (2 x 10"4)' + (0.046/3.170)'

= 3.8585 x 10 4

= V 3.8585 x 10"4 = 0.0196

-60-
 SAX = Ax x 0.0196

= 0.4300 Bq/g x 0.0196 = 0.0084 Bq/g

fe Ax = 0.4304

s Ax = 0.0084 Bq/g

fe 6 71]

Ax .71

$14.

-61-
 4. 7|]#.£_*m #ol^r

4.1. Ref3,p.64

G B
Sr =
V tB V tG2

16] 4-S-4 %V^

-Hl- 250

G = 400 tG = 5 min

B = 100 tB = 2.5 min

r = 400/5 - 100/2.5 = 40 cpm

MOO +
100 =
sr = / —— ~ 5-65 cpm
2
V 5* 25

Sr
= 5.65/40 = 0.14 = 14%

250 ^ ^47}

-63-
 100
B = x 250 = 10,000 counts tB = 250 min
2.5

r = 400/5 - 10,000/250 = 40 cpm

400
J- x^ ^r 10,000
-A_ v % \y v^ \s a

s r = ,- — ^ 2++ O C : A 22 = V 16 + 0.16 - 4 cpm

V 5 250

— = 4/40 = 10%

4.2. ^m ?fl#*l# ^ ^ Ref.3,P65

g = G/to b = B/tB => G = gto, B = btB

/ G B
Sr =
" V to2

3, 2 = ^ +
tG tB

d(s r ) - ~ 2~ dtG ~ <r dtB = 0

tG + tB = T = constant => tB = T - t c dtG = -

-64-
 d(sr2) = - —— dtG dtc =0

_b_ tB
g

T t B l - Til

tG + t B = T

tB
g

4.3.

tB = tcVWg

= (T - t B )Vb/g

= TVbTi -

t B (l + VbTg ) = TVbTg

= T
Vg

65-
to = T
•Tg + Vb"

Sr Sr
r g b

/ g b
+ -
to tB
, = 0.05
g - b

g/tG + b/ts = [0.05(g - b)]2

Vg Vg VtTVF
+ = [0.05(g - b)] 2
T

(Vg + Vb )2
[0.05(g - b)]2

Ref.3, p.66

a 5 l ^ m , ^ sr/r = a%7> £] 3}
 t 4^-4

G G
r = b sr =
to

4-8-

Sr + Sb -x/g/tG + Sb
G/tG - b g - b 100

tc

g
2 2
(g - Sb

17] ± 2 cpm1?!

Ref.3, p.66

800

g = 800/2 = 400 cpm^S-

400 =8
(400 - 100)2 (0.01)2 - 22 °
80

-67-
 Sr = V g/tc + sb2 = V 400/80 + 22 = 3

sr/r = 3/300 = 0.01 = 1 %

4.4. HM-^ ^
Curried M i r 3
^ 3-f7> #•§--£ ^l^t>JLf Alss ^l^tt ^ > ¥ ^ ^ 1 - 4 ^ 4 ^o] 3
^(minimum detectable activity)^ 7 f l ^ ^ ^ 5 ]

Ref.9, p.275, Ref.10

decision limit) ; A]^.O]]X-^ ±^. Xj3:<y

S] Als(^l^^l) 3.71

(detection limit) ; ^ ] S ^ 1 ^ _£.fe

£ ^ ^ l s 3.71

tb^(determination limit) ; ^ 5 . 1 -

net counts) n S7\

^l S(= G -

> § ^ § - ^ 6 l S . S -fi-^^ ^ ^ (test of

hypothesis)^

-68-
(Ms - 0) 1 -

Decision Detection
Limit Limit

Lc

6.

1 ^ 4-2-, /?•" ^1 2

Lcl: ) 2

31 ^

(40)^14

AA significance level) a ^

^ Ms =

-69-
 Lc = ZtfSo (40)

LD = Lc + Z/?SD (41)

OLS. a 4 &A *M1 ^<H^l7ll- 4 4 ^ ^ a = 0 = 0.05S, §Rr %

M- 5%,

a = 0 = 0.051- 7 ^ * V ^ (40)^4 ( 4 l H £ 4 4 (42)

Lc = z V2 V JUJ, = 1.645V2 VB = 2.33VB (42)

LD = z2 + 2LC = 2.71 + 4.66VB" (43)

fe S < Lc°l^ ^lS. ^Ji7l- SiJi, S

^^o)^) Zff = Z0

z = 1.645^14.
a = 0 = 0.05^1 ^-f, Als
95%, S = Lc 0 !^ 50%,
^ S = L o i ^ ^ r 5%7> 514. 4 e M , S -

level) 95%^ ^ # t t ^ l S . # ^ W . ^f^l 1 ?}, LDfe t ^ 3 2 f a ^ y9 ^

4

-70-
 A)S.

