Professional Documents
Culture Documents
disusun oleh :
Kelompok 2 Kelas D
1. Azkiel Fikrie 162310101129
2. Mochamad Riko Saputra 162310101134
3. Liyah Elsa Nur Cahyani 162310101141
4. Miftakhul Sa’adah 162310101159
5. Anisa Kirnawati 162310101186
6. Devi Nur Indah Sari 162310101187
5. DIAGNOSA MEDIS
Kanker Mulut
8. KEKUATAN KELUARGA
Pada awalnya anak-anak Violet tidak pernah berkunjung di rumah
Violet. Namun saat Beverly menghilang dan dinyatakan tenggelam
didanau, anak-anak Violet berkunjung dan menemani Ibunya. Pada
saat itu terjadi banyak pertikaian yang mengakibatkan perpecahan
dalam keluarga dan akhirnya Violet hanya ditemani oleh pengasuhnya.
C. KONSEP DASAR ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN KELUARGA PADA
KLIEN DENGAN KANKER.
A. Pengkajian Keluarga
I. Data Umum :
1. Nama Kepala Keluarga : Tn. Beverly
2. Alamat : Okhlahoma
3. Pekerjaan Kepala Keluarga : Penulis
4. Pendidikan Kepala Keluarga: SMA
5. Komposisi Keluarga : Beverly dan Violet
No. Nama Jenis Kelamin Hubungan dengan KK Umur Pendidikan
1. Tn. B L Suami - tahun SMA
2. Ny. V P Istri -tahun SMA
3. Nn. B P Anak -tahun Sarjana
Ds: Kepedihan kronis dalam Setelah diberikan asuhan Fasilitasi proses berduka
Violet: “Lagunya bagus keluarga Violet b.d keperawatan selama 3x 24 (5290)
bukan Barb!.. sejak aku.. Kehilangan tempat jam, diharapkan Tingkat 1. Bantu pasien untuk
sejak.. Beverly hilang... bersandar depresi (1208) dapat mengidentifikasi reaksi
Lalu.. Kau disini... Barbara dipertahankan pada poin 3 awal terhadap
disini.. Beverly disini... Kau atau ditingkatkan pada kehilangan
disini.. poin 5 dengan indikator: 2. Dukung
Do: 1. Perasaan depresi (3) (pasien/keluarga) untuk
Violet terlihat bingung 2. Rasa bersalah yang mengekspresikan
dengan tatapan kosong, tidak tepat (3) perasaan mengenai
selalu menunjuk kearah 3. Kesedihan (3) kehilangan.
yang dia yakini Beverly 3. Dengarkan ekspresi
berada. berduka
4. Dukung pasien
memverbalisasikan
ingatan mengenai
kehilangan baik masa
lalu maupun saat ini
5. Buat pernyataan
empatik mengenai duka
cita
6. Dukung usaha untuk
menyelesaikan konflik
(yang terjadi)
sebelumnya dengan
tepat
7. Kuatkan kemajuan yang
dibuat dalam proses
berduka.
Ds : Disfungsi proses keluarga Setelah diberikan asuhan Dukungan Keluarga
Barbara : “Jadi kini tak b.d strategi koping tidak keperawatan selama 3x 24 (7140) :
masalah kecanduan, karena efektif jam, diharapkan Fungsi 1. Tingkatkan hubungan
Ibu sudah punya alasan ?.” keluarga (2602) dapat saling percaya dengan
Violet : “Ibu tak dipertahankan pada poin 3 keluarga
kecanduan.” atau ditingkatkan pada 2. Berikan perawatan
Barbara: “Masa bodoh. poin 5 dengan indikator: seperti yang diberikan
Pokoknya aku takkan 1. Merawat anggota keluarga untuk
membiarkan hal ini lagi.” keluarga yang membuat mereka
Violet: “Ibu tidak memiliki merasa lebih baik
kecanduan. Ibu sakit.” ketergantungan (3) ketika keluarga tidak
Barbara: “Karena mulut 2. Beradaptasi bisa memberikan
Ibu?.” terhadap adanya perawatan
Violet : “Ya, karena mulut perkembangan 3. Hargai dan dukung
Ibu terbakar. Ibu mengidap transisi (3) mekanisme koping
kanker di mulut. Panas 3. Anggota keluarga adaptif yang digunakan
sekali, lihat..lihat panas bisa saling keluarga
sekali. Lalu Beverly mendukung (3) 4. Berikan umpan balik
menghilang, dan kau bagi keluarga terkait
meneriaki Ibu. koping mereka
Barbara: “Aku tidak 5. Dukung harapan yang
..berteriak.” realistis
DO:
Violet merunduk kemudian
membalikkan badan (malu).
F. Critical Appraisal
Abstract
Does the abstract Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No (
)
clearly and
Abstrak dengan jelas meringkas fitur – fitur
concisely
utama dari laporan, dalam abstrak dijelaskan
summarize the
mengenai ringkasan latar belakang, metode
main features of
penelitian, hasil penelitian dan kesimpulan
the report?
dari penelitian. Line 1, page 5
Objektif:
Menanggapi kebutuhan terdokumentasi
dengan baik untuk dukungan pengasuh
kanker berbasis bukti, kami memeriksa
kelayakan terapi pemecahan masalah untuk
pengasuh keluarga pasien kanker yang
menerima perawatan paliatif rawat jalan dan
menyelidiki dampak terapi pemecahan
masalah pada kecemasan keluarga pengasuh,
depresi, dan kualitas hidup.
