UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL

PEDRO RUIZ GALLO

Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas

ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA EN
COMPUTACIÓN E INFORMÁTICA

STUDENT:

Arroyo Barranzuela Karina

TEACHER:

Angélica Carrasco

Lambayeque, Agosto del 2018

 TAG QUESTIONS
They are short phrases, of the opposite sign, which is intended to ask for
the opinion or seek the approval of the interlocutor.
Example:
 You eat meat, don’t you?
 She doesn’t like to dance, does she?
 Alex and Sergio are friends, aren’t they?

Grammatical Rules

To form this short question we use the auxiliary of the main phrase and its
subject but of opposite sign. If I did not have an assistant then we would
use the auxiliary "to do".

Affirmative Sentences:
Example:
 Your brother is older than you, isn’t he?
 You can help me, can’t you?
 John is getting married, isn’t he?
 You worked yesterday, didn’t you?
 Sarah likes ice cream, doesn’t she?

Negative Sentences:
Example:
 You’re not from here, are you?
 Kate’s not American, is she?
 Peter never liked Susan, did he?
 They didn’t go to class yesterday, did they?
 You can’t dance, can you?
Exercises

1. You want to go on holiday, don’t you?

2. Charles will help us, won’t he?
3. Mary has a Little lamb, doesn’t she?
4. You are the new student, aren’t you?
5. We cannot do this together, can we?
6. Their parents are divorced, aren’t they?
7. The door has been locked, hasn’t it?
8. They have cleaned the windows, haven’t they?
9. You speak English, don’t you?
10. He moved abroad, didn’t he?
11. You were there, weren’t you?
12. She is not going home yet, is she?
13. We have not been here before, have we?
14. I won’t see you again, will I?
15. She wasn’t surprised, was she?
16. They are not watching TV right now, are they?
 THE PAST PERFECT
It refers to a time before the recent past. It is used to indicate that an event
occurred before another in the past.

Grammatical Rules

The perfect past is formed with the auxiliary verb "to have" and the past
participle. The auxiliary verb will be in the past.

Subject Auxiliar verb Short form Past participle

I’d, You’d, He’d, Studied,
I, You, He, She,
had She’d, It’d, Visited,
It, We, They
We’d, They’d Worked

Affirmative Sentences:
subject + “had” + past participle
Example:
 I had visited the Louvre before, so I knew where the Mona Lisa was.
 They had studied English before they went to London.
 Henry changed careers because he had worked as an accountant
for many years and was bored.

Negative Sentences:
subject + “had” + not + past participle
Example:
 I had not visited the Louvre before, so I knew where the Mona Lisa
was.
 They had not studied English before they went to London.
 Henry changed careers because he had not worked as an
accountant for long.
Interrogative Sentences:
“Had” + subject + past participle…?
Example:
 How did you know where the Mona Lisa was? Had you visited the
Louvre before?
 Had they studied English before they went to London?
 Had Henry worked as an accountant for long before he changed
careers?

Uses

1. We use the perfect past to refer to an action or event that started in the
past and that precedes another action also in the past.

Example:
 I’d read the book before I saw the movie.
 Donna had just left when you called.
 Had you ever flown before the trip to France?

2. It is used for actions that occurred before a specific time in the past.

Example:
 I’d already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am.
 He hadn’t been to France before the trip in 2008.

3. Also, as in the present perfect, with some verbs we use the perfect
past for situations that started in the past and that continued to a
specific point in the past.

Example:
 She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW.
 I’d been depressed for a long time before I changed Jobs.
 MODALS VERBS
Express modality, ability, possibility, need or other condition. We use them
for the future and the conditional.

can could may might will

shall should ought to must/ have to would

Uses

1. Can
Indicates ability or possibility.

- I can speak five languages.

- We can work late tonight if you need us.
- Bill and Tom can’t help you.
- The restaurant can be expensive if you drink a lot of wine.
- It can be dangerous to drive if you are tired.
- Can I have a glass of water?
- Can you help me?
- Can they work late tonight?

2. Could
Indicates possibility or ability in the past.

- Joe could speak Spanish when he was young.

- I couldn’t sleep last night.
- Could you play an instrument when you were a child?
- You could pass the test if you studied.
- I think it could rain later.
- Could I be wrong?
- Could you help me?
3. May
It is used to indicate possibilities in the future.

- I would bring an umbrela, it may rain later.

- It may be better to finish this now, rather than wait until
tomorrow.
- You may leave if you like.
- May I have a glass of wáter?
- May I leave now?

4. Might
It is used to indicate possibilities in the present or the future.

- I would bring an umbrela, it might rain later.

- It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until
tomorrow.

5. Will
It means will or determination.

- I will help you.

- We will learn English.
- Will the find a cure for cancer?
- Will he go to Paris by car or train?

6. Shall
It is used as "will" to form the future tense.

- Chris shall be happy to see you.

- I’ll take the 3 o’clock train.
- Shall we meet at 10pm?
- Shall we go to the movies or a museum?
7. Should
Indicates an obligation or recommendation.

- I should call my parents more often.

- You shouldn’t work so hard.
- They should practice more if they want to win the
championship.
- Should we leave a tip?

8. Ought to
It is a synonym of "should" although it is less common.

- She ought to quit smoking.

- I ought to call my parents more often.
- They ought to work less.

9. Must
Indicates an obligation, prohibition or necessity.

- You must read this book, it’s fantastic.

- You must brush yuor teeth two times a day.
- You must not drink and drive.
- When must we meet you?
- It must be difficult to learn a new language as an adult.
- Must she talk so much?

10.Would
It is used to declare a preference and to ask for something politely.

- She would like to go to New York someday.

- I would like a beer and my wife would like a glass of wine please.
- Would you like some coffee?
- Would you help me please?
- When would you like to go to the movies?
 THE USE OF WHOSE
Whose is a wh-word. We use whose to ask questions of possession and to
introduce relative clauses.

Example:
 Whose birthday is it today?
 Whose are these gloves?
 Whose house was used in the film ‘Gosford Park’?

We use whose in indirect questions:

 Juliet wondered whose the sports car was.

WARNING:
Do not confuse whose and who’s. Who does it mean:
 Whose is this book? (Who owns this book?)
 Who is driving us home? (Who is driving us home?)

Whose in relative clauses

We use whose to introduce a relative clause indicating possession by
people, animals and things:
 John works with that other chap whose name I can not remember.
 Shirley has a 17-year-old daughter whose ambition is to be a
photographer.
 This is the book whose title I could not remember.

TYPICAL ERROR:
We don’t use whose when we mean who’s (who is)

 Who’s there?
 CONDITIONALS
They are used to speculate about what might happen, what may have
happened and what we would like to happen.

Verbal time of the Verbal time of the

Type Use
preposition “if” preposition principal
Type 0 General facts Simple present Simple present
Possible condition and its
Type 1 Simple present Simple future
probable result
Present conditional o
Hypothetical condition
Type 2 Simple past Present continuous
and its probable outcome
conditional
Not real condition of the
Type 3 past and its probable Past perfect Perfect conditional
outcome in the past
Not real condition of the
Mixed past and its probable Past perfect Present conditional
outcome in the present

Conditional Type Zero

It is used when the time referred to is now or always and the situation is
real and possible.
Conditional Type 1

It is used to refer to the present or future when the situation is real.

Conditional Type 2

It is used to refer to a time that can be now or at any time and to a

situation that is not real.

Conditional Type 3

Is used to refer to a time in the past and a situation contrary to reality.

Conditional Type Mixed

It is used to refer to a time in the past and a situation that has not yet
ended in the present.