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801111100 1/5 = 220 ~, ~ = 5 0, 1- = 7.5 1111-1, ~ = 0 ~, /( = 0.5, 3110/ = 1000
1-12. ~(0111~().. (7-15), /2 = 0.7165/1 + 12.4733110 1(0111~().. (7-16), /1 = 0.7165/2
+ 0.
(3) 501.,,111~ 111~8~ 1~0 ~().113110118 ~1~108 /1 = 18.37 ~.
(0) /2 = 25.63 ~.
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(0) 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11118, 3~~(0)(10131~1~,
ﺔ 1030
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1030
38
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25.63 + 18.37
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3110 111~111~111(~8181311~~,~, = 1///5 = 220/11 = 200.
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= 0.25 0, 1(1~111~011(1~~, ~, = 550
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= 0~. 111~ (1~~((1~~ 10(10 ~11((~(11, /0 = 200~, ~(1(10 ~110~~1(1
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~ = ~5 )~ (
1 +
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~~3111
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ﻣ
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ﻛﺗﺑ
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(~~15 110(111311~ 3 ~0 (13110 ~0$~~1. ~111~ ~1~111~1115 015~11~11111~-11100 (~~111310(5
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+
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ﻣ
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ﻛﺗﺑ
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0..
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15 = /(1,, )(7-35
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~)(301()1~ 7-4
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10~ 5~11~0111~11~()0~11~~15 25 )(112. 1110~ ))~3)(-10-))~3)( (1))))1~ ~1111~11101111011~10115
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5-..,,.
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= ~(3) ~1001 ~(). (7-34), 1/ ~/(1/ 3110 (/ = 1/)1/, = 5/12 = 0.4167.
(0) ~1001 ~(). (7-37),
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= /..., () () 145.84 ~11
0.8 25,000 12
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8
7-6.2 80051 ~99~~810..5
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195
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)((~) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-46), 15 = 5/(1 - / (0( /
= 2/3 = 0.6667 = 66.67%.
ﻣ
(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-49),
()
5 (15 - )5
= ~/1 () )( 10-6 () ~ = 0 .89
25,000 150 15
(~) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-47), /5 = 0.5/(1
)- 0.667 = 1.5 ~ ~110 ~~~)( 11100~101 ~11((~111,
ﻛﺗﺑ
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/ 2 = /5 + 1.5 +
= 2 2 ~ = 1.945
(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-53),
0.5 )( 0.6667
= /1~0
() 2,5000 ()220 10 - 6 ~= 60.61 (11
~ 011~)( - 00051 (~~111(110( 11(0,,,10~5 (111 011111111 ,,,011(1~~ ~01~0 ~(11(1)1 0
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= 1151,,/(/(1 /() (100 ~~111~ (1~~..(1 10()111
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)(7-63
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198
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500(1-~1(~011 ()(01~~11011 ~00100~ ~(15)110 1(11()1~(11~111. 1-10~~~~(, 10~ 111()01 ~0((~111
15 015~01111110005 ((1110 (1110 (1 0180 ()~(1~ ~0((~111 -00~5 10(00801((11151510 (21.
~~)(301()1 7-6
~-.,,. 10~ 0111
111~ 011~~ - 00081 (~~111310( 111~1~. 7-93 038 311 111~111~0113~~ 01 ~5 = 12
~~~1~, (/
= 0.25 3110 ~10 ~8~11~0111 ~~1(~().11~11 18 25 ~1-12. ~10 111011~1311~~, 1- = 150
,..,..1-13110 1111~( ~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 220 ,..,..~. 10~ 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0 = 1.25 /1...
~0~1~(111111~ 10~ (3) 3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~, ~0~ (0) ~~3~-10-~~3 0111~111 ~0113~~ (1~~1~,
~~ ~,,~ (~) ~~3~-10-~~3 ~(1~~1 )~11((~111 01 111011~10(, ~1~ 3110 (0 ~~~3 ~~11((~111 01 10
1(31181810(, 1,,.
ﻣ
50111~100 ~5 = 12 -.,,, /( = 0.25, 10 = 1.25 /1.., ./ = 25 ~1-12, 1- = 150 ,..,..1-1,3110
~ = 220 ,..,..~.
))( 0.25/(1 - 0.25
)(3 ~(0111 ~().. (7-58), ~0 = -12 = -4-.,,.
)(0 ~(0111 ~().. (7-65), 10~ ~~3~-10-~~3~ 0111~111(1~~1~ ~0113~~ 18
)( 0.25
ﻛﺗﺑ
1.25
= ~~,, () )( 10-6 = 56.8111-.,,
25,000 220
~(~) ~(0111 ~().. (7-62), 10~ ~~3~-10-~~3 111011~10((1~~1~ 18
()
12 0.25
= ~1
25,000 )( 150 )( 10-6 = 0.8/1..
))( 0.25/(1 - 0.25
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (7-59),15
= 1.25 ~= 0.4167 /1... 5111~~1518 10
3~~(3~~ 01 011(311011/(1, 111~~~3~-10-~~3~ ~11((~1110110~ 1(31181810(,
~1 0.4167 0.8
~ = 1,, .
/( + 2 = 0.25 + 2 = 2 067 /1..
ﺔ
~10
7-10(1.
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51(1111(1( 10 10~ 00~~-00051
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()01(1(11)115 ~(1150 0()()0511 ~10 10(11 0110 111()01 ~011(18~. (1115 11(1(11~0 (111~( 115 111~~1110
(1). ~0~11 ~10~ 111()01 ~011(18 15 10(11~0 (011 (1110 1((11151510 (21 15 5~11~0~0 011, ~0100
1)/71 15 10(~(1(0 01(15~0 ((1110 ~(1()(1~110 ~1 15 ~0(1(8~0 10(00801.,1, ~1)/71, (1110 10 111()111
50()()1)1, ~5.
~10 ~1(~011 0()~((111011 ~(111 0~ 01~10~0 11110 1~0 (1100~5. ~~00 1 0~81115 ~0~11
(
(1((11151510 (21 15 10(11~0 011 (11 = 0. ~10 (~0((~111 10(0080111011~10 1.,1 (15~5. ~1
ُﺭ
~10 ~5(1(11~ 11(11~, 10 ~~011(18~ 01 ~(1()(1~110( ~1 (~~~(5 01(15~5 ~0100 1)/71 (1110 10(115 11
ﺷﺩ
011. ~10 (~(1()(1~110 ~1 015~0(1(8~5 115 ~11..,(8)110 ~10 ~1(~011 10((11~0 0)1 ~1, ~2, ~10
( ~10
10(10, (1110 1.,2. ~~00 2 0~81115 ~0.,.11 1(.11151510( (21 15 10(11~0 011 (11 = (1.
(~(1()(1~110 ~1 15 ~0(1(8~0 1(0(11 10~ 111()11150()()1)1 (1110 10~ ~11~(8)1 510(~0 (11110~ 11100~10
~1.,2151((11151~((~01010 10(10. ~10~ 0100~ 1)/71 (11101((11151510( (21 ()(0~10 (15)111~0(011005
5~11~01118 (1~11011. ~10 ~().01~(11~111 ~1(~0115 (10 ~10 (1100~5 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~18. 7-100
(1110 10~ ~(1~~10((115 (10 ~51~(10)1-51(11 ~011(18~5 (1110 ~0((~1115 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~18. ~7 -10
(10 ~01111110005 10(10 ~0((~111.
56~. 7-6 199
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)(7-68
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300 111~ ~1111~01 0110011~101 ~2 13115 110~3(1)1110111 11-22 10 11-21 10 11111~(2,
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58~. 7-6 201
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
~..0111 8()8. (7-71) 3110 (7-73),
(~01 - ~(1)(1 ~(1(2
= 6./2
1.,2 1.,2
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~1 18
)(_ _ ~(1(1- 2/
~01 - (/ )(7-75
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/(~5
~ (1 = -
1
(_ / )(7-76
ﻛﺗﺑ
~88~111111~ 3 10881~88 ~1..~~11, ~.15 = ~(1/(1 = ~5/(1/(/(1 - /() 3110 111~3~~..3~~ 111()~1
~~ ~111,
(/ 51_/
= ~ ) (7-77
111~ 8~11~11111~()~..100 7 ~311 ()~ 10~110 1..0111 8()8. )(7-67 =)3110 (7-69
= 7 = -
1
(1 + (2
6./11.,1 6./1 1.,1 _ 6./1 1.,1(2~5 - )~01
= - + - )(7 -78
/ ~5 ~5 - ~01 ~5(~5 )- ~01
~111~11 ~1~~8 ~111~ ()~3~-10-()~3 ~~ ~..1()()1 ~111 011110~~10.. 1.,1 38
ﺔ 6./1 = )~5(~5 - ~01
)/1.1(2~5 - ~01
)(7-79
(~5/
6./1 = )(7-80
/1.1
~111 8~11~11111~ ()~..100 7 ~311 3180 ()~ 10~110 1..0111 8()8. )(7-72 =)3110 (7-74
1
= 7 = (1 + (2 = 6./21.2 -
)6./2 1.2 _ 6./2 1.2(2~(1- ~01
)(7-81
1 ~01 - ~(1 ~(1
-
~(1(~01 - )~(1
3110 11118 ~1~~8 ~111~ ()~3~-10-()~3 ~~ ~..1()()1
ُﺭ
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ﺷﺩ
~(1(~01 - )~5
= 6./2 )(7-82
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= )(7-83
/1.2 /1.2
~11~11 1..31181810.. ~~(21 18 011, 111~ ~11~.. 1..31181~.. ~3()3~110.. ~1 18 ~113..~~0 ()~ 111~ 111()~1
~~ ~11110.. (
= (2. ~~111~ 3~~..3 ~~ ~~113..~111 ~11110.. ~1 18 /01 = /5 3110 111~ ()~3~-
202
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
~10-~~(1 ~..1~~1 ~~~011(1 0~ 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~1 18
1 (12 1 (12 / (
~ ~~1 = (/~1 0 = ~1)0
/5 = )(7-84
~1)0 ~~
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)(7-85
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~ ~~1 )(7-86
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ﻛﺗﺑ
~~(1~~..(1 ~11(1..~111~ ~1.1 ~111 0~ ~2, ,,.111~11 ~0,,.8 ~0.. 11111~ 1/2, 18 /~2 ~/2/4 ~(1110 111
~~~(1~-10-~~(1 ~..1~~1 ~~~011(1 0~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~2 18
1 (1/2 1 (1/2 ~/2 ~/2
~~~2 = (/~2 0 = ~2)0 4 = 8/~2 )(7-87
~2)0
_ ~,,(1 - /() _ /(~5
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~111~ 01 ..~~1.11(110.. 18 0(18~0 011 111~ ~(1~(1~111~~ ~11~..~)11..(1118~~.. (1110 (18 (1 ..~81.111,
1-1
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~~6~1~11~)1.