Metode:
Kami melakukan studi kelayakan dari
intervensi terapi pemecahan masalah
terstruktur yang diberikan kepada pengasuh
keluarga pasien kanker yang menerima
perawatan paliatif rawat jalan dari pusat
kesehatan akademik di Amerika Serikat
Midwestern. Peserta (N = 83) secara acak
ditugaskan untuk menerima perawatan biasa
atau perawatan biasa ditambah pemecahan
masalah intervensi terapi, yang disampaikan
melalui tiga sesi melalui videoconferencing
berbasis web atau telepon. Statistik deskriptif
digunakan untuk menentukan kelayakan
relatif terhadap rekrutmen, retensi, dan
kesetiaan terhadap komponen-komponen inti
intervensi. Data hasil dianalisis
menggunakan regresi kuadrat terkecil biasa.
Hasil:
Terapi pemecahan masalah untuk pengasuh
keluarga pasien dengan kanker ditemukan
sangat layak dalam pengaturan perawatan
paliatif rawat jalan. Pengasuh yang menerima
terapi pemecahan masalah dilaporkan
kecemasannya berkurang dibandingkan
mereka yang hanya menerima perawatan
biasa (p = 0,03). Tidak ada perbedaan yang
signifikan secara statistik yang diamati untuk
depresi pengasuh (p = .07) atau kualitas
hidup (p = 06).
Kesimpulan:
Terapi pemecahan masalah adalah
pendekatan yang layak dan menjanjikan
untuk mengurangi kecemasan keluarga
kanker pengasuh dalam pengaturan
perawatan paliatif rawat jalan. Penelitian
lebih lanjut di beberapa situs dianjurkan.
Introduction
Is the Yes ( √ )
problem Can’t tell ( ) No
()
stated
Masalah dalam latar belakang jurnal
unambigously and dinyatakan dengan tidak ambigu dan mudah
diidentifikasi oleh pembacanya.
is it easy to
Line 2, page
identify? Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, pengaturan
7
utama untuk perawatan kanker telah bergeser
dari unit rawat inap rumah sakit ke klinik
rawat jalan, meninggalkan pengasuh keluarga
(FCGs) yang bertanggung jawab untuk
menyediakan mayoritas perawatan pasien di
rumah, seringkali dengan sedikit dukungan
atau persiapan. Banyak stresor yang terkait
dengan pengasuhan keluarga untuk pasien
kanker didokumentasikan dengan baik dan
termasuk komunikasi yang tidak memadai
atau bermasalah dengan penyedia layanan
kesehatan, kurangnya keterampilan yang
diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan tugas-tugas
khusus (misalnya, pemberian obat,
mengganti pakaian), isolasi sosial, dan tidak
tersedianya informasi yang diperlukan.
Stresor ini dapat menyebabkan kecemasan,
depresi, kelelahan, mengabaikan perawatan
diri dan, untuk pengasuh yang mengalami
ketegang, gejala psikologis yang
mencerminkan mereka sama seperti yang
dialami oleh korban trauma. Studi awal yang
melibatkan biomarker juga telah
mengidentifikasi tol fisiologis yang terkait
dengan stres pengasuhan kanker,
menunjukkan bahwa FCG yang sangat stres
mungkin berisiko tinggi untuk morbiditas
dan mortalitas dari penyakit tertentu.
Literatur yang ada sudah jelas: pengasuhan
kanker sering terjadi dalam konteks
emosional dan sosial yang sangat
menegangkan, membuat FCG rentan
terhadap efek merugikan yang signifikan dan
berpotensi bertahan lama.
Does the problem Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No
()
statement build a
Pernyataan masalah membangun argumen
cogent and yang meyakinkan dan persuasif untuk studi
baru.
persuasive
agrument for the
new study?
Does the problem Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No
()
have significance
Masalah tersebut memiliki arti penting
for nursing? untuk keperawatan
Line 11, page
Perawat bisa melakukan terapi pemecahan
8
masalah (PST) untuk mengatasi stress pada
keluarga yang mengasuh pasien kanker, agar
efek negatif dari peristiwa yang membuat
mereka stress (kecemasan, depresi) dapat
diminimalisir dan kemampuan pemecahan
masalah dapat ditingkatkan untuk mencapai
kualitas fidup yang lebih baik.
Is there a good Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√) No (
)
match between the
Pada jurnal tidak dijelaskan apakah ada
research problem
kecocokan antara masalah penelitian dengan
on the one hand
paradigma, tradisi, dan metode di sisi lain.
and the paradigm,
tradition, and
methods on the
other?
Are research Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√) No (
)
question explicitly
Pada jurnal tidak terdapat pertanyaan
stated? if not, is
penelitian yang dinyatakan secara jelas.
their absence
justified?
Are the question Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√) No (
)
consistent with the
Pada jurnal tidak dijelaskan mengenai
study’s pertanyaan yang konsisten dengan dasar
filosofis studi, tradisi yang mendasari,
philosophical
kerangka kerja konseptual, dan orientasi
basis, underlying ideologis
tradition,
conceptual
framework, or
ideological
orientation?
Does the report Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No
()
adequately
Laporan tersebut cukup merangkum isi
summarize the pengetahuan yang ada terkait dengan
masalah atau fenomena yang menarik.
existing body of
Line 18, page
knowledge related Tim peneliti dari jurnal berusaha untuk 8
menguji kelayakan intervensi PST untuk
to the problem or
FCG dalam pengaturan perawatan paliatif
phenomenon of rawat jalan. Secara khusus, tim peneliti
menetapkan tujuan berikut :
interest?
