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Chapter 6
1
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Properties of Waves
Electromagnetic
radiation is the emission
and transmission of energy
in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
E=hxn
Planck’s constant (h)
h = 6.63 x 10-34 J•s 5
Mystery #2, “Photoelectric Effect”
hn
Solved by Einstein in 1905
hn = KE + W
KE = hn - W
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8
Bohr’s Model of
the Atom (1913)
1. e- can only have specific
(quantized) energy
values
2. light is emitted as e-
moves from one energy
level to a lower energy
level
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
E = hn
10
Ephoton = DE = Ef - Ei
ni = 3 ni = 3 1
Ef = -RH ( 2 )
nf
ni = 2 1
Ei = -RH ( 2 )
nf = 2 ni
1 1
DE = RH( 2 )
ni n2f
nnf f==11
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Why is e- energy quantized?
u = velocity of e-
m = mass of e-
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Schrodinger Wave Equation
In 1926 Schrodinger wrote an equation that
described both the particle and wave nature of the e-
Wave function (y) describes:
1. energy of e- with a given y
2. probability of finding e- in a volume of space
Schrodinger’s equation can only be solved exactly
for the hydrogen atom. Must approximate its
solution for multi-electron systems.
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Schrodinger Wave Equation
y is a function of four numbers called
quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ….
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Where 90% of the
e- density is found
for the 1s orbital
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Schrodinger Wave Equation
quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)
l=0 s orbital
n = 1, l = 0
l=1 p orbital
n = 2, l = 0 or 1
l=2 d orbital
n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2
l=3 f orbital
Shape of the “volume” of space that the e- occupies
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l = 0 (s orbitals)
l = 1 (p orbitals)
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l = 2 (d orbitals)
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Schrodinger Wave Equation
quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)
if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2
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ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2 5 orientations is space
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Schrodinger Wave Equation
ms = +½ ms = -½
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Example 7.6
Check The values of n and ℓ are fixed for 4d, but mℓ can have
any one of the five values, which correspond to the five d
orbitals.
Example 7.7
30
Schrodinger Wave Equation
quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)
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Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom
Energy only depends on principal quantum number n
n=3
n=2
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
n=1
32
Energy of orbitals in a multi-electron atom
Energy depends on n and l
n=3 l = 2
n=3 l = 1
n=3 l = 0
n=2 l = 1
n=2 l = 0
n=1 l = 0
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“Fill up” electrons in lowest energy orbitals (Aufbau principle)
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The most stable arrangement of electrons in
subshells is the one with the greatest number of
parallel spins (Hund’s rule).
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Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
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Example 7.8
Orbital diagram
H
1s1
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Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
unpaired electrons all electrons paired
2p 2p 41
Example 7.9
50
Example 7.11
Write the ground-state electron configurations for
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p64d10
Check To confirm the answer, write the orbital diagrams for (1),
(2), and (3).