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18 (1180 111~11.
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~8 (1
111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~..0~10~8
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111~ ~1..~1.11111(18 10,,. 8,,.11~11111~ 1088~8
(211811.1..11~0 011, 1111(1810 ~(1 )1111~ ~1.1 ~1118 0~ 11101.1~10..8
~~(1~ ~1.1 ~111 ~0,,.8
111~ ~11~..~)11..(1118~~..,
111..01.1~111..(11181810.. (21. ~~5111
111~ ..1~~1~ ~1.1 ~111 0~ 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~1
(1110 11(18 111~11
~))(~~301 7-7
111~ 111~11( ~01(3~~ 01 3 ~6)( ~011~~~(~~ 111 ~1~. 7-103, 1/, = 12~. 111~ 011(~ ~~~1~,
(/ 150
= = 0.25 3110 (11~ 5~1(~11111~ 1~~()11~11~~ 15 25 )(1-12. 111~ 111(~~ 111011~(311~~, 1-2
/-11-13110 111(~~ ~3~3~1(311~~ 15 ~2 220 =
/-1~. ~111 ~~~~~11 ~~(~31151 ~~~3~3~1(311 15 ~1 =
200 /-1~ 3110 111011~(311~~ 1-1 = 200 /-11-1. 111~ 3~~~3~~ 1030 ~11~~~11( 15 1~ = 1.12 ~.
~0~(~~~111 (11~ (3) 3~~~3~~ 011(~11( ~01(3~~, 1/~~ (0) 3~~~3~~ 111~11(~11~~~11(, 1,~ (~) ~~3)(-
~(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~ ~11~~~11(01111011~(0~ 1-1, ~11 ~ (0) ~~3)( -(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~ ~01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0
()~1, ~1/01~ (~) ~~3)(-(0-~~3 ()~1~~1~ ~11~~~11( 01111011~(0~ 1-2. ~12~ (1) ~~3)(-(0-~~3 ~~1~~1
ُﺭ
~~~01(3 ~01 ~3~3~1(0 ~2, ~ 1/02~ 3110 (~) ~~3)( ~11~~~11( 01 (11~ (~311515(0~, 1,,.
ﺷﺩ
80)11000 1/, = 12 ~, /( = 0.25, 1~ = 1.25 ~, = / 25 )(1-12,1-1 = 180 /-11-1,~1 = 200
= /-1~, 1-2 150 /-11-1, 3110 ~2 = 220 /-1~.
(3) ~~0~ ~(). (7-76), 1/~ = -0.25 )( 12/(1
- 0.25) = -4~.
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (7-77), 1, = 1.25 )( 0.25/(1 - 0.25) = 0.42 ~.
(~) ~~0~ ~(). (7-80), ~11 = 12 )( 0.25/(25,000 () ))( 10-6
180 = 0.67 ~.
() () )10-6
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (7-86), ~1/01= 0.42(1 - 0.25)/(25,000 200 = 63~~.
~(~) ~~0 ~(). (7-83), ~12 = 0.25 )( 12/(25,000 () ))( 10-6
150 = 0.8 ~.
(1) ~~0~ ~(). (7-87), ~1/02 = 0.8/(8 ()
25,000 ()
)220 )( 10-6 = 18.18 ~~.
58~. 7-6 203
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
)(7-89
~0~ 3 10551~55 ~1~~1.111,/1.2~0,,. ~~= 1/0/0 3110 1/1~ 3..~~3 ~..311.1~ 011/1~ ~1.1~~~11111111101.1~10
1-2 15
/0
= /1,-2
(1 - 2/ )(7-90
ﻣ
1.25
1 - 2 ()
~ 0.25 = 2.5
/1/, /1/2 0.67 0.8
ﻛﺗﺑ
/,, = /$ + + + = 0.42 + + 2.5 + ~ = 3.655
2 /1.2
2 2 2
~111~5 101.1( (~~1.11310(5 ~1.15~ 001)100 1(3051510(, ~~(0~10)110 ~001)100 ~~513 ~00,,,~~5100,
300 (~()1.11(~ 1001.1~10(5 (0 ~3~3~110(5 (10 ~0~(~)11(3051~(. 01.1~ 10 10~ ~1.1((~01-1130-
~0110 1/(01131100 01 3 510~1~ 1(3051510(, (~~111~ 01.11~1.11 ~0 ~01111~5 (~~1.11310~5 15 5(0311,
1)1~1~311)11~05 01 ~3115. (~,4.1111~11 ~1.1((~01, ~111~ 512~ 0110~5 ~0(0~00~015 10~(~35~5,
~110 10~(~35~0 ~0(0~00~011055~5, 300 111~ ~111~1~0~)1 0~~~35~5. 10 30011100, ~~~111
15 00 150/31100 0~1~~~0 111~ 10~1.11 300 01.11~1.11 ,,,0113~~, ~111~11 15 3 01~01)1 ~0~51~301
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1.15~0,
0)1
(,4. 10)1(1510 (~~~~110 (~1(~1.111, ~111~111.15~5 3135111.1(0-011111)1(1510 35 3 5~11~0, (~()1.11(~5
~0(0(01.1131100 ~1(~1.111()1 10 11.1(0 11 011. ~(~10 ~(3 ,,,3(101.15 1~~1101()1.1~5 0)1 ~111~11 3
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~~111~ ~3(1)1 513 011351-11.1(0-011111)1~1510(5, (~3 01.1(00 (~~~01 ~110 ~~1(~1.1115 03,,, 0~~0
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ُﺭ
(~01.1~1100 01 (0101(01.1(0 ~00-11(0 1/(011, )(2 01~0 1(~()1.1~0~)1 01 0~~((11100, 300 )(3
ﺷﺩ
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+
0,,,
204
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
~(~11(101 0~~((111011. 1-10~~~~(, ~110 ~10 0~~~10~111~111 ~0~ (111~(11(111~~ 5~11~0111 0~-
(~~~1~~5 (~.~, ~0 1((11151510(5, (105), (~~~10~ (1~~11~(1110115 0~ 10)1(1510( ~00 ~1(~11115
(~~(1(~ 1111111~0 10 01~0 ~0 1~~~15 (1110 ~5~~~1(111)1, 10 1((1~11011 111010( ~0111(01. ~50111
(~~~0~ 10~ ~00 ~1(~11115 115~0 0)11((1~11011 ~()111~111~111111(11111~(1~111(~(5 (1(~ 015~1155~0 111
1015 5~~11011.
~10 (~~~1111~1115~-~0111111111(11~0 ~00 15 (1 ~~()1 ~0111111011 ~1(~1111 ~110 1~0 10)1(1510(5 (15
ﻣ
500~11 111 ~1~. 7-11 (111015 (1150 ~110~11 (15 (1 ~/(1551~(1/ ~110/1/1€,.. ~~110 ~0~~11111111~ 0
10~ 0~~((111011, (10)1(1510 12 15 ~1(~0 ((1110 1015 ~(1115~5 10~ ~0111111111(111011 ~(1~(1~110 ~ 10
~~(~0(1 10(011~0 ~~10~ 10(10 10 ~011(1 110 ~01~0 5001110 0~ 10~ 511~~1)1 ~011(1~~, 115, 111
10~ ~1(51 ~)1~1~. ~10 ~1(11~.-4 0~~0111~5 ~~~05111 ~110 (~5~~~110 ~1(11~ 13. ~10 ~1(~1111
0~~(311011 ~(111 0~ 01~10~0 11110 ~1~~ 11100~5, (1110 10~ ~()111~(11~111 ~1(~11115 11110~( 51~(10)1-
ﻛﺗﺑ
51(11~ ~01101110115 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~1~. 7-12.
~~00 1 0~~1115 ~0~11 11 15 ~1(~0. ~10 10(10 15 ~01111~~1~0 10 10~ 511~~1)1. ~10
(~0111111111(111011 ~(1~(1~110 ~ (~~~(5~5 ~~(115 ~0(1 10(011~0 ~10~ (~5011(1111 (~~~(5111 ~1(~1111
~0(111~0 0)1 11, 1)1, (1110 1-,.,,. ~10 (~5011(1111 ~11((~11115 ~1~~11 0)1
.
