Chapter 2

2.1 (i)

y
T(y)

L
y

M
T(y+y)+ yg
L

(ii) Since the element of length y is in equilibrium, we have

M
T ( y )  T ( y  y)  yg
L
Using Taylor series expansion for T(y+y), which gives
dT 1 d 2T
T ( y  y)  T ( y)  y  2
(y ) 2  
dy 2 dy
And taking limit y  0 leads to the differential equation for T(y). The equation
is

dT M
 g
dy l
Solution of this equation is
M
T ( y)   gy  C
L
where C is the integration constant. This is determined by using the fact that at the
lose end (y=L) of the rope, the tension is zero. This gives
 M ( L  y)
C  Mg and T ( y )  g
L

  
2.2 Torque   r  F

It is given that r  2iˆ  ˆj and the force has magnitude 50N and acts in the direction

of vector 3iˆ  2 ˆj . Thus the force is 50 times the unit vector in the direction of the
given vector. This gives
  3iˆ  2 ˆj 
F  50 
 13 

 
With this the torque is 2iˆ  ˆj 
50 ˆ

3i  2 ˆj 50 ˆ
k
13 13
2.3 (a)

100N

100N

(b) The centre of the rod is at (3, 2)


The right end is at position r  8iˆ  2 ˆj and the force at this end is

  3 1 
F  100 iˆ  ˆj 
 2 2 

The left end is at position r  2iˆ  2 ˆj and the force at this end is
   3 1 
F  100 iˆ  ˆj 

 2 2 
Torque with respect to the origin =

8iˆ  2 ˆj  100 3ˆ 1
i

     
ˆj    2iˆ  2 ˆj  100 3 iˆ  1 ˆj   10iˆ  100 3 iˆ  1 ˆj 
  2   2 
 2 2   2   2
 500kˆ

Torque with respect to the centre of the rod =

 3 1   3 1   3 1 
8iˆ  100  
iˆ  ˆj    2iˆ  100 iˆ  ˆj   10iˆ  100 iˆ  ˆj 
 2 2   2 2   2 2 
 500kˆ
Torque with respect to the left end of the rod =
 3 1 
10iˆ  100 iˆ  ˆj 
 2 2 
 500kˆ
Torque with respect to the right end of the rod =
 3 1 
 10iˆ  100 iˆ  ˆj 

 2 2 
 500kˆ
(c) Torques about all the points are equal because the net force on the rod is zero.
2.4 (a)

TA TB

3m
A B

1m 0.5m
30N

70N 120N

(b) F y  0 gives

TA  TB  220 (i)
Net torque about A is zero, which gives
3TB  1  70  1.5  30  2.5  120
(ii)
 415

Equation (ii) gives TB  138N

This substituted in equation (i) gives TA  82N

2.5 Component of force in the plane perpendicular to the axis is F cos  at a distance of
R from the axis.
Therefore the torque about the axis is RF cos 

2.6 Free-body diagram of the block

 N1

N2

N1, N2 and W are three forces in a plane. Thus they must pass through one common
point for equilibrium. So the equilibrium conditions are only the force conditions.

F horizontal  0 gives

N1 sin   N 2 cos 

F vertical  0 gives

N1 cos   N1 sin   W
Solution of these two equations is
N1  W cos  and N 2  W sin 
2.7 Free-body diagram of the plank

N 2m

Ry
1m 100N

0.2m

Rx

Free-body diagram of the block

Nground

If the rod makes angle  with the horizontal then

sin   0.2 and cos   0.98
(a) To get the horizontal force F, we first calculate the normal force N on the rod. To do so,
we calculate the total torque about the hinged end of the plank  1 N  3  100 cos   and
equate it to zero. This gives
N  3  100 cos 
 3  98
 294 N

Now we balance the horizontal forces  F horizontal  0on the block to get

F  294 sin 
 0.2  294
 59 N
(b) Force balance on the plank

F horizontal  0  Rx  N sin   59 N

F vertical  0  R y  N cos   100

This gives
R y  100  288  188N

Minus sign in front implies that the direction is opposite to that shown in the free-body
diagram above.

