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Solved Examples on Magnetostatics
Question 1:
Suppose a cyclotron is operated at an oscillator frequency of 12 MHz
and has a dee radius R = 53 cm.
(a) What is the magnitude of the magnetic field needed
fordeuterons to be accelerated in the cyclotron?
(b) What is the resulting kinetic energy of the deuterons?
Solution:
(a) A deuteron has the same charge as a proton but approximately
twice the mass (m = 3.34×1027 kg). From equation qB = 2πmfosc,
B = 2πmfosc/q
= [(2π) (3.34×1027kg)(12×106s1)]/[1.6×1019C]
= 1.57 T
Note that, to allow protons to be accelerated, B would have to be
reduced by a factor of 2, assuming that the oscillator frequency
remained fixed at 12 MHz.
(b) From equation r = mv/qB, the speed of the deuteron circulating
with a radius equal to the dee radius R is given by
v = RqB/m
= [(0.53 m)(1.6×1019C)(1.57 T)]/[3.34×1027kg]
=3.99×107 m/s
This speed corresponds to a kinetic energy of
K = ½ mv2
= ½ (3.34×1027kg)(3.99×107 m/s)2×(1MeV/1.60×1013J)
= 16.6 MeV
From the above observation we conclude that, the resulting kinetic
energy of the deuterons would be 16.6 MeV.
Question 2:
Analog voltmeters and ammeters work by measuring the torque
exerted by a magnetic field on a current carrying coil. The reading is
displayed by means of the deflection of a pointer over a scale. Below
figure shows the basic galvanometer, on which both analog
ammeters and analog voltmeters are based. The coil is 2.1 cm high
and 1.2 cm wide; it has 250 turns and is mounted so that it can rotate
about an axis (into the page) in a uniform radial magnetic field with B
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= 0.23 T. For any orientation of the coil, the net magnetic field through
the coil is perpendicular to the normal vector of the coil. A spring
provides a counter torque that balances the magnetic torque, so that
a given steady current i in the coil results in a steady angular
deflection ?. If a current of 100 µA produces an angular deflection of
28°, what must be the torsional constant κ of the spring, as used in
equation = κ??
Solution:
Setting the magnetic torque [Equation, = (NiA) B sinθ] equal to
the spring torque and using absolute magnitudes yield
= NiA B sinθ = κ?,
in which ? is the angular deflection of the coil and pointer, and A
(=2.52×104 m2) is the area encircled by the coil. Since the net
magnetic field through the coil is always perpendicular to the normal
vector of the coil, θ = 90° for any orientation of the pointer.
Solving the equation = NiA B sinθ = κ? for κ, we find
κ = NiA B sinθ/?
= (250)(100×106 A) (2.52×104 m2)× [(0.23 T) (sin 90°)/28°]
= 5.2×108 N.m/degree
Many modern ammeters and voltmeters are of the digital, direct
reading type and operate in a way that does not involve a moving
coil.
Question 3:
(a) What is the magnetic dipole moment of the coil of Question 2,
assuming that it carries a current of 100 µA?
(b) The magnetic dipole moment of the galvanometer coil is lined up
with an external magnetic field whose strength is 0.85 T. How much
work would be required to turn the coil end for end?
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(c) What is the magnitude of the maximum torque that the
external field B can exert on the magnetic dipole moment?
Solution:
(a) The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of the coil, whose
area A is 2.52×104 m2, is
μ = NiA
= (250) (100×106A) (2.52×104 m2)
= 6.3×106 A. m2
= 6.3×106 J/T
Therefore, the magnetic dipole moment of the coil would be 6.3×10
6 J/T. You can show that these two sets of units are identical.
(b) The required work is equal to the increase in potential energy;
that is, from equation ΔU = 2µB,
W = ΔU
= 2µB
= 2(6.3×106 J/T) (0.85 T)
= 10.7×106 J
≈ 11 µJ
From the above observation we conclude that, the work required to
turn the coil end for end would be11 µJ.
(c) From equation =μB sinθ, the maximum torque occurs when
the magnitude of sinθ is 1. Thus, we have
=μB sinθ
= (6.3×106 J/T) (0.85 T)(1)
= 5.4×106 N.m
Thus the maximum torque that the external field B can exert on
the magnetic dipole moment would be 5.4×106 N.m.
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