_1 =
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.
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/,
= )1)0(1
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+ ~~...+..
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ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
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..~~~..8~0 10 - 11~. 1018 18 80111~6111~8 ~311~0 ~0111111/1.((1(1011
7~(1(/111~55.
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3180 ~311~0 10~ ~17~/1.1((07 (1))(11/(10/~) (/1.711-0// (1111~,18 ~1~~0 0)7
( ~~11
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10~ ~0111111/1.((1(1011 (1111~, ~01~018
)(7-96
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ﺔ
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~~00
0100~ /),., 813..18 ~00011~60~.
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1030 ~11 ~01 0~~3)78. 10~ ~0~..~)7 810..~0 10 10~ 8011..~~ 10011~130~~ 1.. (~1118 30)7 81..3)7
10011~130~~ 10 10~ ~1..~1111)18 1..3081~ ~0 1010 10~ ~3~3~110.. 300 10~ ~11 ~0118
1.(0 = /,., ~08 ((1). )(7 -97
300 10~ 108130130~0118 ~3~3~110.. ~~~0113 18
).0(/ ~11, + / 510 .../ )(7-98
~~
~
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= 1/70~. = (. = 0.5
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0~~0111~8 2~..0 300 10~ ~3~3~110.. 18 ..~~03..~~0 10
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206
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10 180% 01/,,, ~~3110 10.~ 50111 ~~111011~1311 )~~(111~1110111~ 10.~ 51(3)/ 111011~1311 ~15 11~~11~101
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=
1111111111111113110 (13)(10111111 011111111 ,,,0113~~.
80101100 10 = 425 ~, /,,, = 450 ~, ~, = ~5 = 220 ~, / = 400 112, (01( = 18 ~5, 3110
1--, = 0.
(3) ~10111 ~()5. (7-99), (7-100), 3110 (7-103), 10.~ 0,,,~1,,,0113~~ 15 ~~ = 0 3110
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1,, = 1.8 )( 450 - 450 = 220
1-~1~ = 40 ~~.
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= (220 40)/450 = 19.56 ~5, 3110 110111~(). (7-96),
)( 2
1013111111~,(,/ = 19.56 = 39.12 ~5. ~1001 ~(). (7-106), 1~501131111~,,,~153111111~,
(, )( 40) )( 10-6)1/2
= ,,-((14.94 = 76.8 ~5
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39.12 ()
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2 220 ~ 400 = 6.75 + 3.44 = 10.19
8111~~ 10.~1~ 15 110 0,,,~1~0.31~111~, 10.~1~ ~111 0~ 110 0,,,~1~0.31~111~ 11~1100, 3110 10.~ 0,,,~1-
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,,,0113~~,
() () )( 10-6 ()
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() ()
2 220 400 ~ = 216.48 + 3.44 = 219.92
58~. 7-7 209
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10 110111 111~ 1030 ..1()()1~ ~11 ~111.
~~)(801()1 7-9
(1( 111~ 5(1~~1)1111 .6)(3111~1~ 7-81135 3111110(1~1311~~ 0
(1.. = 4 /-11-1,0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~~3/
~3~3~110( ~01138~, ~~~ (0) 3~311301~ 111(11-0(( 11111~, 1,,~ 3110 (~) 10131 ~011111111131101111111~,
1(/.
((801111100 1. = 425 ..4..,1,,, = 450 ..4.., ~. = 220 ~, 1 = 4001-12, 10
ﺔ /-11-1,3110 ~ = 40 /-1~.
~~ (3) ~(0111.6(). (7-100), 0~~(~01138~,
= 450
()
= 18 /-15, 1.. = 4
~4/40 = 142.3~.
~(7-99), ~~3/( ~3~3~110(, ~~ = 220 + 142.3 = 362.3 ~ 3110 ((0111 .6(). (7-103), 3~311301
~0111111111311011 ~01138~, ~0 = 220 - 142.3 = 77.7.
(0) ~(0111 .6(). (7-94), 3~311301~ 111(11-0((11111~,1,,
= (77.7
()
~(0111.6().
40)/450 = 6.9/-15.
(~) ~(0111 .6(). (7-95), (~~113(8111811111~,10 = (220 )( 40)/450
= 19.56/-153110 ((0111
.6(). (7-96), ~0111111111311011 11111~,1(/ 6.0 + 19.56
= = 26.46 /-15.
1-/01~. 111~ 111(11-0(( (~()111(~111~111~0( 111~ 1113111111)1(1510(15 19 /-15, ~11~(~35 111
3~311301~ 111(11-0((11111~150111)16.9 /-15. 111~(~(0(~, 3 ~0111111111311011(31111(~~01110 0~~11(.
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~2 2~~0
~~00 4 0~~1118 ~0.~11 10.~ ~0((~111 10.(00~0. 11 ~(1118 10 2~(0. ~10. (~(1~(1~110
~0116110~8 ~~(10 018~0.(1 10.(00~0. 10.~ 10(10 (11 (1 ((11~ 0~1~(111111~0 ~0 ~10.~ ~~(1 10(10
ُﺭ
~0((~111. ~10. ~~(1~(111(101~ 10(11-0 6111~,
ﺷﺩ
( ~~1
~ =- )(7-116
1,,.,
10.~ 6111~ (~~01(~0 ~0( 10.~ ~(1~(1~110( 10 (~~0.(1(~~ 10 10.~ 80~~1~ ~011(1~~,
( ~~5
0 =- )(7-117
1,,.,
58~. 7-7 213
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
ﻣ
0
ﻛﺗﺑ
/ / /
/
~1 / / /
~0 - - - - - - ~~ /
1
~-~.-~~~~~.
1 1. /
/
----- /
/
/
0
ﺔ ~~00
/
~5 0~~108 ~11~0 111~ 1..~~~11~~110~ 0100~ /),,, 81(1..18 ~000~~110
10(10 ~~ ~01 0~~(1~8 111..0~~11 /),,,.
~(100 111
~~111~ ~0~..~~ 810..~0 10 ~00101~1(11100 100~~1(10
1.,,,, (100 80~..~~ 100~~1(10~~ 1.,. 18 1..(1081~ ~0 10 ~(1~(1~110..~. = ~11~.. 1101~, (.
~~(1.,. + 1.,,,,)~, ~~ ~111~ 0.,,~..~11(1..~10 ~01 0~~001~8 2~..0 (100 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. 18 ..~-
~11(1..~~0 10
)(7-118
1. )1-. 1-, )(7-119
ُﺭ
~~ ~
~
ﺷﺩ
~~00 6 0~~108 ~11~0 111~0.,,~..~11(1..~10~ 18 ~001~1~1~. ~0100 /)1 1~..08 011. ~111
~~ 10(10 ~01 ~00110~~8 ~10 0~~(1 ~~0111111 01(110 111~..1810.. 18 ..~11..~0 10 111~ 0~)(1 ~~~1~.
~10 111~ 81~(10~-81(11 ~00011100 = ~11 ~11..,. 111~ (1.,,~..(1~~ 0~1~~1 .,,011(1~~ 18 ~1.,,~0 0
1
= 110 ))(11./(1 + 11.((. + (..,) + 0.5(,/(111 + 11.
1- )(7-120
))= 11./( + 1(((. + (..,)11.+ 0.5((/(111 + 11.
214
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
)(7-121
1)11~ 10 ~0111111111(11100 0~ (1 (~500(101 .,1115~, ~111~ (~~~(5 (0.1/0.( 0( 111~(1510 11 15
(1111111~0 0~ 10011~10 1-,,,, (100 11115 15 (1150 ~00~0 (15 50/( ~0111111/,/,((1(1011. 111~ (~500(101
(~~~(5(1115 100~.,~00~01 0( 111~(1510( 11. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ 10011~1(10~~, 1-,,,, 0~~(~11(1(~~5
(~(1.,(1~110 ~ 300 11115 ~01110 ~10~(~(15 ~~111~ ~011(1 ((1110~5 0( 111~ ~0111.,00~015. (~~(1
(111~(1510 12 15 (1(~0, (111~ ~(1.,(1~110 11(15 10 ~(~~~(5 ~~(115 ~11(1 ~(0~(0 ~111(010 ((0
(111~(1510 11. ~(~111 15 (10 1011~(~01 ~0~1(1 10 ~011111111131100 300 11115 1/111115 111~ 11110-
ﻣ
~11111111100-11111 0( 111~ ~110.,.,~(. 111~ ~0111111111(11100 11111~ 15 0~.,~00~01 00 111~ 10(10.
~)~~301., 7-10
~~11 11101.1~11.,,~1030 11131 15 ~0111(011~0 0)1111~ ~110~~~( 111~18. 7-17 (~()1.11(~5 311 3.,,~(38
~1.1((~111, 1. = 425 ~ ~11113 ~~3.. ~1.1((~111, 1,,, = 450~. 111~ 51.1~~1)1.,,01138~, ~5 = 220...,,,.
111~ ~110~~1118 ~(~()1.1~11~)1, ,. = 400 112, ~01111111.1131101111101.1~1311~~, 1-,,, = 8 ~11, 3110
ﻛﺗﺑ
~01111111.11311011~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 40 ~~. 1~ 111~ 501.1(~~ 11101.1~1311~~(111~11.101118111~ 51(3)1
11101.1~1311~~)151-5 = 4 ~11, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~~3.. (~50113111 ~1.1((~111, 1,,~ (0) ~~3.. 1030
.,,01138~, ~~~ (~) 11.1(11-0~ 11111~, (~~ 3110 (0) 11111111111.1111
3110 1113)(11111.1111
01.11~1.11.,,01138~.