£, Lc Sfe LD ^ ^ ^ ^S.

^ $14.

LQ = ZQSQ (44)

a = 0 = 0.05°lJL, zQ = 1 0 ( A J - « ^ W 10%)^ ^-ffe ( 4 4 ) ^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ (45)^-1:

^ $14.

LQ = 50[l + (1 + B/12.5)172] (45)

?H3, Tsoulfanidis7|- ^flA]^ ^ #

7} 7\^ 3 4 . «1^" ^tfl §1-g-^x}

*M](upper limit)fe- sr < r S ^ ^ £ ) ^ Slfe- ^ ] E S J i ^ ^ (46)

Ref.3, p.67

-71-
 s r < f-r, f < 1 (46)

minimum detectable count rate)

£• 4-5-4 b ± sb

-% to G 7>^^

< f-r (47)

V to2

G = (r + b)tc

4, «ll* X14.

1 + V 1 + 4f2btc + 4fVs b 2 4
r > 5 8
2
2f tc

$14.

V 4f2btc + 4f2to2sb2

1 /b
(49)

, b/to < sb2

-72-
 r > — (50)

18] ^ Z L ^ H 7fl^-£-°l 20 ±
# 80%(f = 0.8)S - g ^ # ^ 7>^t3:
Ref.3, p.68

1 + V 1 + 4(0.8)2(20)(60) + 4(0.8) 2 (60) 2 (l) 2

r = L45 cpm
^Nm

, ^^^^rol 20 + 1.45 = 21.45 cpm °1*K ^ 1

21.45 x 60 - 1287 counts ° 1 * H ^ 80%s] ^ ^ o_^} ^ ^ ^ JLB\^ ^ A]

19] ^zie|-^-H ^1^-i-ol 1 ± 0.1

.^}i- io%(f = o.

1 + V l + 4(0.1)2(l)(60) + 4(0.1)2(60)2(0.1)2
r > 5 = 2.67 cpm
2(0.1)2(60)

^ ^ ^ ^# H^%v u|) 1 + 2.67 = 3.67 cpm, ^ 3.67

x 60 = 220 counts o}^)^ ^ 3 } £ 7 } ^ ^ Ajg. ^ ^ ^ j i f s ^.g- ^

-73-
 , Currie7l- ^X\& (40), (41), ( 4 4 ) ^ 4 Tsoulfanidis^l

3.71 ofl 4 2 } l/fi=

dff f ^ f = O.

%)S] Tsoulfanidis^l ^#?.Ml5f a = 0 = 0.05°^ ufl ZQ = 10^ Curried

LD = 3s0, LQ =
Ref.ll, p.119

4.5. 1:^-^1 ^> ^-^§ Ref.3,P.68

^r l - ^ ^ l ^ ( d e a d time) ^ ^ 7il#7lsl £-*flA)#( reS olving ti

^Efl(counter

preamplifier-amplifier-discriminator- sealer)^) Ir^^l^]: 0 ] ^-S.^l-^1T?}, ^ # 7 1 £] -f

-74-
 gr<>14. %M]^(true count rate)

c = g + cgr

c = (51)
1 - gr

20] ? H ^ l i ^ ^ . 1 - ^ 1 ^ 1 200AS°13L, ^^l^r^o] 30,000 cpm-^

g 30,000/60
c = = 5 — = 555.5 counts/s
1-gr 1 - (30,000/60) (200 x 10"6)

^ 4-8-

555 - 500 55
555 555 = 10 %

g r = O.
^ ^ SI4.