1. untuk memeriksa kelayakan PST untuk
pasien kanker FCG yang menerima
perawatan paliatif rawat jalan
2. untuk menyelidiki dampak PST pada
kecemasan, depresi, dan kualitas hidup
FCG.
Hipotesis tim peneliti yang sesuai adalah :
1. PST layak untuk diberikan pada pasien
kanker FCG yang menerima perawatan
paliatif rawat jalan.
2. Itu akan menghasilkan penurunan
kecemasan dan depresi pengasuh dan
meningkatkan kualitas hidup.
Does the literature Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No
() line 20, page
riview provide a
Literatur riview memberikan dasar yang 9
solid basis for the kuat untuk penelitian baru
new study?
Dampak jangka panjang dari intervensi PST
tidak diketahui, oleh karena itu penelitian
baru untuk mengetahui dampak jangka
panjang dari PST. Selain itu belum diketahui
juga apakah memungkinkan jika FCG untuk
memilih akan menerima intervensi melalui
telepon atau teknologi videoconference web.
Are key concept Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No
() line 20, page
adequately
Konsep yang dijelaskan dalam jurnal sudah 9
defined
bagus dan sesuai dengan hasil yang di
conceptually?
dapatkan. Hanya saja kurang dijelaskan
lebih rinci terkait kegiatan yang dilakukan.
Is the Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√) No (
)
philosophical
Pada jurnal tidak dijelaskan mengenai dasar
basis, underlying
filosofis, tradisi yang mendasari kerangka
tradition,
kerja konseptual.
conceptual
framework, or
ideological
orientation made
explicit?
Method
Were appropriate Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No (
)
procedures used to
Prosedur yang tepat digunakan untuk
safeguard the right melindungi hak peserta studi. Penelitian ini
tunduk pada tinjauan eksternal oleh dewan
of study
peninjau IRB / etika
participants? Was line 8, page 9
Untuk mencapai tujuan yang disebutkan di
the study subject
atas, kami melakukan uji klinis acak satu
to external review
tempat dari intervensi PST terstruktur untuk
by an IRB/ethics
FCG pada orang dengan kanker yang
review board?
menerima perawatan paliatif rawat jalan. The
University of Missouri Health Sciences
Institutional Review Board (IRB) meninjau
dan menyetujui semua kegiatan studi (Proyek
# 2002215). Penelitian ini terdaftar di
clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02427490).
Was the study Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No (
)
design to
Desain penelitian meminimalkan risiko dan
minimize risks line 14, page 9
memaksimalkan manfaat bagi peserta
and maximize
Setelah mendapatkan persetujuan IRB, tim
benefits to
peneliti merekrut peserta dari klinik
participants?
perawatan paliatif rawat jalan dari pusat
kesehatan akademik di Amerika Serikat
Midwestern dari Oktober 2015 hingga
Februari 2017. Dokter memberikan brosur
informasi kepada FCG yang menyertai
pasien dengan kanker ke klinik perawatan
paliatif dan meminta izin untuk
membagikan informasi kontak mereka
dengan tim peneliti. Kemudian perawat
peneliti menghubungi FCG yang tertarik
melalui telepon atau email untuk menilai
kelayakan mereka dan menjadwalkan
pertemuan informasi tatap muka di klinik,
rumah FCG, atau lokasi lain yang disetujui.
Selama pertemuan, FCG membaca,
mendiskusikan, dan jika bersedia
berpartisipasi FCG diminta untuk
menandatangani dokumen informed
consent.
Is the identified Yes ( ) Can’t tell ( ) No (√
)
research tradition
Pada jurnal tidak dijelaskan apakah terdapat
(if any) congruent
tradisi penelitian saat melakukan
with the methods
pengumpulan data
used to collect and
analyze data?
Was an adequate Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 10 page
()
amount of time 11
Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Oktober 2015
spent in the field
hingga Februari 2017. Peneliti hanya
or with study
melakukan penelitian pada peserta yang akan
participants?
diteliti. Perawat penelitian yang terlatih
menyampaikan intervensi PST kepada FCGs
selama tiga sesi terpisah, berjarak sekitar satu
minggu terpisah
Did the design Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√) No (
)
unfold in the field,
Dalam jurnal tidak dijelaskan secara
giving researchers
langsung perihal temuan dilapangan.
opportunities to
cappitalize on
early
understanding?
was there an Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√ ) No ( Line 8 page 5
)
adequate number
Dalam jurnal tidak menjelaskan mengenai
of contacts with
penelitian dilapangan, namun peneliti hanya
study
melakukan penelitian pada peserta yang
participants?
sudah direkrut dalam penelitiannya.
was the groups or Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√) No (
) Line 17, page
population of
Peneliti tidak menjelaskan secara terperinci
14
interest berapa sampel yang gagal dan berapa sampel
adequately yang berhasil, peneliti hanya menyampaikan
described ? were bahwa peserta penelitian yang sudah berhasil
the setting and direkrut sebanyak 83 FCG dalam 17 bulan.
sample described
in sufficient
detail?
was the approach Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( )
No () Line 14,
used to gain
Peneliti merekrut peserta penelitian dari
page 9
access to the site
klinik perawatan paliatif rawat jalan dari
or to recruit
pusat kesehatan akademik di Amerika Serikat
participants
appropriate ? Midwestern dengan cara memberikan brosur
informasi kepada FCG yang menyertai
pasien dengan kanker ke klinik perawatan
paliatif dan meminta izin untuk membagikan
informasi kontak mereka dengan tim peneliti.
was the best Yes (√ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 20 page
()
possible method 9
Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam
of sampling used
jurnal melalui banyak proses. Dari
to enhance
dilakukannya pengambilan peserta lewat
information
telefon, email lalu diadakannya pertemuan
richness and
langsung dan yang terakhir yaitu
address the needs
dibagikannya kuisioner yang isinya tentang
of the study ?
penilaian tingkat kecemasan yang dirasakan
keluarga setelah dan sebelum mendapatkan
terapi.