~(80)01100 111~ (~.,,~(51118 11111~, ~~ = = 56.2 ~5. ~(0111 ~(). (7-119), 0.,,~(-
.,,01138~, ~~ = 450 ~(8 + 4)/40 (246.5...,,, 3110 ~(0111~(). (7-118), ~~3.. ~3~3~110
=
.,,01138~, ~0 = ~~ = 220 + 246.5 ...,,,.
= 466.5
(3) ~(0111 ~(). (7-112),1,, = 466.5 ~40/8 = 1043.1 ~.
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-114), ~(~ = 8 )( 450/466.5 = 7.72 ~5 3110 ~(0111~(). (7-115), 111
~~3.. 1030 .,,01138~,
() ()
8 450 450 ...,,,
ﺔ 57.2
~1 = 466.5 -
2
()
40
()
466.5
11111~,(~ = 423.1 )( 40/450 = 37.6 ~5.
~~(~) ~(0111 ~(). (7-116), 111~11.1(11-0
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-117), (0 = 220 )( 40/450 = 19.6 ~5 3110 (4 = 37.6 + 19.6
~5. ~(0111 ~(). (7-121), 111~ 1113)(11111.1111
01.11)1~)1~1~,
= 423.1
() () 10~6
=
)/(,,,.. = 1 - (57.2 + 7.72 + 56.2 400 = 0.952
(~0 /( = /(,,,.., ~(). )(7-120 81.,,~5 111~ 1113)(11111.1111
01.11~1.11.,,01138~,
)~0(,,,..) = 220 )( 0.952 + 400((56.2 + 7.72 ()
220 + 0.5 ()
57.2
= 209.4 + 12.98 = 223.4...,,,
() () 10~6
))(423.1 + 220
~111 11111111111.1111
~01.11~1.11 .,,01138 ((~0 = (/ 0), )~0(,,,10 12.98...,,,.
=
ُﺭ
ﺷﺩ
~111 111310 (~().111(~111~01 ((0 111~ 0~51~0 (0 ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.111 15 10 ~.,(0~10 (10
(((10~().11(11~ 111(0-0 (11111~ 10 5~11~11111~ 111(110 111~(1510 0((. ~111~ (10(11~5~5 0( 111~ 11100
(~~().11(111005 (0( 111~ ~1(1551~(11 ~110.,., 10 5~~1100 7-7.1 (100 (~500(101 (~.,1115~ ~110.,., 10
5~~1100 7-7.4 ~5110 ((111(11111~ 111(0-0 11111~ 0~.,~005 00 ~~111~ ~0113 0( ~011111111131100
(~(1.,(1~110 ~0.
1115 (~11111~11 51111.,1 10 0~51~0 111~ ~0111111111(11100 (~1(~11111 ~~(111~ 5011 ~~10011~1(10
58~. 7-8 215
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
~~3.11 0 11~~1~~1~0 (0 111~ 103.0 ~1.1((~111 18 1101 111~11. (~131.11 111 111~ ~3.8~ 01111~11 103.0
~1.1((~111, 81(3.)111101.1~13.11~~8, ~111~11 3.(~ 3.1~3.)18 ~(~8~111 111 ~(3.~11~3.1 8)181~1118, ~13.)1 3.
81~11111~3.111 ~3.(1111 ~111~ 0~81~11 01111 ~01111111.113.11011~1(~1.111 0~~3.1.18~ 111~ ~11~(~)1 810(~0
111 111~ ~1(~1.111 11101.1~13.11~~ 111~(~3.8~8 ~3.8 111~ 8().1.13.(~ 0~ 111~ ~~3. 103.0 (1.1((~111. ~111
~~(801.1 11101.1~13.11~~ 1113.)(~8 111~ 0~81~11 ~((1.13.110118 110111111~3.( 3.110 3.11 11~(3.11..,~ 111~11100
01 8011.111011 18 (~((1.11(~0 ~10 0~1~(111111 111~ ~01111111.113.11011~0111~011~1118. ~111 ~~..,0113.
81(~88~8 (~~011 111~ ~0 0~..,1~~8 0~~~110 011 111~ 801.1(~~ 11101.1~13.11~~ 3.110 103.0 ~1.1((~111.
~(~111 3.(~ 110 11)(~0 ((1.11~8 10 111~ 0~81~11 (~~~01 3. ~110 ~1(~1.111 3.110 111~ 0~81~11
ﻣ
..,3.(1~8 ~1111 111~ 1)1~~8 01 ~1(~1.1118 1.18~0. ~111 (~0~81~11 ~113.8 3. ~10 ~~(3.11 ~~01 ~1101
3.110 111~ ..,3.11.1~8 01 ~1.,,,, ~0111~011~1118 ~(3. 111111.1~11~~0 0)1 111~ 0~81~11~(,8 ~~~1101 01
111)1(1810(8, ~~3.)( (~80113.111 (~..,~(83.1 ~~1.1((~111, 3.110 ~~3.)( 3.110~3.01 ..,0113.~~ 01111~ ~1(~1.111.
~111 ~~..,0113. ~3.110 ~1.1((~111 (3.1111~8 01 111~ 1.,,,, ~0111~011~1118 3.110 0~..,1~~8 ~~1..,~ 111
11111111111.1111
11111118, 01.11111~ 3.~11.13.1 8~1~~11011 01 ~0111~011~1118 3.110 0~..,1~~8 ~18 1~11 10 111
ﻛﺗﺑ
(~0~81~11 03.8~0 011 111~ ~011810~(3.110118 01 ~(1~~, 3...,3.113.01111)1, 3.110 83.1~1)11113.(~111. 111
~~11~(3.1, ~111~ 10110~111 81~~8 ~3.(~ 111..,01..,~0 111 111~ 0~81~11
1. ~10~11111)1111 11100~8 01 0~~(3.11011 (~~~10( 111~ ~110 ~1(~1.111.
2. ~0~1~(111111 (111~ ~((1.11..,3.1~111 ~1(~1.1118 10 111~ 11100~8.
3. ~0~1~(111111 111~ ~1.1((~1118 3.110 ..,0113.~~8 10( 111~ 11100~8 3.110 111~1( ~3...,~10(1118.
4. 5..,3.11.13.1~ 111~ ..,3.11.1~8 01 ~01111111.113.11011~0111~011~1118 ~1.,,,, 1113.1 ~01.110 83.1181)1
111~ 0~81~11 11111118.
5. ~0~1~(111111 ~~111~ ..,0113. 3.110 ~1.1((~111 (3.1111~ (~((1.11(~111~1118 01 3.11 ~0111~011~1118
3.110 0~..,1~~8.
~ ~ ~3.11 11011~~ 1(0111 5((. )(7-7 ~~1113.1 111~ 01.11~1.11 ..,0113. ~01113.1118 113.(1110111~8.
~11
ﺔ 01.11~1.11 1111~( 01 ~,
~~(~01.1
01 5)(3.111~1~8
~
111~ 01.11~1.11 113.(1110111~8.
~~1.1((~111 (1~~1
2-15
(~~~~110
3.110 4-12.
1.,~, ~1., 1)1~~ 1113.)1 0
~1111 3. 111~111)1 11101.1~11..,~ 103.0
~18 11~~11~101 (~1 0). ~11111
~01111~~1~0
18 8110~11
~~3...,~(3.
(~10 111~ 01.11~1.11 111 0(0
111~ 1~~11111((1.1~8 10( 1111~( 0~81~11 3.(~ 81111113.( 10 1113.1
111 ~1~.
103.0 ~1.1((~11118
7-203.. ~111
10
103.0
()1~, 111~ ~~3.
=
103.0 ~1.1((~11118 1,,, = ~1 + ~1 = 1~. 111~ 111~1.11
~~~1.1((~111,~111~111801 ~1.118~08113.
3.8 8110~11111 ~1~. 7-200, ~01113.1118 113.(1110111~8 3.110 ~3.11 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 (~111 ~01.1(1 8~(1~8
3.8
)(7-122
ُﺭ
ﺷﺩ
0
+ ~. ~.
0,,,
0 /(, ,
~(0) ~~0~~6 (~()~~60
216
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
0,,,
111~ 111003111~0131 ~0111~00~01 (11
ﻣ
1010 111~ 511~~1)115 /1)~~0 0)1
)(7-123
10 ~13~11~~, 30 10~111 1111~1 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 7-21 15 001111(11)1 ~000~~1~0 10
ﻛﺗﺑ
~1111~10111111 ~110~~~1 ~~~0~131~01131111001~5110111111 511~~1)150111~~. 111~ ~().111~31~01
~~11~1111101111 ~110~~~1-~~0~131~0 1131111001~ ~1111~015 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 7-22, 300 ~111
~11115 ~3111~ 01111 11111 1131111001~ ~0111~00~01 10 111~ 511~~1)115 ~31~11131~0 35
1 1
= /,,5 = /,,0 )(7-124
~~~1 + (21171/)21., 1 + (11///())2/,,0
~11~1~ / 15 111~ ~110~~10~ 11~().11~0~)1 300/0 ~
(= 1/(271 1.,~~~)) 15 111~ 1111~1 1~500301
11~().11~0~)1. 11 (///0) / / 1, 111~ 111111131111001~~1111~0110 111~ 511~~1)1 0~~0111~5
2
/,,5 = /,,(.
