0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Absolute zero ........................ -273.15 °C
23
Avogadro constant ................ 6.0221367·10 mol
Base of natural logarithms ..... 2.718281828
-19
Electronvolt ........................... 1.6021892·10 J
-1
Faraday constant ................... 96485.309 C mol
Constant of gravitation .......... 6.67259·10 N m kg
3
Molar volume of ideal gas ....... 0.02241410 m mol
-1
www.periodni.com
BASIC RULES FOR BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1. Write down the equation of the chemical reaction, all reactants and products must be known.
-1
2. The total change of the oxidation number of the oxidized atoms must be same as the total change
of the oxidation number of reduced atoms
a) First determine oxidation numbers for every element on both sides of the equation.
b) Write down  the electron-half-reactions for oxidation and reduction processes.
c) Write down the transfer of electrons.
-11 2 -2
d) Equilibrate charge on the left and right side
- in acidic media by adding H+ ions on the side where the electrons are.

-19
Elementary charge ................ 1.60217733·10 C
Standard pressure ................. 101325 Pa
-1
Molar gas constant ................ 8.314510 J mol K
Pi ........................................... 3.1415926535897932
Planck constants ................... 6.6260755·10 J s
-34
PTE
- in alkaline media by adding OH- ions on the side opposite to one with electrons.
e) Check if there are the same numbers of hydrogen and oxygen atoms on the left and right
-1 side, if they aren't equilibrate these atoms by adding water molecules.
f ) Bring the half-reactions down to the same number of transferred electrons and make a sum
of the half-reactions.
www.periodni.com 3. Sum of the charges on left side must be equal to the right side of the summary equation.
4. Number of atoms for every particular element must be equal on both sides of the summary equation.

1 IA 18 VIIIA
1 2
1 H
1.0079 2 IIA
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS GROUP (IUPAC 1985)
1 IA
GROUP (CAS 1986)
13 IIIA 14 IVA 15
He
VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 4.0026

www.periodni.com
3 4 ATOMIC NUMBER 1 SYMBOL 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Metal Semimetal Nonmetal 1 H B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.0122 PERIODA 1.0079 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11 12 Alkali metal Chalcogens element 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Alkaline earth metal Halogens element Al Si P S Cl Ar
VIIIB
22.990 24.305 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 10 11 IB 12 IIB 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948
Transition metals Noble gas
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

PTE
Lanthanide
4 K Ca STANDARD STATE (25 °C; 101 kPa) Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078 Actinide Ne - gas Fe - solid 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798
37 38 www.periodni.com Hg - liquid Tc - synthetic 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.96 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
(223) (226) (227) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) (267) (268) (271) (272) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) Copyright © 2010 Eni Generalic, Split
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Absolute zero ........................ -273.15 °C
23
Avogadro constant ................ 6.0221367·10 mol
Base of natural logarithms ..... 2.718281828
-19
Electronvolt ........................... 1.6021892·10 J
-1
Faraday constant ................... 96485.309 C mol
Constant of gravitation .......... 6.67259·10 N m kg
3 -1
Molar volume of ideal gas ....... 0.02241410 m mol
www.periodni.com
BASIC RULES FOR BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1. Write down the equation of the chemical reaction, all reactants and products must be known.
-1
2. The total change of the oxidation number of the oxidized atoms must be same as the total change
of the oxidation number of reduced atoms
a) First determine oxidation numbers for every element on both sides of the equation.
b) Write down  the electron-half-reactions for oxidation and reduction processes.
c) Write down the transfer of electrons.
-11 2 -2
d) Equilibrate charge on the left and right side
+
- in acidic media by adding H ions on the side where the electrons are.

-19
Elementary charge ................ 1.60217733·10 C
Standard pressure ................. 101325 Pa
-1
Molar gas constant ................ 8.314510 J mol K
Pi ........................................... 3.1415926535897932
Planck constants ................... 6.6260755·10 J s
-34
PTE
- in alkaline media by adding OH- ions on the side opposite to one with electrons.
e) Check if there are the same numbers of hydrogen and oxygen atoms on the left and right
-1 side, if they aren't equilibrate these atoms by adding water molecules.
f ) Bring the half-reactions down to the same number of transferred electrons and make a sum
of the half-reactions.
www.periodni.com 3. Sum of the charges on left side must be equal to the right side of the summary equation.
4. Number of atoms for every particular element must be equal on both sides of the summary equation.

1 IA 18 VIIIA
1 2
1 H
1.0079 2 IIA
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS GROUP (IUPAC 1985)
1 IA
GROUP (CAS 1986)
13 IIIA 14 IVA 15
He
VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 4.0026

www.periodni.com
3 4 ATOMIC NUMBER 1 SYMBOL 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Metal Semimetal Nonmetal 1 H B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.0122 PERIODA 1.0079 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11 12 Alkali metal Chalcogens element 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Alkaline earth metal Halogens element Al Si P S Cl Ar
VIIIB
22.990 24.305 Transition metals Noble gas 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 10 11 IB 12 IIB 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

PTE
Lanthanide
4 K Ca STANDARD STATE (25 °C; 101 kPa) Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078 Actinide Ne - gas Fe - solid 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798
37 38 www.periodni.com Hg - liquid Tc - synthetic 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.96 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
(223) (226) (227) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) (267) (268) (271) (272) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) Copyright © 2010
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