Was the sample Yes (√ ) Can’t tell ( ) No ( Line 18 page
)
size adequate ? 14
Jumlah sampel sebanyak 83 peserta. Secara
was saturation
acak menerima perawatan biasa atau
achieved ?
perawatan biasa disertai terapi pemecahan
masalah. Dan berdasarkan sampling ini
hasilnya tercapai.
Were the methods Yes (√ ) Can’t tell ( ) No (
) Line 16 page
of gathering data
Metode yang digunakan menurut kami
9
appropriate ? were sudah tepat, karena pengumpulan data
dilakukan melalui banyak proses yaitu
data gathered
pemberian brosur, meminta kontak,
through two or menghubungi peserta melalui telepon dan
email untuk mejadwalkan pertemuan
more methods to
informasi tatap muka di klinik, rumah FCG,
atau lokasi lain yang disetujui.
achieve
triangulation ?
Did researcher ask Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√ ) No ( Line 12 page
)
the right questions 11
Di dalam jurnal tidak disebutkan secara
or make the right spesifik pertanyaan yang diajukan kepada
peserta yang diteliti, namun dalam semua
observations, and
sesi
were they sesi direkam secara digital untuk
recorded in an memungkinkan pemantauan kesetiaan
appropriate pengobatan
fashion?
Was a sufficient Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√ ) No ( Line 13 page
) 9
amount of data
Di dalam jurnal hanya disebutkan total
gathered ? was the
sampling penelitian dan tidak disebutkan
data of sufficient
data apa saja yang diambil untuk
depth and richness
mendukung penelitian.
?
Were dataYes (√ ) Can’t tell ( ) No ( Line 15 page
) 9
collection and
Dalam jurnal, peneliti menjelaskan mengenai
recording
prosedur pencatatan dalam pengumpulan
procedures
data merekrut peserta studi dari rawat jalan
adequately
klinik perawatan paliatif dari pusat kesehatan
described and do
akademik di Amerika Serikat Midwestern
they appear
dari Oktober 2015 hingga Februari 2017.
appropriated ?
Dokter memberikan brosur informasi kepada
FCG dengan pasien kanker ke klinik
perawatan paliatif dan meminta izin untuk
berbagi kontak mereka informasi dengan tim
peneliti. Selain itu, kami menempatkan
brosur di area klinis (misalnya, ruang tunggu
onkologi, pusat sumber pasien dan keluarga).
Kemudian perawat peneliti menghubungi
FCG yang tertarik melalui telepon atau email
untuk menilai kelayakan mereka dan
menjadwalkan pertemuan informasi tatap
muka di klinik, rumah FCG, atau lokasi lain
yang disetujui
Were data Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√ ) No Line 18 page
()
collected in a 11
Kemungkinan untuk terjadi bias ada tapi
manner that
sedikit karena sampling yang diambil dalam
minimized bias or
penelitian sedikit jadi kemungkinan ada
behavioral
kesalahan sedikit.
distortions ? were
the staff who
collected data
appropriately
trained ?
Did the Yes ( ) Can’t tell ( ) No ( Line 16 page
) 9
researchers use
Iya, peneliti menggunakan strategi dengan
strategies to memberikan brosur kepada FCGs dan
mengumpulkan nomer/kontak dari keluarga
enhance
untuk menhubungi dan mejadwalkan
trustworthiness pertemuan secara langsung.
atau integrity of
the study, and was
the description of
those strategies
adequate ?
Were the methods Yes (√ ) Can’t tell ( ) No (
)
used to enhance
Iya sudah layak dan cukup metode yang
trustworthiness
digunakan.
appropriate and
sufficient ?
Did the researcher Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No
() Line 10, page
document
Dalam jurnal, Semua sesi direkam secara
11
research
digital untuk memungkinkan pemantauan
proedures and
kesetiaan pengobatan.
decision processes
sufficiently taht
findings are
auditable and
corfirmable ?
Is there evidence Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 6 page 15
()
of researcher
Ada reflektifitas atau timbal balik yang
reflexivity ?
dihasilkan, hal ini diketahui dengan respon
dari responden yang mengatakan kecemasan
mereka berkurang setelah dilakukanya terapi
pemecahan masalah ini.
Result
were the data Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 15 page 9
()
management and
Data yang digunakan untuk melakuakan uji
data analysis
sejumlah 83 pengasuh yang memberikan
methods
perawatan kepada anggota keluarga yang
sufficiently
menderita penyakit kanker selama 3 bulan.
described ?
was the data Yes (√) Can’t tell ( ) No ( Line 13 page 9
analysis strategy )
Iya sesuai, untuk mendapatkan data peneliti
compatible with
melakukan seperti kebiasaaan para peneliti.
the research
Misalnya melihat data, menganalisis,
tradition and with
membagikan kuisioner untuk melihat hasil.
the nature and
type of data
gathered ?
did the analysis Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 6 page
() 15
yield an
Memberikan terapi pemecahan masalah
approapriate
kepada pengasuh keluarga orang-orang
"product" (e.g., a
dengan kanker memiliki dampak
theory, taxonomy, Line 10 page
menurunkan tingkat tingkat kecemasan
thematic pattern, 9
keluarga . Jurnal terapi pemecahan masalah
etc.) ?
juga didukung oleh The University of
Missouri Ilmu Kesehatan Institutional
Review Board (IRB) Ulasan dan menyetujui
semua kegiatan studi (Proyek # 2002215).