/0
11/)( )(7-125
~
ﺔ ~111~11 ~110~~10
11~().11~0~1~5
300
51~0315.
~11115 1113)1 ~3115
~11111 ~~50111
11~().11~0~)1
01 ~110~~~1-~~0~131~0
~~101~11~1~0
1~011~~5 111~ 512~5
1131111001~5
~1001~1115
1135 50111~ 10011~130~~5,
01 10~111 1111~1 ~1~111~015.
~10 111~ 511~~1)1110
~1111 111~ ~001101
1.,5, 300 111~ ~110~~~1
31~ 3150 10~1~35~0,
300
~)3111 111
~01111111101~311011
5~11~11 35 111 ~1~.
7-13 15 11110~0 00, 3 ~~11310 3111011111 01 ~11~1~)1 ~01110 ~0 5101~0 ~~111 111~ 50111
10011~130~~. 11 30 311~111~1 ~15 11130 10 11110 011 111~ ~110~~~1 5~11~11, 111~ ~0~~1
5~1111~00011~101 0~~1~~5 1111~1110~ 031113~~0 ~~011~ 10 111~ 111011~~0 ~0113 1~51111111~ 110111
11115 5101~0 ~11~1~)1. ~111~ 1., 10~111 1111~1 ~10~10~5 ~~3 10~-1111~~0311 ~~50111 ~101 111
~110~~~1 3~1100.
ُﺭ
ﺷﺩ
..1~0..~ 7-22 10()01.,,31~0( ~1(~01( (0( 03(-
(0001~ ~0((~0(5.
~~,.301()1 7-11
1( 15 ~~()1.11~~0 (0 0~51~11 (/1~ 1~~1.115~-~0~~1.1(3(~0 (0
~~~~~/10 111(/1~ ~1~~1.11(01 ~1~. 7-14
~(0~~~3 ~1~0 ~~3 51.1~~1~ ~01(3 0111, 15/,,, = 440 ~.
(= 220 ~ 3110 (/1~ ~~3/( 1030 ~1.1~~~11
$8~. 7-8 217
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
~~~~80. ./1~0~9/1 (2
440 ----------
~
ﻣ
0
352
ﺔ ~10.
50.01110
~((5011
ﻛﺗﺑ
~0
0
111111111111111
(011(()11
111111(~0 (0
~(111011(((111
~111(1)(111111111(1110~(101
80111(100
220 = 11 ~.
~~~01((1
80%
15 1-,
~(0.0()()111
50.01110
01 /,,,, ~(0.
~0 1~55 (0.(111 5%
~(11(11-01111111
~1(~()11~11()1 )(( (1110
0111,, ((0.~ ()~(1/
((~()111(~111~11
~= 4 /1-1-1. ))~(~(111111~ (0.~ ((1) ~(1111~5 011-,,,
= ~( 15
((11111~5 01 (0111()011~11(5
() 11, = 220 ~, /,,, = 440 ~, (~ = 25 /1-5, 1-, = 4 /1-1-1, (1110 110(01.0) = 0.05
10.~ ~(1~~10(1115 10( (0.~ ~(1(10115 (11((~11(5 (1110 ((1()(1(1(0( ~01((1~~ (1(~ 50.0~11
((~5011(111 ((11((~11
~25 /1-5, (1110 (0.
)(0111()011~11(5~ (0
(1110 0~~1(~5.
111~1~. 7-23.
((1) ~(0111 ~()5. (7-94), (7-99), (1110 (7-100), (0.~ (11(11-011 (1111~ 15
ُﺭ
~110 ~ 1-, ~11,
= ( 11 +,,,/ = / ,,, + .~ ~1...,,---
ﺷﺩ
=(~/ ,,, ' ~ ~ ) / ,,,
(0
~5110511(111111 (~(1111~5,0.25~2 - 29~ + 625 = 0 (1110~ = 87.4 /1-~ 0
(0.~ 1111111~(1((11
28.6 /1-~. ~0.005~ (0.~ 10~~5( ~(1111~,~ = 28.6 /1-~, (11101~( ~ = 30 /1-~.
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-100), (0.~ 0~~(~01((1~~ 15 ~11
= 440 ~4/30 = 160~, (11101(0111
~(). (7-99), (0.~ ((1()(1(1(0( ~01((1~~, 110 = 11~ = 220 + 160 ~(0111 ~().
= 380~.
218
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
1,, = 380
~ -
0
~,,,
= 0.8
1.,~1 ~,,, = 35 11~ 111~0 111~~~..,~~810~11~~, (, = ...~35
()
()
440 = 352
30 = 101.8 8. ~~0~ ~()..
)( 30/440 = 25.9 8, ~~0~ ~().. (7-95), (0 ()
~,,, = 34.96 11
(7-94), 111~111~0-0~~6~~, (~ = 380 = 220
30/440 = 15 8, ((00 ~~0~ ~().. (7-96), 111~~0~~111((1100 11~~, (~ = 25.9 + 15 = 40.9
~8. 111~ ~110111110~~~~().11~0~~~((0 0~ 0~1~~~10~0 ~~0~ 111~ ~00011100 0~ ~1111~11
=)..,011((~~ 10 8((68~~ ~().. (7-108
ﻣ
11 = /(220 ()
101.8 + 0.5 ()
))40.9 (380 + 220 () 10-6 0~ / = 317112
~111~ ~(()(1~11 ~1101111111~~~~().11~0~~ 18/ = 317 112~1~1/ = 300 112.
~(~) ~111118 81((~~, ~~ 11((..,~ ((11111~ 11((~6~111((~8 10 0~1~~~10 111~ ~((1111~8.
~11 111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~111, 1.~ = 440 ~.
)( 440 = 792 ~.
ﻛﺗﺑ
111~ 11~((/(~11~~~01,1,, = 440 + 0.8
~111~ ~(()(1~11 ~~8 ~11~~~01 011~ 10 111~ 10((0, 1,1 = 440 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111011~ 10 ~~800((01 ~~..,~~8((1,
)( 440 ~(,//2 ()
~ 300/2 = 43.5
1,2 = 0.8 = 0.352 ~101.8
111~ ~~~~6..,~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,1, 5 = (4402 + 43.5)1/2 = 442.14 ~.
=12 111~ 11~((/(~11~~~111,1,, = 440 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,1, 5 = 440 ~
= 0.44 ~300 )( 40.9 = 48.7 ~.
() () )( 10-6
111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~111, 1.~ = 1,,(~/ = 440 40.9 300 = 5.4 ~.
)( 440 = 352 ~.
~13 111~ 11~((/(~11~~~111,1,, = 0.8
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, , = 1,, ~ = 0.352 ~101.8
()
300 = 43.5 ~.
ﺔ =(7
~111 ~~((~~((.., ~11~~~111,
1.~ = 21,,/(,/... = 2
111~ ..,((111~ 0~ ~((11((~11((11~~, (7 = 30
111~ 11~((/(-10-11~((/( ..,011((~~, ~~~ = 2
111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 440 ~.
~.
()
)( 352 )( 300 )( 101.8
380 =
760..,,.
)( 10-6/...
~ = 6.84
1, , = (48.72 + 43.52)1/2 = 65 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,
~~,,, 111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 352~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, , = 43.5 ~.
~1),,, 111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~01, 1.~ = 440 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, 5 = 440~.
111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 440~.
/+./0(~. 011~ 10 ~~8011((111 ~~..,~~8((1 111~011~11 111~ ~((111 111~~1810~, 118 ~11~~~111
ُﺭ
~~((611~8 ((110 1088~8 ((~~ 111~~~((8~0. 111~ ~((111 111~~1510~ ~01110 0~ ((..,010~0 111 111
~~..,~~8((111~0~~88 ((8 111~1~. 7-15. (1~ ~$ ..,((~1~8 0~1~~~11 ~,( 0) ((110 ~$ ) ((110 1.,,
ﺷﺩ
..,((~1~8 0~1~~~0 (~$ (0) ((110 ~$ (), 111~11 ~$ (0) ((110 ~$ 0) 81101110 0~ 118~0 10
(~((1~111((1~111~..,((111~80~ ~,,, ((110 (7. ~$ () ((110 ~$ ~) 81101110 0~ 118~0 10 0~1~~~111
111~ ~((611~8 0~ ~0~11011~1118 ((00 0~..,1~~8.
~~)(301~1 7-12
~11/8 ~~().111~~0 10 0~81~11111~ ~~800((01111118~ ~1101111~~~1~~1111111~1~. 7-17 10 011~~((1~ ~~0
(( ..,, ((00 (( 11~((/( 10((0 ~11~~~111, 1,,,
81111111~..,011((~~ 0~ ~$ = 220 = 440~. (111~ 11~((/
~~8011((111 ~11~~~01 81101110 0~ 11~110 10 150% ~~0~ 1,,, ~ 111~ 111~11-0~~ 6 ~~().111~~~~111,
219
58~. 7-8
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
(4
~~= 25 /1-8, 3110 1/1~ 5011~~~ 111011~1311~~, 1-,. = 4 /1-1-1. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ (3) .,,3111~8 011-
~~0111~011~1118 )(0 0.,,~~~/13~~~0 .,,0113~~, ~~ ~ 3110 )~( ~3.,,311301 ~0111111111311011 .,,0113~~,
~0.