2.8 Free-body diagram of the rod

N2

N1

F
W

Balancing the vertical forces gives N1 = W = 50N

Balancing the horizontal forces gives N2 = F
Balancing the torque about the centre of gravity gives
F  8  50  0.5
leading to
25
F  8.8 N
8
2.9 Free body diagram of the painting
 T

N1 N2

N1+N2

Fx

W W

Force balance equations give

Fx  T and N1  N 2  W
N1 and N2 are equal because the component of torque perpendicular to the wall must vanish.
This gives
N1=N2=25N
Balancing the component of torque parallel to the wall taken about the lower end of the
painting gives
20 3 T  10  50
giving
25
T  14.4 N
3

2.10 We first calculate the forces at the ends of the rod. These forces are applied by the
supports. After finding the forces on the rod, we then calculate the forces and the
torques applied by the wall on the supports.

Free body diagram of the rod

 N1 N2
140cm

60cm

35N

Free body diagrams of the left and the right supports

F1 F2

1 2
5cm 5cm
N1 N2

The forces on the rod satisfy F y  0 which gives

N1  N 2  35

Taking torque about the left end and using   0 gives

140  N 2  60  35  N 2  15N
This gives
N1  20N
Now balancing vertical forces and the torque on the supports gives
For the left support F1=20N and  1  0.05  20  1Nm

For the right support F2=15N and  2  0.05  15  0.75Nm

2.11
 Ry 60cm

Rx

40cm

40N

To find the force applied by the plastic block, we balance torque about the upper left corner.
This leads to
40  N  30  40  N  30N
Balancing the vertical forces gives Ry = 40N
Balancing the horizontal forces gives Rx = 30N
Negative sign means that the direction of Rx is opposite to that assumed in the free-body diagram
above.
Free-body diagram of the pole
 30N

40cm
40N

30N

Balancing the vertical forces on the pole gives N = 40N

There is no net horizontal force and the two horizontal forces give a couple = 300.4 = 12Nm
Balancing the torques on the pole about the ground gives  = 300.4 = 12Nm

2.12 Free-body diagram of the table

90cm

ĵ
Rx Nx

Ny
Ry
iˆ 20N

To find Ny, we balance the torque on the table about its left hand edge to get
90  Ny  45  20  Ny  10N
By balancing the vertical forces, we get Ry  10N . The negative sign tells us that the force is
direction opposite to that shown above.
Free-body diagram of one of the rods

Ry
2

30
Rx
2

Sx

Sy

Free body diagram of the entire system

90cm

30 Nx

Ny

20N
2Sy 2Sx

To get Nx, we balance the component of the torque coming out of the paper on the entire system
about the lower hinge. This gives
30 3  Nx  45  20  Nx  10 3N
The negative sign again tells us that the direction of the force is opposite to that shown.
Balancing the horizontal component of the force on the table then gives Rx  10 3N
Rx ˆ Ry ˆ
Note: The net force on each rod on its upper end is  i j  5 3iˆ  5 ˆj which is along
2 2
the rod as it must be for the equilibrium of a rod held at its ends.
Balancing the horizontal and vertical components of forces on each rod gives
Rx
Sx   5 3N and Sy  5N
2
Thus the net force on each rod is 10N compressive.

2.13 Free body diagrams of the two side portions and the portion AC over the pulley:

N
TA TC

TA
TC
RM
g
L

F
L2 M
g
L
L1 M
g
L

Tension TA and TC at both ends of the portion over the pulley is the same because the torque
L1
about the centre must vanish. This gives TA  TC  Mg
L
Free body diagrams of the portion AB and BC
 Neffy Neffy

Neffx Neffx
TB TB

RM RM
g g
2L 2L

TA TC

Notice that Torque of the normal reaction about the centre of the cylinder vanishes because for
each small portion of the rope over the cylinder, the normal reaction is radial. Thus T A (or TC)
and TB cannot be equal because they together provide a torque to balance the torque due to the
weight of the rope. Balancing the torque about the centre on AB gives
R RM  R  M
R  TA   g  R  TB  TB   L1   g
2 2L  2 2 L

Thus if the net force by the cylinder on the rope is Neff at an angle  from the horizontal then by
force balance

 R  M  R  M
N eff sin    L1   g N eff cos    L1   g
 2  L  2 2 L

Note that Neff acts at a point different from the centre of BC because on different infinitesimal
portions it is different.