Penelitian ini terdaftar diclinicaltrials.gov
(Pengenal: NCT02427490).
did the analytic Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 18 page
()
procedures 11
iya ada kemungkinan terjadi bias namun
suggest the
sedikit karena jumlah sample yang
possibility of
digunakan tidak terlalu banyak. Jadi
biases ?
kesalahan yang terjadi sedikit.
Were the findings Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 10 page
() 9
effectively
Dalam jurnal dirangkum secara efektif dan
summarized, with
terdapat argumen pendukung, Hal ini bisa
good use of diketahui dari kutipan yang ada di jurnal
excerpts and yang mencantumkan instansi atau pendapat
supporting tokoh.
arguments ?
Do the themes Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 2 page 5
()
adequaely capture
Iya sesuai, karena hasil penelitian sesuai
the meaning of the
yang diharapkan dengan hipotesa penelitian.
data? does it
appear that the
reseacher
satisfactorily
conceptualized the
themes or patterns
in the data?
Did the analysis Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 20 page
()
yield an 9
Iya terhubung secara keseluruhan, karena
insightful,
mulai dari pengambilan data sampai
provocative,
dipertemukan dalam satu tempat dilakukan
authentic, and
secara terorganisir.
meaningful
picture of the
phenomenon
under
investigation?
Are the themes or Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 20 page
()
patterns logically 9
Dalam jurnal tema dan pola saling terhubung
connected to each
dibuktikan dari proses pengambilan data,
other to form a
analisis data dan hasil data yang sesuai
convincing and dalam terapi pemecahan masalah
interegated
whole?
Were figures, Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 8 page
()
maps, or models 15
Iya sudah efektif, dalam jurnal sudah
used effectively to
digambarkan tabel tabel yang berisi data
summarize
yang mendukung konsep yang sudah
conceptualization?
direncanakan
If a conceptual Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No ( Line 20 page
) 9
framework or
Pola yang digunakan dalam penelitian
ideological
sesuai dengan konsep yang dibuat. Mulai
orientation guided
dari pencarian data, pengumpulan,
the study, are the
pertemuan ini mendukung konsep terapi
thems or patterns
yang sudah direncanakan peneliti.
l.inked to it in a
cogent manner?
Discussion
Are the findings Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√ ) No (
)
interpreted within
Dalam jurnal tidak dijelaskan interpretasi
an appropriate
dalam konteks sosial dan budaya.
social or cultural
context?
Are major Yes ( ) Can’t tell (√ ) No ( Line 10 page
)
findings 13
Dalam jurnal hanya disebutkan
interpreted and
perbandingan antara diberikannya terapi
discussed within
PST dan perawatan biasa. Dan di dalam
the context of
jurnal tidak disebutkan penelitian
prior studies?
sebelumnya yang menggunakan terapi ini.
Are the Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No
()
interpretation
Peneliti konsisten dengan batasan studinya
consistent with the
dibuktikan dengan adanya jumlah sampel
study’s limitation?
yang diambil sebagai perbandingnya,
khususnya yang berkaitan dengan ras FCG
dan etnis.
Does the report Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 6 page
() 15
support
Laporan ini didukung dari peserta yang
transferability of
melaporkan bahwa, setelah melakukan
the findings?
terapi pemecahan masalah tingkat
kecemasan mereka lebih rendah atau
berkurang.
Do the research Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 21 page
() 16
discuss the
Peneliti menjelaskan implikasi klinis dalam
implication of the
jurnal terkait terapi pemecahan masalah
study for clinical
(PST) dan terapi dapat di gunakan oleh
practice or further
perawat
inquiry and are
those implication
reasonable and
complete?
Global Issues
Was the report Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 16 page
() 10
well written, well
Kurang, karena dalam implikasi kurang
organized, and
dijelaskan manfaat dari terapi yang
sufficiently
diberikan selain itu proses kegiatan terapi
detailed for tidak jelaskan secara detail dalam jurnal
critical analysis?
Was the Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 6 page
() 15
descriptions and
Iya karena sudah banyak bukti yang
experience
mengatakan bahwa terapi ini sangat
enhance
bermanfaat dan cukup efektif mengurangi
confidence in the
tingkat kecemasan pada keluarga. Hasil ini
findings and
di dapat dari respon subjek dalam penelitian.
interpretation
sufficiently rich
and vivid?
Do the researchers Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No Line 12 page
() 9
clinical,
Iya, karena dilihat dari metode yang ada
subtantive, or
dalam jurnal lumayan lengkap tetapi kurang
methodologic
di bahas rinci terkait kegiatan yang
qualifications and
dilakukan.
experience
aenhance
confidence in the
findings and their
interpretation?
Do the study Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No ( Line 6 page
) 15
findings appear to
Iya dalam jurnal yang disebutkan bahwa
be trustworthy- do
setelah pengujian, peserta yang menerima
you have
PST (Problem Solve Therapy) melaporkan
confidence in the
bahwa tingkat kecemasan mereka lebih
truth value of the
rendah P <0, 3 daripada mereka yang
results?
menerima perawatan biasa
Does the study Yes ( √ ) Can’t tell ( ) No ( Line 6 page
) 15
contribute any
Dalam jurnal disebutkan bahwa penelitian ini
meaningful
memberikan bukti yang berarti yang dapat
evidence that can
digunakan dalam praktik keperawatan.
be used in nursing
Penggunaan terapi pemecahan masalah
practice or that is
merupakan pendekatan yang layak dan
useful to the
menjajikan untuk mengurangi kecemasan
nursing
keluarga yang dapat dilakukan melalui
discipline?
pertemuan keluarga, dimana keluarga dapat
menyampaikan masalah/kondisinya untuk
mendapatkan solusi dalam sebuah home care
(rumah perawatan kanker)
Manuscript Information
Journal name: Psycho-oncology
NIHMS ID: NIHMS986505
Manuscript Title:Delivering Problem-Solving Therapy to Family Caregivers of People with
Cancer: A Feasibility Study in Outpatient Palliative Care
Submitter: John Wiley And Sons Publishing (wbnih@sps.co.in, vchnih@wiley.com)
Manuscript Files
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manuscript PON_4859.docx 108250 2018-08-23 00:53:39
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Receipt will not appear on PubMed Central.