()
= 440 ~, 1,, = 1.5 440 = 660 ~, 1-$ = 4 /1-1-1,(/ = 25 /1-5, 3110
~~~0111 ~()5. (7-115) 3110 (7-116), 1/1~ 111~11-01111111
18 ~1.,,~1135
ﻣ
~~0111 ~(). (7-112), (1/1~ ~~3/ ~~80113111 ~11~~~111, 1,,
= ~0 /01-~. ~~0111 ~()5. )(7-118
3110 (7-119), ~1/1~ ~3~3~110 .,,0113~~,
ﻛﺗﺑ
~1110 1/1~ .,,3111~8 011-~ 3110 ~ 1/131 ~01110 831151)11/1~ ~01101110115 01 (43110 1,,. ~~1111~~311.,,
=111~1/100 01 8011111011 )11~108
(3) 1-~ = 25.29 /1-1-1,~ = 18.17 /1-~.
(0) ~~ = 558.67~.
(~) ~0 = 220 + 558.67 = 778.68 ~, 3110~(). (7-115) ~1.,,~5~,
= 605.63 ~.
~~~0(~. ~0~ 1-$ = 0, 1-,~ = 21.43 /1-1-1,~ = 21.43 /1-~,
= 440~, ~0 = 660~,
3110~, = 513.33 ~.
~~3111())~ 7-13
~ /11~/11)1 111011~11.,,~ 1030 18 ~0111~011~0 0)1 3 ~/10~~~~. ~1/1 ~~3.,,~~3 1030 ~11~~~111 15
1. = 100 ~ 3110 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~111~311 0~ ~011810~~~0 11~~11~101~ (~1
~ = 0).
ﺔ _~ 51111~1~ 1-~ 111~1111111~~~11/11-_ = 0.3 1111-13110
~~1118.,,3)11~ 011/1
80)11~1011
= /0
~0~ 1.
)_1/(270 /~_1- = 136.98
~~~~= 4500 /1-~ 15 115~0. )11/1~ ~/10
15 0~~~31~0 31 3 1~~()11~11~)101350 1-12 3110 3 0(11)1 ~)1~1~ 010.5, 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ 1113)(111111111
1111103111~11131~0111~011~111 01 ~/10~~~~-~~11~~31~0
(= 100~, / = 3501-12, /
= 0.50, ~_ = 4500 /1-~,31101-_ = 0.31111-1,
1-12. )~()11311011 (7-123
/13~1110111~~11~~~111.
~311 0~ ~~111~11 35
)((1,0 (,,4, 8111270/( + 13, ~05 270/
=
~/1~~~,,4, = (1/70) 8111270/( 3110 13, = (1/70) (1 - ~08 270/(). (1/1~ ~~3/ 1113~1111110~01
1/118 ~11~~~11115 ~31~11131~0 1~0111
ُﺭ
ﺷﺩ
1.
~ 1,0 = - ( 1 - ~08 270/() ,/2 = 45.02
70
3110 1/118 0~~0111~8 (1113)(111111111 31 /
= 0.5. ~1/1 1111103111~11131 ~0111~011~111 01 ~/10~~~~-
~~11~~31~0 /13~1110111~~11~~~111111 1/1~ 811~~1)1 ~311 0~ ~31~11131~0 1~0111 ~(). )(7-124 3110 15
~1.,,~11 0)1
= 11$
1 45.02 _
~ 1 + (///0)21,0 = 1 + (350/136.98)2 - 5 .98
220
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
(~~~(531 01
11101.1~1311~~5, ~01~0 ~(3 ~1.15~0 10 ~(~31 (~50113111 05~111311011 (10 ~~~0113
(~0(11(111.11311011 ~3~3~110 3110 11.1(11111~ 01110~(1510(5, ~~(~3~1 35 ~11 ~~510(3 ~1~(11~1115
ﻣ
~111 5~11~0~0-(1100 (~~1.11310(5 3110 35 1111~( ~1~(11~1115 10 5(110010 ~01.1110 ~1.1((~111 03(-
(110111~5. ~~ ~~~311 11011 1(0(11 8()5. )(13-17 3110 )(13-18 ()111 ~~~~11(1 13 1031 ~10
(113~11~11~ 1055 111~(~35~5 ~110 10~ 5()1.13(~ 011(~()1.1~11~~. (~011 10~ 010 03110, (~01~0
~~1(~()1.1~11 (~01.1~~5 ~10 512~ 0111101.1~10(5 (10 ~10 ~53(11~ ~311.1~ 01 (1~~1 ~1.1((~111 3110
1111~(111~ (~()1.11(~(11~111. ~10 0~51~11 ~01 0~-0 ~011~~(1~(5 (~()1.11(~5 ~3 ~0(11~(0(1115
ﻛﺗﺑ
~3(11011~ 5~11~0111 1(~()1.1~11~~, 11101.1~10( 512~5, ~3110 5~11~0111 1055~5.
(0 ~~51 00~11 ~3 11)(~0 0
~ (~~~0~ ~00 (~~311 0~ 1.15~0 35 3 0~ 1(311510((11 ~~10 51 ~1.1
~0113~~. ~10 (~~~~00 ~~311 3150 0~ 1.15~0 10( 5~11~0111~-(1100 ~~~0113 (~~1.11310(5 3110
~10( 1(31151~((111 ~~(~~11 0~1~~~111~0 0~ 501.1(~~5. 1-10~~~~(, 03((110111~5 3(~ ~~11~(31~0
~111 10 111~1.11 3110 1030 ~510~ 0110 (~~~~00 ~3110 10~5 03((110111~5 ~311 0~ (~01.1~~0 ~0
111~1.11 3110 01.11~1.11 1111~(5. ~ (~~~~00 ~~311 0~~(31 (~011 ~110 ~~~011513111 1(~()1.1~11 (0
~~3(1301 1(~()1.1~11~~. ~ ~~~3(1301~-1(~()1.1~11 (~~~~00 ~~11~(31~5 03((110111~5 ~01 ~3(1301
ﺔ
1(~()1.1~11~1~5
~110((11311
~10~ ~00~~111
~10 11.1(1101110
~(011-11(11~ 3
3110
1.15~0. 10
3 1111~( 0~51~11
~~(~01.1 ~10
1(~()1.1~11~~ 5001.110 0~ 01~0.
(113111 10~(1510(,
11(1111~0.
0~~0(11~5
512~5 011111~(5
~ 01111~1.111.
(10~(1510
~3110 35 3 (~51.11110
(~~3110 10 10
~00~~~(5
~~00~~111
~~11)(~0-1(~()1.1~11
10~ 1030 ~(1~~1
(~()1.11(~ ~)(1(3
(~~~~00
~1.1((~111,
~(~1(~1.111
1(~()1.1~11~~ 3110 (111111(111.1(11
15
~011.,,~(51011.,,
1. 5. ~~/(, (1110 ~. 0. ~1001~0(00/(, (~~..~0.,,(111~~5 111 5~11~11~0 11100~ ~0
~~~/ 1..,.(1,,5(1~(/0,,5 0,, /,,(//-/5(,/(1/ ~/~~(,0,,/~5, ~01. 1~30, ~0. 1, 1983, ~~. 10-29.
~(1 1600- 0( 1((1~11011 511~-
ُﺭ
2. ~. ~. 8(1110, (1110 0. ~. (~~~~~11~111(1115, ..~110 ~0111(01 011
~1~.,, /~~.4, ~)/0~,,,(1(/~5 (1,,(/ ~/~~(,0,,/~5 0,, (/7~ ~(1//~(1)/5, ~01. 5, ~0. 12, 1968, ~~.
ﺷﺩ
473-478.
3. ~. ~011.,,1011, ~..05 (~~01 ~0 5~1111~011011~10(5 10 ~0111(01 10~0111011.,,~ 1((1~11011 111010(5 111
111~ ~(~11~11 ~(111011(11 ~(111~(1~5.,, ~,0~~~(//,,85, /~~, ~01. 55, ~0. 3 (~11~1151) 1967.
~(111~(11.,, ~(1//~(1)/
(4. ~~51111~110115~ ~1~(1(1~, ..~110~~~(510 ~5110 ~(11110111~1(010110 8~~1
0(12~((~ /,,(~,,,(1(/0,,(1/, ~01. 129, ~0. 8, 1973, ~~.. 309-310.
5. 1. 1511001, 5. 12(1~(1, 1(. ~(1)1111(1, 1. 0~(1~(1, (11101. ~1((111(1, ..~~~1 0~.,,~10~~0 (111~(1510
221
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
~~~~~/10 ~()111~111~111(0~ ~1~~10~ ~311~3~8.,, 18,8,8, 1,.011$0~(10115 011 111(/~(,.)1 011(/ 0~11~,.0/
~/1/1/1~0(10115,
~01. 1~9, ~0. 3, 1973.
6. 1. 00111/11~~~, 1. 0~~/501~~, ~3110 1-1. 1-1010/511~, ..1/1~~1810 ~/10~~~~8 111~1~~1~1~ 1~3~110118.,,
~~~~ ~~1//~~, ~0. 2, 1970, ~11. 46-47.
7. ~. 1-1. ~38/110, ..~ 1/1~~1810~ ~/10~~~~ ~11/1 111111111111111 ~11111118011 ~0113/5~ ~011(~01 0( 0
0~1~~8.,, 111(~,.110(10110/ 10/,/,.110/
0/ ~/~~(,.0111~5, ~01. 53, ~0. 1, 1982, ~~. 71-81.
