Eunice De Castro Gabriel

MAED/ 11-2pm

TITLE: The relationship between Smartphone Usage ad Internet Addiction of 1st year BSBA
Marketing Management Students of Taguig City University School Year 2018 – 2019:
Guidelines on Responsible Use of Internet.

CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In the attempt to describe the present status of the subject of this study, a review of related literature

and studies is here under presented. The relevant foreign and local materials synthesized as follows

have helped the researcher in developing the research framework and in clarifying the directions

of the present study.

RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Sources

The democratisation of the internet in the early 2000s gave rise to a body of social scientific

research which focused on the question of how internet usage affects social relationships, and

whether this is a good or a bad thing. Yet, the internet and its communication tools are in itself not

static. They too, evolve. With the rapid adoption of mobile devices such as the smartphone, the

internet is not just accessed from behind a personal computer but from anywhere, anytime provided

that the device has signal reach. Time spent online via mobile devices might therefore have a

different impact on social relationships than time spent on the internet via stationary devices, such

as the PC. In this section the relevant findings of studies previously conducted are summarized

and evaluated in order to shed some light on this question.

 According to Ng, Hassan, Nor and Malek (2017) The 21st century has seen technology use

becoming an inevitable part of life. Based on a Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA)

(2015) report, half of the world’s population has a mobile subscription with smartphone adoption

already reaching critical mass in developed markets. Smartphones are now responsible for 60% of

Internet connections around the world. This form of technology has advanced with simple call and

text messaging functions being replaced with functions such as Internet access, email, camera

applications and multimedia services. In 2007, the Apple Company launched its first ever

smartphone simultaneously marking the impact on education with its learning mobile applications

(apps). By May 2013, the number of apps downloaded from the iTunes App Store alone reached

50 billion (Apple Press Info, 2013).

According to Kumar (2011), the use of the Internet has become a part of life of every

student and a mean to search for the information as and when it is needed. These days, use of

mobile phones for internet purposes has become a routine and number of mobile consumer

accessing the Internet is surpassing fixed line internet users. The Smartphone with the capability

of always connected makes it much easier for the students to avail this type of education facility

and makes the Smartphone a perfect fit device for distance learning.

According to the research done by Lapointe et al (2013) ,their results revealed that four

smartphone user profiles. In two of these profiles, users are exhibiting addictive behaviors. In the

first group, the users' profile corresponds to that of other types of additions. In the second group,

known definitions of addiction do not apply and the characteristics of these users are very different.

Their results then suggest that adopting traditional conceptualizations of addiction will not be

sufficient to define, understand and manage IT addictive behaviors.

Local Sources

According to CNN Philippines (2016) Smartphones and mobile internet will dominate the

telecommunications industry for years to come, a report has shown.As more and more Filipinos

get on their phones and go online, the government must put up a strong internet backbone in the

country to help absorb the traffic.Smartphone users in the Philippines are expected to more than

double, hitting 90 million by 2021 from just 40 million today, the Ericsson Mobility Report.

Mobile data is forecast to grow even faster. Only 5 percent of all mobile phones are currently

capable of accessing the much-faster LTE (long-term evolution) speeds, the report said. In the next

five years, 70 percent of phones will have LTE -- an 14-fold increase. This growth projection does

not yet factor in government investments in mobile telecommunications, which would drive an

even faster and broader expansion.

According to Webb (2017) As for smartphone users, SMS texting, taking photos and

videos, and listening to music are on top of the list of their usual activities. While browsing the

internet also joined the list, most users still prefer to access the internet through a public wifi. And

this is where we’ll see that mobile internet access is still slightly behind other Asian nations

“because of the lack of the right infrastructure,”

As reported by TNS The report finds that most of the internet-related activities today are

focused on social media sites where a quarter of mobile users access them to check and update

their status. Other activities central to e-commerce like comparing prices and reading product

reviews are also gaining traction. But generally, Joseph says, easier e-payment gateways and other

mobile-related activities like m-banking are yet to become accessible.

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign Studies

According to Tossle (2015 ), the internet is usually accessed through a web browser

Smartphones provide users two primary ways to access resources on the internet. Similar to the

PC, users can get to the internet through a web browser. Many web sites that are opened on

smartphone browsers automatically display a version of the site that is optimized for smaller

screens, though there are usually options to view the full site if needed (e.g., for functions not

available on the mobile version). In addition to this platform, native applications provide access to

mobile content designed specifically for the device. These applications are factory-installed or

installed by users via an application store (e.g., the Apple AppStore). Once on the smartphone

springboard (the smartphone “desktop” display), users can access resources with a touch of a

button. The combination of more powerful mobile devices and optimized applications and web

content has made using internet resources more efficient in recent years compared to previous-

generation web-enabled mobile phones

Falaki and his colleagues (2010) did not compare browser use with native application use, they

found large variance between users in the use of all mobile applications. They logged native

application usage from a number of Windows Mobile and Android smartphone users in the wild.

Users differed from each other by several orders of magnitude in the number and type of

applications downloaded. For instance, the number of applications used on a given day ranged

from 10 to 90 depending on the user. The average amount of time of these interactions varied from

10 to 250 seconds.
SYNTHESIS

At present “we have little understanding of whether mobile user behaviour matches

behaviour on personal computers”. A similar conclusion can be drawn regarding mobile internet

user behaviour. So far, no social scientific studies have focused on measuring the difference of the

effect that smartphone, C internet usage might have on social relating and social relationships,

which essentially stands the Smartphone, the excessive use of this device requires treatment like

the rest of behavioral addictions. Internet dependent individuals have difficulty in solving personal

problems, in adapting and coping in daily life. Usually these are people with low confidence and

self-esteem, struggling with social relationships. Internet and Smartphones may provide means for

escaping from challenges of reality into a virtual world that may be fictional and different. Internet

addiction and excessive Smartphone use may occur in both genders and in different life situations

(i.e., boredom, passive activity and active activity). It is plausible that regular use of the

Smartphone results in users not able to differentiate between different states of social and cognitive

activity whether they are boring or require active participation. This finding may support the notion

that behavioral addiction such as Internet and gaming disorder results in excessive use of the

Internet that may damage interpersonal skills and the ability to understand and convey emotional

and social information. Instead, there is an obsessive-compulsive use of these devices regardless

of the influence of the real world.