Delivering Problem-Solving Therapy to Family Caregivers of People with Cancer:
A Feasibility Study in Outpatient Palliative Care
1
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
2
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
3
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Acknowledgement of Funding: This study was funded by the National Cancer Institute
(R21CA191165; Principal Investigator: Washington). The content of this article is solely the
responsibility of its authors and may not necessarily reflect the official views of the study’s
funder. Please refer to verbiage included in the cover letter accompanying this manuscript for the
National Institutes of Health’s public access policy compliance statement related to publication
rights.
Delivering Problem-Solving Therapy to Family Caregivers of People with Cancer:
Objective: In response to the well-documented need for evidence-based cancer caregiver support,
we examined the feasibility of problem-solving therapy for family caregivers of cancer patients
receiving outpatient palliative care and investigated the impact of problem-solving therapy on
care from an academic health center in the Midwestern United States. Participants (N = 83)
were randomly assigned to receive usual care or usual care plus a problem-solving therapy
intervention, which was delivered over three sessions via web-based videoconferencing or
retention, and fidelity to core intervention components. Outcome data were analyzed using
Results: Problem-solving therapy for family caregivers of patients with cancer was found to be
highly feasible in the outpatient palliative care setting. Caregivers who received problem-solving
therapy reported less anxiety than those who received only usual care (p = .03). No statistically
significant differences were observed for caregiver depression (p = .07) or quality of life (p =
.06).
cancer family caregivers’ anxiety in the outpatient palliative care setting. Further testing in
life
1. Background
In recent decades, the primary setting for cancer care has shifted from the hospital
inpatient unit to the outpatient clinic, leaving family caregivers (FCGs) responsible for providing
the majority of patient care in the home, often with little support or preparation.1,2 The numerous
stressors associated with family caregiving for cancer patients are well documented and include
complete specific tasks (e.g., administering medications, changing dressings), social isolation,
and unavailability of necessary information.3 These stressors can lead to anxiety, depression,
fatigue, neglect of self-care and, for particularly strained caregivers, psychological symptoms
that mirror those experienced by trauma survivors.3,4 Early studies involving biomarkers have
also identified a physiological toll associated with cancer caregiving stress, suggesting that
highly stressed FCGs may be at increased risk for morbidity and mortality from certain diseases.5
The extant literature is clear: Cancer caregiving often takes place in a highly stressful emotional
and social context, leaving FCGs vulnerable to significant, potentially long-lasting, adverse
effects.
Palliative oncology, defined as “the integration into cancer care of therapies to address
the multiple issues that cause suffering for patients and their families and impact their quality of
interdisciplinary service available to patients and families across the full cancer trajectory.
Research documenting the multiple benefits of early palliative care11 has led the American
Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) to recommend that many patients and families be offered
palliative services concurrent with standard oncologic care as early as the time of initial
diagnosis,12 as palliative care can be provided either alongside interventions with a curative
FCGs in an effort to decrease their distress and improve their quality of life. However, palliative
oncology teams wishing to capitalize on this opportunity are limited by the paucity of evidence-
based interventions to support FCGs in general14 and in the outpatient palliative care setting in
particular.
coping effectiveness for individuals facing stressors ranging from daily hassles to major
solving model of stress,16 which conceptualizes psychological distress such as anxiety and
depression as the consequence of ineffective coping. The model suggests that, by enhancing
problem-solving ability, PST can minimize the negative effects of stressful life events, leading to
improved well-being (i.e., decreased anxiety and depression and greater quality of life).
While prior studies have identified PST as a promising strategy to reduce distress and
improve the quality of life of individuals experiencing stressors associated with cancer
oncology settings remains unknown. Thus, in preparation for a large multisite trial, our research
team sought to test the feasibility of a PST intervention for FCGs in the ambulatory palliative
care setting. Specifically, we set out to achieve the following aims: (1) to examine the feasibility
of PST for FCGs of cancer patients receiving outpatient palliative care relative to recruitment,
retention, and fidelity to core intervention components; and (2) to investigate the impact of PST
on FCGs’ anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Our corresponding hypotheses were (1) that
PST could be feasibility delivered to FCGs of cancer patients receiving outpatient palliative care
and (2) that it would result in decreased caregiver anxiety and depression and improved quality
of life.
2. Methods
of a structured PST intervention for FCGs of people with cancer receiving outpatient palliative
care. The University of Missouri Health Sciences Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviewed
and approved all study activities (Project #2002215). The study was registered at
After securing IRB approval, we recruited study participants from the ambulatory
palliative care clinic of an academic health center in the Midwestern United States from October
patients with cancer to the palliative care clinic and requested permission to share their contact
information with the research team. In addition, we placed study brochures in high-traffic
clinical areas (e.g., oncology waiting rooms, patient and family resource centers).