2.14 The support does not apply any torque about the x-axis. All other components and torques
are balanced by the support.

2.15 When forces are applied at two points of the rod, force balance demands that the force be
equal and opposite. However two such forces acting at two different points will give rise to
a couple moment. The couple moment is zero only if the forces point along the rod (see
figure below)
 Couple moment non-zero Couple moment zero

2.16 Let cables OA and OC make angle 1 and OB and OD angle 2 with the vertical. Then
balancing the vertical forces gives
2T (sin 1  sin  2 )  45000
The sine of the angles is easily calculated to be
1 1 2
sin 1  sin  2  
2 11 4 5

This gives T=14050N


2.17 The torque direction is given by the direction of cross product nˆ  F , which is
perpendicular to n̂ . This implies there is no component of the torque in the direction of n̂ .

2.18 The net force on the plate is 50iˆ  50 ˆj  70iˆ  120iˆ  50 ˆj

Therefore the force that must be applied to the plate to keep it in equilibrium is

F  120iˆ  50 ˆj . Since there are only three forces acting on the body, they must all pass
through the same point so that their net torque is zero. This is shown in figure below.
 A B

D C

  50 
The force F  120iˆ  50 ˆj is at an angle   tan 1    22.6 from the line DC. Thus it does
 120 
not pass through O and intersects with side AD and diagonal BD of the square. Therefore:
(i) It is not possible to keep the square in equilibrium by applying the third force at O.
(ii) It is possible to keep the square in equilibrium by applying the third force at a point
on BD.
Equation of BD with O as origin is y  x

a 5 3a 
Equation of line along which the third force acts is y    x  
2 12  2
3
Solving the two equations gives y  x  a
34
This gives the distance of point O = 0.125a
1 3 
And from B = 2    a  0.58a
 2 34 
(iii) It is clear that for equilibrium, the force can be applied only on AD and BC.
 Chapter 3

3.1 For the three trusses shown, m = 21, j = 12. Thus they all satisfy 2j-3 = m. Thus they are
all simple trusses.
3.2 Showing that pin E is in equilibrium
There are five forces acting on E of which two (FE and ED) are horizontal, two (CE and
the external load) are vertical and one (BE) is at an angle. We wish to check if the
horizontal and vertical forces add up to zero. It is solved in 3.1 that

N Tensile , FBE  N Tensile 

5000 5000 2
FFE 
3 3
N Tensile , FDE  N Tensile 
10,000 10,000
FCE 
3 3
Since all the forces are tensile, they all pull the pin. In addition there is the external load
of 5000N vertically down.
The net horizontal force is

F x   FFE  FBE cos 45  FDE

5000 1 5000 2 10000
  
3 2 3 3
0
Similarly the net vertical force is

F y  5000  FBE sin 45  FCE

1 5000 2 10000
 5000  
2 3 3
0
3.3 (i) The truss has 4 members and 4 joints. Number of force balance equations therefore is
8 (2number of joints). On the other hand, number of forces available is only 7
(3+number of members), which implies that the truss will not be stable and will collapse.
In terms of stability condition 2 j  3  m which implies that the truss will collapse.
(ii) If we add one more member to the truss, i.e make m = 5, then 2 j  3  m is satisfied
and the truss becomes stable and a simple truss. Let us add a member across AC.
To find forces in each member we start by first finding the forces applied by the
external supports. The free-body diagram of the truss is as follows:

B C
NAy

NAx 5000N
A D
ND

The direction of the forces applied by the external supports has been anticipated as
shown. To find ND, we balance torque about A to get
2  N D  (2  1.5 cos 60)  5000
  N D  6875N
 2.75  5000 
Now balancing the vertical and horizontal forces on the truss gives
NAx = 0 and NAy = 1875N
The negative sign again tells us that the direction of the force is opposite to that
shown.
We begin to apply the method of joints from point D since at this point there are two
unknown forces FAD and FCD. Assuming these forces to be tensile gives the free body
diagram of joint D as follows
 FCD

60
FAD

6875N

Balancing the vertical forces on point D gives

FCD sin 60  6875  0  FCD  7939N
The negative sign shows that the force FCD is compressive and not tensile as assumed.
Balancing the horizontal forces on point D gives
FCD cos 60  FAD  0  FAD  3969N
The negative sign again shows that the force FAD is compressive and not tensile as assumed.
Next we go to point A and balance the forces there. The free body diagram of point A is

FAB
FAC

60

3969N

1875N

In drawing the figure above, we have shown the direction of FAD according to it being a
compressive force.