-8: 4-8-«fl^
^ , zie|ji ^ ^ s f 1-^1- ^-^1 A^^JO] %^7fl^^-(true gross count rate)^: 4 4
ci, C2, ci25f Jl «1-J1, ^-^nei-^rE. 7fl=r-i-(true background count rate)# Cb^^l #

4 4 gl, g2, gl2,

-75-
 (True net count rate)i + (True net count rate)2 = (True net count rate) 12

( Cl - Cb ) + ( C2 - Cb ) = ( C12 ~ Cb )

Cl + C2 = Cl2 + Cb

gl
+ ** *! + ^ (52)
1-gir 1 - g2 r 1 - gi2 r 1- b

br

b
-b
1 - br

fe gi, g2, gi2 ^ b *

, (52)3^ ( 5 3 ) 3 ^ ^ ^21 € 4 . (53)3^ r i ^*B 2

(glg2gl2 + glg2b - glgl2b " g2gl2b) T ~ 2(glg2 " gl2b) X

+ gi + g2 - gi2 - b = 0 (53)

. 4-8- ¥ ^-f°flfe (53)3

(1) HflZlHl-^^i; ^ A l f - 3JEL61 ^ o.

gig2gi2 r - 2gig2 r + gi + g2 - gi2 = 0

-76-
 (2) 7 f l ^ « o l 1/(1 - gir ) « 1 + gir o] 3 - f ( i =1, 2, 12)

gl + g2 - gl2
r = 2 2 2
gl2 " gl - g2

, net count
count rate)^ (54)^] £.5

te
r = c - b = /^ / x - b (54)
1 - (Gr/te)

1
Sr =
(1-gr)4

4.6. S^^^l ^S\^^[ Ref.ll, p.42, Ref.9, p.285

tion variance)^- £-§:

(population parameter)!: ^t!: ^r S14. ^-^M-. ^lS.1- # ^ § H ^r ^(set)

interval)
^t-^l(confidence limits)2}il

-77-
 -1: %S. ju^ ^15)5-(confidence

4. x°fl tfl^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f 3711-

a/2

-z(a/2) z(a/2)

7.

100(1-«)%

100(1-a

P ( x - z( or/2) = < // < x + z( a/2) = ) = 1 "a (55)

Vn Vn

^ z

7). i l - z(a/2) - z(0.01) = 2.326^

0.01, ^

-78-
 a/27} s|£• ^ -z(a/2H4.
2
SdA^ afi£\ 100(1-a)%
B.S. 4 ^ - ^ (56)^ *L

x - z(a/2) 7— < ju < x + z(a/2) -r= (56)

Vn vn
t t

: x ± z(a/2) ^=
Vn

95% ^ 1 S ] ^ ^ " ^ ^-§1-313, z(0.05/2),

95% ^ 1 3 ] ^ : x - 1.960 = < M < x + 1.960 - ^

Vn vn

95% ^ISRMl : x ± 1.960 -=^

Vn

[ i ^ l 21] «H^ ^ ^ ^ - il-Tlofl 25 *1

4.5 counts^ # ° s v &4. ^ ^ ^ ^ v ^ yoVi3 ^-S. ^1 ^d€^r 3 s\

AA 205 counts^ 4.7 counts61 Si4. °1 ^ - f 95%

-79-
95% S.S a= 0.05, 4 e H z(0.05/2) = z(0.025) = 1.960,
x = 205 counts, o = 4.5 counts, n =3

95% : x ± z(ff/2)o/VH
= 205 ± (1.960 x 4.5/V3)
- 205 ± 5.09 counts
95% • 199.9 < ft < 210.1 counts

1X1*11 21] 4H 3 4.7* 25 s) ^]^o.

-t(v,a/2) 0 t(v,a/2)

% 8. =n

-80-
 1 0 0 ( 1 - f f ) % 4 1 3W £ 4 - S - (57)

a/27]- £]7ll «l-fe %o]v\t -t{v,a/2)$=

P ( x - t ( i / , a / 2 ) 7 L < // < x + t ( 1/, ff/2) ^ L - ) = 1 - ff . . . . (57)

V n Vn

a/27}

100(1-ff)% ^ I S ] ^ ^ : " ^ (57)^-1:

x - t( v, a/2) - ^ < ix < x + t( v , a/2) -f=- (58)

Vn vn

ti$\ im&tf • x ± t(v,a/2) ^=r

Vn

22] "i*ll 10"^ TJ|# ^4°11 ^«flAi S-^^S] 95%2f 99%

x = 206 counts, s/Vn = V206/10 = 4.5 counts, n = 10

- 95% ^IS]^M] : x ± t(i/,ff/2) x s/Tn"

= 206 ± t(9, 0.05/2) x 4.5 < - ^ 2, t-
= 206 ± 2.26 x 4.5
= 206 ± 10.2 counts

-81-
 - 99% -asi^r^l : x ± t(v,a/2) x sA/n
= 206 ± t(9, 0.01/2) x 4.5 <-*^ 2, t-S-ifi
= 206 ± 3.25 x 4.5
= 206 ± 14.6 counts

zj-

^(pooled standard deviation) spt- (59)^-1:

4. Ref.ll, p.31

si m v\ = ni - 1
=
S2 n2 v2 n2 ~ 1

- 1

sp = (59)

Vk

-82-
 23] £ £
(n) ^

Trial s n

1 0.171 7 6
2 0.205 5 4
3 0.185 7 6
4 0.222 4 3
5 0.180 5 4

= 23

s p =V ( u s i 2 + v2S22 + ....+ i^kS k 2 )/(n + v2 + ....+ v k )

= {[6x(0.17D2 + 4x(0.205)2 + 6x(0.185)2 + 3x(0.222)2

+ 4x(0.180)2] -h (6 + 4 + 6 + 3 + 4)} 1/2

= 0.190

Ref.ll, p.29, Ref.9, p.287

sP =

k : #s] ^, ^1-a-i : y = k

-83-
 24] 2

xst- ^fe O.S. 7

1481- ^ S i 4 . S ^ j ^ ^ l 95% ]

Xf(counts) : 147 151 150 149 153 149 149

xs(counts) : 150 149 151 149 148 151 150

Xf xs 1d 1 d2

147 150 3 9
151 149 2 4
150 151 1 1
149 149 0 0
153 148 5 25
149 151 2 4
149 150 1 1

44

v =k =7

Sp = VZd 2 /2k = V 44/(2 x 7) = 1.77 counts

x = (151 + 148V2 = 149.5 counts

95%

149.5 - t(7, 0 . 0 5 / 2 ) ^ ^ < /u < 149.5 + t(7, 0.05/2)4^-

V2 V2

149.5 - 2.36 x 1.25 < ft < 149.5 + 2.36 x 1.25

146.6 < p < 152.5 counts

-84-
1. 2)^^ ^ "f-Tfltj-^fl^-", 3 ^ 4 , 1994.
2. t H ^ ' S S ^ H S ] , "^313 fj-ig, I ^".

3. N. Tsoulfanidis, "Measurement and Detection of Radiation", Hemisphere

Pub. Co., New York, 1983.

4. S. L. Meyer, Data Analysis for Scientists and Engineers", John Wiely &
Sons, New York, 1975.

5. G. F. Knoll, "Radiation Detection and Measurement", John Wiely & Sons,

New York, 1979.

6. W. R. Leo, "Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments!

A How-to Approach", 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994.

7. "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement", ISO, 1993.

8. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement", CITAC/16/97,

Eurachem, 1995.

9. "A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures", NCRP Report

No.58, 1978.

10. L. A. Currie, Anal. Chem., 40, 586(1968).

11. ^ ^ t
KAERI/TR-843/97, 1997.

1 HSJCT PAQlfSf

-85-
 -Li-

Standardized
value, 2

% exceeding
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo the value, 100 a
s
Standardized
value

% exceeding
the value Jjlll

Standardized
_U'N> M ^ M O . U i W t O M V O O O » J ( M V i W N » M n % O O O s J O \ i
U) -~4 t— Os •— ONtOOOLrtK>vOON*-.tOt—'VO00--4ONt^it/tt/»-Ph< value

% exceeding
the value CL f|lC

OOOO Standardized 8^
O O J O L value

% exceeding
i0 o
the value

tO KJN> IO to to to to tO K ) to tO K> to to IO to to to to to to to to to to
J Standardized
969
770
758
747

716
706

660

627

OO OO
806
794
781

687

652
643
635
847

604
597
589
582

ON O N
OJ tO •^J O N value
l» VO 00 VO VO tO
^ CL

o oo o o o o o o oo o o o o o O o o o o O o o o oo o
o % exceeding
10 to
42
43
££
23
24
25

27
28

36
37

41

47

49

*- to o £ to & CO & oo jc the value

| t U t M t O h l
Standardized D
iotoioi— ^ - i — •— »— *•— OOQQOOOvovovovovOvovovovovovpbobobo
value

poPPPPPPPpoooppooooooooooooooo /^exceeding d
O p O O O O O O f i
the value

Standardized
value

pppppppppp % exceeding
O o
8 oooooopip<D
tO
o the value
* O
 2. t-£-££(Critical Values of Student's Distribution)

The shaded areas in the figures correspond to the column headings of the table.