The study research nurse reached out to interested FCGs via telephone or email to assess
their eligibility and schedule a face-to-face informational meeting at the clinic, the FCG’s home,
or another agreed upon location. During the informational meeting, FCGs read, discussed, and –
if willing to participate – signed an informed consent document, retaining a copy for their
personal records. Inclusion criteria required that participants were English-speaking adult family
caregivers of adult patients diagnosed with cancer who were receiving palliative care. Family
caregivers included those individuals who provided significant, unpaid care to a person living
with cancer; a biological or legal relationship was not required. In addition, participants were
required to have sufficient hearing (either naturally or with assistive devices) to allow their
services from the specialty palliative care clinic were deemed eligible for participation if the
patient for whom they provided care was receiving treatment with a palliative intent from the
primary oncology team, as understood by the FCG. Multiple FCGs per patient were allowed to
enroll in the study. After the FCG signed the informed consent document, the research nurse
opened a numbered sealed envelope, prepared in advance, revealing whether the FCG had been
randomly assigned to receive usual care (Group 1) or usual care in addition to PST (Group 2). A
in Figure 1 (all participants were analyzed in their randomized groups regardless of their duration
in the study).
[Figure 1]
2.2.1. Group 1: Usual care. FCGs randomized to Group 1 experienced no changes in the
care they or their patient received due to their participation in the research study. For these
individuals, usual care continued according to each patient and family’s individualized treatment
plan based on previously established goals of care. While the specific constellation of services
provided as part of usual care varied, services available to all FCGs participating in the study
included routine education and ongoing support related to pain and symptom management,
professionally-facilitated support groups, and oncology social work services which, in this
specific setting, tended to focus primarily on resource allocation versus delivery of formalized
psychosocial support.
2.2.2. Group 2: Usual care plus PST. FCGs randomized to Group 2 received usual care
in addition to PST. The PST intervention we tested was adapted with permission from Demiris et
examples, referenced palliative care providers, and illustrated the application of problem-solving
A trained research nurse delivered the PST intervention to FCGs over three separate
sessions, spaced approximately one week apart. FCGs were given the option of receiving the
All sessions were digitally audio-recorded to permit monitoring of treatment fidelity. The first
session focused on topics such as visualizing success, positive self-talk, and using emotions
adaptively. During the second session, FCGs selected a specific caregiving problem and
brainstormed possible solutions. In the third and final session, FCGs weighed the pros and cons
of various possible solutions to their selected problem, identified a solution (or combination of
solutions) they judged to be feasible and likely to result in the most desirable outcome(s), and
developed a detailed plan for its implementation. Through this process, FCGs had the
adequately large study sample, we established monthly recruitment and retention goals
(established by a priori power analysis, described in Section 2.4.1) and noted our progress
toward achieving them in a shared study database. To measure the degree of fidelity to core
intervention components, the study Principal Investigator (PI) or designee reviewed a randomly
selected sample of 25% of the audio-recorded intervention sessions and evaluated them using a
treatment fidelity assessment form developed specifically for the study. Fidelity scores for each
session ranged from 0 to 100%, with a score of 100% reflecting complete fidelity to the
intervention protocol.
information, FCGs participating in the study completed standardized instruments measuring their
anxiety, depression, and quality of life. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-
7)22 measured the frequency with which FCGs experienced symptoms of anxiety such as
excessive restlessness, uncontrollable worrying, and irritability. GAD-7 total scores range from 0
to 21; higher scores reflect greater anxiety. The GAD-7’s internal consistency (Chronbach’s
alpha = 0.92) and test-retest reliability have been supported by prior research.22 The Patient
Health Questionnaire 9-item scale (PHQ-9)23 measured the frequency with which respondents
concentration. PHQ-9 total scores range from 0 to 27; higher scores reflect greater depression.
The PHQ-9’s internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89) and test-retest reliability have been
supported by prior research.23 The Caregiver Quality of Life Index – Revised (CQLI-R)24
measured FCGs’ quality of life in four domains: emotional, social, financial, and physical. Total
CQLI-R scores range from 0 to 40; higher scores indicate better quality of life. The CQLI-R’s
internal consistency (Chronbach’s alpha = 0.769) and test-retest reliability have been supported
by prior research.24
FCGs in both study groups completed the GAD-7, PHQ-9, and CQLI-R according to the
same administration schedule, which included the following approximate time points: T0
30/intervention conclusion for Group 2), and T3 (day 60/study exit). With the exception of
baseline measures, which were completed on paper during their enrollment visit, FCGs were
given the option of completing the instruments online via Qualtrics (Provo, UT) or by providing
2.4.1 Statistical power calculation. We based our a priori power calculation on changes
in GAD-722 total scores, as the instrument measures a key variable of interest (anxiety) and has
size calculation was based on a one-tailed test of significance and the following assumptions: 1)
the difference in GAD-7 total score means between the usual care and intervention groups would
be 2 points, the documented clinically significant effect;25,26 2) the variance of scores would total
4.93;27 3) appropriate error protection would be as follows: α =.20, β = .20; and 4) participant
attrition would equal 14%, half of patient attrition reported in a recent meta-analysis of palliative
oncology trials,28 reflecting an assumption that FCGs would be able to actively participate in
research longer than seriously ill patients. Taking these factors into consideration, we concluded
that a sample of 41 participants per group (total of 82) would provide 80% power to detect a 2-
to determine progress toward meeting feasibility goals and conducted ordinary least squares
(OLS) multiple regression29 to determine the influence of PST on FCGs’ anxiety, depression,
and quality of life, using the last available measure post-baseline to compare group outcomes.