8. ~)~. ~. 5~~~~115, 3110 0. ~. 8100111, ~0(/~,.11 1)~-(0-1 5~1(~/11110(/~ 110~~,. ~0111/~,.(~,.
0,.~/,/1(5. ~~~ ~0~)(= ~311 ~08(~3110 ~~111/1010 ~0111~311~, 111~., 1983.
ﻣ
~~(~~ 9. ~000, 5~1(~/11118 110~~,. ~0111/~,.(~,.5. ~~~ =()~~0 ~311 ~08(~3110 ~~111/1010 ~0111-
~311~, 111~., 1981.
10. 5. 01)(, ..511~~~~ 0( 8~11~/1~0 11100~ ~0~~~ 811~~11~8,,, 1~8, 111(~,.110(10110/ ~011/~,.~11~~ 011
110~~,. ~/~~(,.0111~5 011(/ ~0,.100/~ 5/1~~(/ 1),./1/~5, 1,0110011, 1985, ~~. 83-94.
11. 5.~. ~/1111, 0. ~. ~/1~11, 3110 ~. ~. 1,~~, ..0~61111236011 ~0( (/1
~11~~/5~ 8(0~3/5~ 111011~(0~8
ﻛﺗﺑ
(0~ 0~ 10 0~ ~011~~~1~~8.,, 18,~8, 1,.01150~(10115 011 ~~,.05/10~~ 011(/ ~/~~(,.0111~ 5)15(~1115, ~ 01.
~~519, ~0. 2, 1983, ~~. 203-214.
12. ~. ~~/183111, ~. 1,. 1(11810111, 3110 ~. ~. ~11)3, ..~1~~0~~0~~880 (~0111~01 0
~~~3 ~11~~~11(8011
0~-0~ ~011~~~(~~.,, ~~18, 1,.01150~(10115 011 111(/~(,.)1 ~/1/1/1~0(10115, ~01. 1~19, ~0. 5, 1983,
~~. 690-698.
7-1. ~/13( 18 111~311( 0~ 3 0~ ~/10~~~~ 0~ 0~-0~ ~011~~~(~~7
ﺔ
7-2. ~/13( 18 (/1~ ~~111~1~1~ 0( 0~~~36011 0( 3 8(~~-00~11 ~/10~~~~7
7-3. ~/131 15 1/1~ ~~111~1~1~ 0( 0~~~36011 0( 3 8(~~-11~ ~/10~~~~7
7-4. ~/13( 18 ~1118~-~10(/1-1110011136011 ~0111~01 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-5. ~/131 18 (~~()11~11~~-1110011136011 ~0111~01 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-6. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( 3 ~3~1301~-(~~()11~11~~ ~/10~~~~7
7-7. ~/131 18 1/1~ ~((~~1 0( 1030 111011~1311~~ 011 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~1117
7-8. ~/131 15 1/1~ ~((~~1 0( ~/10~~111/5 (~~()11~11~~ 011 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~1117
7-9. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ ~01181~311118 (0~ 1~3118(~~ 0( ~11~~/5~ 0~1~~~11 1~0 0~ ~0113/5~ 8011~~~8 7
7-10. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ ~~~(0~111311~~ ~3~3111~1~~8 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-11. ~/13118 3 8~11~/1111/5-11100~ ~~/5111310~7
7-12. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ (011~ 0381~ 1~~~8 0( 8~11~/1111/5-11100~ ~~/5111310~87
7-13. ~/13( 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( 3 011~)( ~~/5111310~7
ُﺭ
7-14. ~/131 3~~ (/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01530~311(3/5~5 0( 3 00081 ~~/5111310~7
ﺷﺩ
7-15. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~80( 3 011~)(- 00081 ~~/5111310~7
7-16. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01530~31113/5~5 0( 3 ~11)( ~~/5111310~7
7-17. ~/131 18 1/1~ ~11~~08~ 0( 1/1~ ~011111111136011 ~1~~111( 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
(7-18. ~/131 18 1/1~ 01((~~~11~~ 0~1~~~11 1/1~ ~1~~1111111~11-0(( 6111~ 3110 1/1~ 111~11-0(( 11111~0 3
1/1~~1810~7
7-19. ~~/1 00~5 ~1/1~ ~0111111111(16011~3~3~1(0 /5~1 0~~~~/13~/5~07
7-20. ~~/1 ~~~~0111~111 ~0113/5~ 0( (/1~ ~13881~31 ~/10
18 1/1~ 111111111111111 1111111~07
7-21. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( (/1~ ~13581~31 ~/10~~~~7
222
7-22. ~031 3(~ 10~ ~11~~15 01 5011(~~ 111011~1311~~7
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
~(~,,,~(531 0~ 1110~~~110~111 0110 111311110~(1510(7
7-23. ~~0 5001110 10~ (~50113111
7-24. ~~0 ~5001110 10~ ~~3/( (~50113111 ~11((~111 0110 (~~~(~50113111 ~1115~ ~00 (~0~ ~(~31 10311
(10~ ~~3/ 1030 ~11((~1117
7-25. ~031 3(~ 10~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01 3 (~50113111 ~1.115~ ~00~~~(7
7-26. ~1 ~031 0111~ ~~~1~ 00~5
10~ 1030 (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 0~~0111~ 1113)(1111111117
11~(311,,,~ 111~1000 015011160117
7-27. ~0~ 1113~ 10~ 0~51~11 01 ~011111111136011~1(~11115 (~()111(~ 311
7-28. ~031 (~~~3(~ 10~ ~~11~(31 51~~5 10( 10~ 0~51~11 01 ~00 ~1(~111157
3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111115~0 11110~ 0~51~11
7-29. ~~0~ 15 10~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111 (310~( 10311 10
ﻣ
(0110~(1510 ~00~~~(5 7
7.30. ~031 ~3(~ 10~ ~11~~15 01 ~00~~111 1(~()11~11~~ 011 1111~( 512~57
ﻛﺗﺑ
(~5156,,,~ 1030, ~ == 20 0 3110 111~111,,,0113~~, = ~5
7.1. ~10 (~~~0~ ~00 111~1~. 7-13 035 3
~1.5 ~ 3110 ~00~~111
(~~~220 ~. ~0~11 10~ ~00 (~11131115 011, 115 ,,,0113~~ 0(0~, = ~00
1(~()1.1~11~~, 1 = 10 /(1-12. 1110~ 0111~ ~~~1~ 15 80%, 0~1~(111111~10~ (8) 3,,,~(3~~ 0111~111
(~~~,,,0113~~, ~0~ (()) (1115 01.11~111 ,,,0113~~, ~0~ (~) ~00 ~111~1~11~~~ (.1) ~11~~6,,,~ 111~111
~(~5151311~~, ~,~ 3110 (~) (1115 ,,,3111~ 0110 1111103111~11131~0111~011~111 0103(1110111~5 ~011 10
01.11~111,,,0113~~.
220 ~, ~ = 10 0,
7.2. (~~~~ ~00 = 15 1~~0111~311 ~1- 1030 35 500~11 111~1~. 7-2 ~110 ~5
5/(1-12, 3110 ~ = 20 ~. ~31~11131~ 10~ (8) 111111111111111 111513111311~0115
= 1- = 15.5 1111-1,1
(()) ~~3/( 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111, /2~ (~) 1113)(111111111 (~~3/(-10-~~3/
~1030 ~11((~111, /1
ﺔ
7-3.
(1~~1~ ~11((~111 111 10~ 1030~ (.1) 3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0
(~~~10~ ~00 ~ 111~1~. 7-2 035 1030 (~5151311~~,
3110 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 10~.
)(~) (1115 1030 ~11((~111, /0~ (1
(~~~~11~~11,,,~ 111~111(~5151311~~, ~,~ 3110 (~) (1115 ,,,3111~ 01 ~00
=
~11((~111, /~.
0.2 0, 111~111,,,0113~~, ~5 = 220 ~,
~10~ 3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0 = 200 ~, 3110 10
~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~~, 1 = 200 1-12 (7 = 5 1115). 05~ 10~ 3,,,~(3~~ 01.11~1.11 ,,,0113~~ 10
~~31~11131~ 10 ~,,,3111 011030 111011~1311~~, 1-, ~01~0 ~01110 ~111111110 1113)(111111111
1030 ~(1~~1
~11((~111 10 5% 01 /0.
7-4. (~~~10~ 0~ ~00 (~~500~11 111~1~. 7-53 15 115~0 10 ~0111(01 ~0 110~ 1(0111 3 0~ ,,,0113~~,
(~~~, = 110 ~ 10 3 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 220 ~. 10~ ~0 ~(~1(31151~((~0 10 10~ 0311
15 30 /(~. ~10~ ~11((~111 (1~~1~ 0110 ~111011~10( 15 11~~11~101~. 1)~1~(111111~ 10~ (8) 0111
~~~1~, /(~ (()) ~11~~6,,,~ 1030 (~5151311~~, ~.~~ 3110 (~) 3,,,~(3~~ 111~111~11((~111, /5.
7-5. (~0 ~~(00. 7-4, ~10110~ 111513111311~0115111011~10( ~11((~111 3110 ~1.1((~11110(011~010 ~(~0311
(/
~ 11111011~10( 1- 035 3 111111~,,,3111~ 011- = 7.51111-1,1 = 2501-12, 3110 = 0.5.