Single-sided test Double-sided test

P
DF 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 DF 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1
1 63.7 31.8 6.31 3.08 1 127 63.7 12.7 6.31
2 9.92 6.96 2.92 1.89 2 14.1 9.92 4.30 2.92
3 5.84 4.54 2.35 1.64 3 7.45 5.84 3.18 2.35
4 4.60 3.75 2.13 1.53 4 5.60 4.60 2.78 2.13
5 4.03 3.36 2.01 1.48 5 4.77 4.03 2.57 2.01

6 3.71 3.14 1.94 1.44 6 4.32 3.71 2.45 1.94

7 3.50 3.00 1.89 1.42 7 4.03 3.50 2.36 1.89
8 3.36 2.90 1.86 1.40 8 3.83 3.36 2.31 1.86
9 3.25 2.82 1.83 1.38 9 3.69 3.25 2.26 1.83
10 3.17 2.76 1.81 1.37 10 3.58 3.17 2.23 1.81

11 3.11 2.72 1.80 1.36 11 3.50 3.11 2.20 1.80

12 3.05 2.68 1.78 1.36 12 3.43 3.05 2.18 1.78
13 3.01 2.65 1.77 1.35 13 3.37 3.01 2.16 1.77
14 2.98 2.62 1.76 1.34 14 3.33 2.98 2.14 1.76
15 2.95 2.60 1.75 1.34 15 3.29 2.95 2.13 1.75

16 2.92 2.58 1.75 1.34 16 3.25 2.92 2.12 1.75

17 2.90 2.57 1.74 1.33 17 3.22 2.90 2.11 1.74
18 2.88 2.55 1.73 1.33 18 3.20 2.88 2.10 1.73
19 2.86 2.54 1.73 1.33 19 3.17 2.86 2.09 1.73
20 2.85 2.53 1.72 1.32 20 3.15 2.85 2.09 1.72

21 2.83 2.52 1.72 1.32 21 3.14 2.83 2.08 1.72

22 2.82 2.51 1.72 1.32 22 3.12 2.82 2.07 1.72
23 2.81 2.50 1.71 1.32 23 3.10 2.81 2.07 1.71
24 2.80 2.49 1.71 1.32 24 3.09 2.80 2.06 1.71
25 2.79 2.48 1.71 1.32 3.08 2.79 2.06 1.71

26 2.78 2.48 1.71 1.32 26 3.07 2.78 2.06 1.71

27 2.77 2.47 1.70 1.31 27 3.06 2.77 2.05 1.70
28 2.76 2.47 1.70 1.31 28 3.05 2.76 2.05 1.70
29 2.76 2.46 1.70 1.31 29 3.04 2.76 2.05 1.70
30 2.75 2.46 1.70 1.31 30 3.03 2.75 2.04 1.70

40 2.70 2.42 1.68 1.30 40 2.97 2.70 2.02 1.68

60 2.66 2.39 1.67 1.30 60 2.91 2.66 2.00 1.67
120 2.62 2.36 1.66 1.29 120 2.86 2.62 1.98 1.66
oo 2.58 2.33 1.64 1.28 2.81 2.58 1.96 1.64

-88-
 INIS

KAERI/TR-1378/99

1;

•§-,

1999

7] 30 cm.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET
Performing Org. Sponsoring Org.
Stamdard Report No. IMS Subject Code
Report No. Report No.
KAERI/TR-1378/99

Title / Subtitle
Radiation Counting Statistics

Main Author
and Department M. Y. Suh; Nuclear Chemistry Research Team

Co-author and K. Y. Jee, K. K. Park. Y. J. Park, W. H. Kim;

Department Nuclear Chemistry Research Team

Publication Publication
Publisher KAERI 1999
Place Date

Page 111. & Tab. Yes( o ), No ( ) Size 30 cm.

Note

Classified Open( o ), Restricted(

Report Type Technical report
Class Document

Sponsoring Org. Contract No.

Abstract (15-20 Lines)

This report is intended to describe the statistical methods necessary to design

and conduct radiation counting experiments and evaluate the data from the
experiments. The methods are described for the evaluation of the stability of a
counting system and the estimation of the precision of counting data by application
of probability distribution models. The methods for the determination of the
uncertainty of the results calculated from the number of counts, as well as various
statistical methods for the reduction of counting error are also described.

Subject Keywords
counting statistics, probability distribution, Poisson distribution,
(About 10 words)
counting error, error propagation, uncertainty, dead time, detection limit