Analyses were performed in R 3.5.0.30 Beta coefficients and confidence intervals were estimated
with a bootstrapping procedure, an analytic approach that has been considered non-parametric,31
where each estimate was generated based on 1,000 resamples.32 The regressor variable method
was used in order to isolate the effect of the intervention (X) on participants’ change scores (Y2 –
Y1), where Y2 – Y1 was regressed on Y1 and X.33 Caregiver age, caregiver gender, patient’s
clinic attendance (received care from the specialty palliative care clinic: yes or no), whether the
FCG provided care for more than one person with cancer (yes or no) or provided care in
cooperation with another FCG enrolled in the study (yes or no), and the number of days FCGs
who were ultimately lost to attrition remained in the study were included as covariates in each
model to further elucidate the unique contribution of the intervention to participant change
scores.
3. Results
Study and intervention feasibility were both supported. We met our recruitment goal one
summarized in Table 1). Approximately 75% of our sample was retained through 30-day follow-
up. Treatment fidelity, which was calculated as the mean percentage of essential intervention
[Table 1]
Preliminary analyses indicated that randomization produced equivalent groups in terms of
key demographic variables and baseline outcome measures, which were also controlled for in
subsequent modeling (see Table 2); no statistically significant differences were noted at baseline.
Results from OLS modeling, which we conducted to determine if receipt of PST significantly
predicted FCGs’ anxiety, depression, and quality of life, are summarized in Table 2. Participants
who received the PST intervention reported statistically significantly less anxiety (p = .03) than
those receiving only usual care. No statistically significant differences were noted for caregiver
[Table 2]
4. Discussion
Data resulting from this feasibility study of a PST intervention for FCGs of patients with
cancer receiving outpatient palliative care provide strong support for the feasibility of the
intervention. In addition, the study generated preliminary efficacy data highlighting the potential
of PST to decrease FCG anxiety, consistent with both pilot work and large-scale testing of PST
interventions in different settings and populations.17,18,34,35 That neither change in quality of life
nor depression were shown to differ between participants in the intervention and usual care
groups is noteworthy primarily due to these findings’ discordance with much of the published
literature.36 As with all outcomes assessed in this feasbility study, the effect of PST on FCGs’
depression and quality of life should be investigated in future studies including a larger sample,
particularly since power calculations for the present study were based solely on expected
changes in anxiety.
the process of resampling via bootstrapping likely resulted in more robust confidence intervals
than would otherwise have been generated, especially given the small sample included in this
study,32 underscoring the need for future, large-scale research on the effect of PST for FCGs in
outpatient palliative care. Second, the relatively homogenous nature of the study sample must be
noted, as it limits the study’s generalizability, particularly with regard to FCG race and ethnicity.
Third, all FCG participants were recruited from the same healthcare facility; it is unknown
whether similar results would be obtained in other settings. Fourth, the 60-day period of time
FCGs were enrolled in the study is quite brief relative to the overall cancer trajectory for many
individuals. The long-term impact of the PST intervention is therefore unknown. Fifth, allowing
videoconferencing technology may have introduced unaccounted for variation in the intervention
and/or its outcomes. Researchers conducting future studies of PST with FCGs should carefully
weigh the potential advantages of this approach (e.g., facilitated recruitment of a difficult-to-
against its limitations when making decisions regarding study design. Finally, given that PST has
been repeatedly shown to be safe16 and that this was a preliminary trial likely to be replicated,
relatively high error rates37 and a one-tailed test of significance were deemed appropriate;
however, lower error rates and a two-tailed test of significance should be employed in future
large-scale testing.
caregivers’ anxiety; however, advocacy aimed at widespread adoption of PST for FCGs in
outpatient palliative care would be premature. Additional testing is needed to provide data
necessary to ensure responsible use of limited healthcare resources. In addition, given the limited
number of outpatient specialty palliative care clinics currently in existence,13 providers may want
to carefully consider whether FCG support services such as PST should originate in the palliative
Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the National Cancer Institute (R21CA191165; Principal
Investigator: Washington). The content of this article is solely the responsibility of its authors
and may not necessarily reflect the official views of the study’s funder. The authors acknowledge
the invaluable contributions of Diane Huneke, RN; Mary L. Cunningham, RN, AOCNS; Tammy
Reeder, RN, BSN; Debra Palmer, MSW, LCSW; Anna Hulbert, MD; Jamie Smith, MA; and the
family caregivers who generously volunteered their time to participate in this study.
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Table 1. Caregiver and Patient Characteristics
No. (%)a
Gender
Race
Ethnicity
Relationship to patient
Sibling 7 (8.4) -
Parent 3 (3.6) -
Friend 3 (3.6) -
Brain - 3
Breast - 9
Colorectal - 13
Gynecological - 7
Liver - 6
Lung - 15
Melanoma - 4
Mesothelioma - 3
Other - 3
Pancreas - 4
Prostate - 3
Urinary Tract - 5
a
Due to rounding, percentages might not sum to 100.
Table 2
Effect of the Problem-Solving Intervention on Family Caregiver Outcomes a
95% Confidence Intervals b
B Std. Error Sig. (2-tailed)
Lower Upper
Anxiety (GAD-7)
Constant 16.36 8.61 .115 -2.30 32.28
Group -2.76 1.22 .03* -5.18 -.30
GAD-7 Baseline Score -.86 .13 .002 -1.10 -.60
Depression (PHQ-9)
Constant 12.80 8.49 .20 -4.44 29.5
Group -2.68 1.34 .07 -4.96 .21
PHQ-9 Baseline Score -.50 .17 .01 -.82 -.144