ُﺭ
7-6. ~11 ~1- 1030 35 500~11111 ~1~. 7-2 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 ~00~~~(. = ~ 111030 (~5151311~~,
ﺷﺩ
20 ~1111-1,511~~1 ,,,0113~~, ~5 = 600, 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 150
= 0.25 0, 111011~1311~~, 1-
~, 3110 ~~00~~111 1(~()11~11~~, 1 = 250 1-12, ~0~1~(111111 ~10 111111111111111 3110 1113)(1111111111030
~1.1((~111, ~10 (~~3/(-10-~~3/ 1030 ~(1~~1 ~11((~111, 3110
~~3,,,~(3 1030 ~11((~111 (10 (/ = 0.1
10 0.9 ~110 3 51~~ 010.1.
7-7. 1)~1~(111111~10~ 1113)(111111111
~~3/(-10-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11101 ~(00. 7-6 0~ 115111~8()5.
(7-19) 3110 (7-20), 3110 ~0111~3(~ 10~ (~511115.
~~15~. 10~ (~()111(~0 3,,,~(3
7-8. 10~ 011~/( (~~111310( 111~1~. 7-73035 311111~111 = ,,,0113~~, ~5
0111~1.11
= ,,,0113~~, ~0 5 ~ 3110 ~10 (~~3/(-10-~~3/ 0111~111~(1~~1 ~,,,0113~~ 15 10 111~.10
223
ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
(5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 20 /(1-12. 10~ ~~3/(-(0-~~3/ ((1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0 15 11(111(~0
)(0 0.5 ~. 0~1~((11111~ (0~ (3) 011()1 ~)1~1~, /(~ (., (~(1111~( 111011~1311~~, ~~ 3110 (~) 111
~3~3~1(0(, ~.
7-9. 10~ 00051 (~81113(0( 111~18. 7-83035 311 111~11(~011(1~~, ~$ = 6 ,. 111~ (1~~~32~ 0111))111
~01(3~~, ~. = 15 , 3110 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(,
1. = 0.5 ~. 10~ 5~11~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)1
~ 1520/(1-12. 111- = 250 ~1-1 3110
~= 440 ~~, 0~(~((11111~ (0~ (3) 011()1 ~)1~1~, /(~ (.,) (1~~1
( ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(, /11~ (~) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(,
(~(12~ 3110 (()) (1~~1~ .,,01(3~~ 01111
(~3~3~1~~( ,./1~0.
7-10. (10~ 011~/(-0005 (~~1113(0( 111 ~1~. 7-93 035 311 111~111.,,0113~~, ~,
= 12 ~. 10~ 011()1
ﻣ
~ ~)1~1~, /( = 0.6 3110 (0~ 5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 25 /(1-12. 10~ 111011~1311~~,
= 250 ~1-1
~ 3110111(~( ~3~3~11311~~,
= 220 ~~. 10~ 3.,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(, 1. = 1.5~. ~0~(~((11111
(0~ (3) 3.,,~(3~~ 011(~11( .,,01(3~~,
(~.~ (/)) ~~3/(-(0-~~3/ )~( ~011(~11( (1~~1~ .,,01(3~~. /1 ~0
(~~3/(-10-~~3/ (1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(, /11~ 3110 (()) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01 (0~ ((311515(0(,
1,,.
ﻛﺗﺑ
7-11. ~10 ~11/( (~~1113(0( 111~1~. 7-103 035 311111~11( .,,01(3~~, ~,
= 15~. (10~ 011()1 ~)1~1~, /
= 0.4 3110 (0~ 5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 25 /(1-12. 10~ 111(~( 111011~(311~~, ~2 = 350 ~1-1
= 3110 111(~( ~3~3~1(311~~, ~2 = 220 ~~. 10~ ~11~(~)1 ((31151~( ~3~3~1(311~~, ~1
~~ 400
3110 111011~(311~~, ~1 = 250 ~1-1. 10~ 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(,
~/. = 1.25 ~. 0~(~((11111
(0~ (3) 3.,,~(3~~ 011(~11( .,,01(3~~,
(~.~ (.,) 3.,,~(3~~ 111~11( ~11((~111, 1,~ (~) ~~3/(-10-~~3/
((1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0( ~1, /111~ (()) ~~3/(-10-~~3/ ((1~~1~ .,,01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0 ~1,
(/1~01, (~) ~~3/(-(0-~~3/ ((1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0 (1-2, /112~ (() ~~3/(-(0-~~3/ ~(1~~1
.,,01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0( ~2, /1 ~02~ 3110 (~) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01 (0~ ((31151510(, 1,,.
7-12. ~11111011~(1.,,~ 1030 15 ~011((011~0 (~~~0)13111(11~1115~ ~0(11(1111(36011 ~00 111~18. 7-11 3110
~~3/( 1030 ~11((~11(, 1,,,
= 450 ~ 3( 3 511~~1)1.,,01(38~ 01220 ~. 10~ ~00~~1118 1(~()11~11~)1,
/ = 275 1-12, ~0(11(1111136011 ~3~3~1(0(, ~ = 60 ~~, 3110 (~.,,~(5111~ 111011~(311~~, ~,,,
= 20
ﺔ
7-13.
7-14.
~1-1. 10~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~, ~$
(111111(1111(11
(~~~~3 ~(00. 7-12
~11111011~(1.,,~ 1030 15 ~011((011~0
= 350 ~ 3( 3 511~~1)1 .,,01(38~,
= 8 ~1-1. 0~(~((11111~ (11~ ~1(~111( (11(11-011 6(11~ 3110
3110 (113)(1(1111(11011(~11( .,,01(3~~ 11(111(5.
10( (0~ ~35~ ~0~11 (0~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~ 15 11~~11~101~ (~,
(~~~0)1 (11~ ~110
~,
(111~1~. 7-15 3110 ~~3/
= 750 ~. 111~ ~110~~111~ 1(~()11~11~)1, /
= 0).
1030 ~11((~11(, 1,,,
= 250 1-12,
~ ~0(11(1111(36011 ~3~3~1(311~~, ~15 ~~, 3110 ~0(11(1111(36011 111011~(311~~, ~,
= = 70 ~1-1.
11 (0~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~, 1-, = 10 ~1-1, 0~1~((11111~ (0~ (11(11-0116(11~, (~~ (111111(1111(11
3110
((113)(1(1111(11011(~111 ~0113~~~ 3110 011(~11( .,,01(3~~ 10( 3 011()1 ~)1~1~ 01/
= 0.5.
7-15. (~~~~3 ~(00. (7-1210 (~~~(11~ (~50113111 ~1115~ ~00 ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-1711 ~0(11(1111136011
~3~3~1(311~~, ~
= 30 ~~ 3110 ~0(11(1111136011 111011~1311~~, 1-,,, = 35 ~1-1.
7-16. 0~51~11 (0~ .,,3111~5 01 ~0(11(1111(36011 ~0(11~011~1115 ~,,, 3110 ~ (0 ~(0.,,10~ 3 (11(11-011 6(11~,
(~ = 20 ~5 10( (0~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-11. 111~ 5~~~111~360115 10( (0~ ~1(~1111 3(~ ~,
= 600
~, 1,,, = 350~, 3110 1-, = 6 ~1-1. 10~ ~~3/( ~11((~11110(011~0
11 15 110( 10 ~)(~~~0 21,~.
ُﺭ
7-17. (~~~~3 (~(00. 7-1610 ~10~ ~00~~~~ ~1(~111( 111~1~. 7-141110 ~~~3/( ~11((~111 010100 1)1
ﺷﺩ
15 11(111(~0 (0 21,,,. 0~1~((11111~ ~ 3110 1-1.
7-18. (~~~~3 ~(00. (~~~7-16 10( (11~ ~110 ~1~~1111111 ~1~. 7-15 ~1110 (~~3/ (~5011311( (~.,,~(531
~11((~11115 11(1111~0 10 1,,,.
7-19. ~~~~31 ~(00. (7-1610 ~(0~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-171110 (~50113111 (~.,,~(531 ~11((~111111(011~0
12 15 11(1111~0 10 21,,,.
7-20. ~0~51~11 10~ .,,3111~ 0110 (~0(11(1111136011 ~3~3~110 ~~ 10 ~(0~10 3 111(11-011-6(11~ (~()111~~-
(11~111 01 ~(
= 20 ~5 10( 10~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. ~7-20 11~,
= 600 ~, 1,,, = 350 ~, 3110 1-,
= 8 ~1-1.
224
,.1 ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ
+
~,,,
0,,,
~,.,
~5 0
,.5 ,.3
ﻣ
(1 ~00~~~1 (15 500~11111 ~1~. 7-20. ~10 ~~(1~~1(1
~7-21. /1..01~01~ 111011~11~~ 10(10 15 ~01111011~0 0
10(10 ~1111~111 15 250 /1.., ~01~0 0(15 11~~11~101~ 11~~1~ ~1111~111. /1.. 51111~1~ ~~ 111~1111111~1
~110 ~_ = 0.41111-1 (1110 ~_ = 5000 ~~ 15 115~0. 1110~ ~00~~~115 0~~1(11~0 (1111~(),11~11~~,
ﻛﺗﺑ
= / 250 1-12, ~0~1~1111111 ~10 101(11 ~00~~~1 ~~11~1(11~0 ~0(111110111 ~~1111~111 111 10~ 511~~1
(101 / = )0.5. (11//1/.. ~011510~1 11~ 10 10~ 5~~~1110 0(111110111~.
ﺔ
ُﺭ
ﺷﺩ
225
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