The length of rod AC is = 2  1.5 cos 602  1.5 sin 602  3.04 m
So
1.5 sin 60 2  1.5 cos 60
sin    0.427 and cos    0.904
3.04 3.04
Now balancing the horizontal forces at A gives
FAB sin 60  FAC sin   1875
and balancing the vertical forces at A gives
FAB cos 60  FAC cos  3969
Solving these two equations gives FAB = 0 and FAC = 4390N
Since the sign of FAC is positive it is in the same direction as assumed and therefore tensile.
Now we can easily see that force FBC will be zero because point B is under equilibrium under
only two forces FAB and FBC and FAB has already been determined to be zero. Thus FBC = 0.
Thus all the forces are now determined. They are
FCD  7939N (compressive) FAD  3969N (compressive)
FAB = 0 FAC = 4390N (tensile) and FBC = 0.

Finally to check our answer we make the forces at point C and see if they all balance. The
free body diagram of point C is

7939N

60

5000N
4390N

Balancing the horizontal forces at C gives

7939 cos 60  4390 cos   3969  3969  0
Balancing the vertical forces at C gives
 7939 sin 60  5000  4390 sin   6875  5000  1875  0
This indicates that our answers are correct.
Note: We see that FAB and FBC both vanish. This implies that members AB and BC may
not bee needed for the truss. This is true because with just three members AD, AC and
CD (m=3) there are only three joints (j=3) and the truss satisfies the condition 2 j  3  m
for it to be a stable structure.

3.4 Free body diagram of the truss

Ry

B 30cm C
Rx


20cm
30N

N
A

Since point C is in equilibrium under one known and two unknown forces, both unknown
forces can be determined easily. The forces on C look as follows

FAC


FBC

30N
Balancing the vertical forces at C gives
FAC sin   30

2
With sin   this implies FAC = 54N (compressive)
13
Balancing the horizontal forces at C gives
3
FBC  FAC cos   54   45N (tensile)
13
The only force left is at AB. We calculate this by balancing forces acting on pin A, which
look as follows.

FAB

N


FAC

This gives
FAB  FAC sin   30N
Additionally we can also solve for the normal reaction N and the forces Rx and Ry. These
are
N = 54N, Rx = 45N, and Ry = 30N

3.5 Rod AB provides a vertical force to hold pin A. However if it is removed and the
vertical force is provided by a fixed pin joint, the structure will remain stable because we
need 3j=6 forces for equilibrium of 3 joints; two of these are provided by the fixed
supports and two by the two members. The forces in the members remain the same. So
do the forces by the two support except that the fixed point at A also provides a vertical
fore of 30N that was earlier provided by member AB.

3.6 Free-body diagram of the truss

 Ry

B C
Rx

N
A D

100N

Since pin D has only two unknown forces acting on it, we can start our calculations from this
point onwards. The forces on D are

FCD

FAD

100N

It is immediately clear that

FAD = 0 and FCD = 100 N (tensile)

Next we go to pin C and balance the forces there. The forces acting on C are
 FAC

FBC

100N

Balancing the vertical forces at C gives

FAC  100 2 N (compressive)

Balancing the horizontal forces at C then gives
FBC  100N (tensile)
Next we go to pin A. The forces there are as follows

FAB

N
100 2 N

Balancing the vertical forces at A gives

FAB  100N (tensile)
Balancing the horizontal forces at A gives
N=100N
Finally balancing forces at pin B will give the external forces
Rx = 100N and Ry = 100N

3.7 Free body diagram of the truss is as follows

 Ry
C D
Rx
B

500N
Ny

Nx

A E

(i) There are 4 reaction forces at the supporting pins at A and B. In addition the forces
generated by the members of the truss equal 6. This makes the total number of forces
available = 10. The number of joints in the truss is 5 that require exactly 10 number
of forces for equilibrium. Thus the truss is a stable one.
(ii) It is also statically determinate since the number of forces available is equal to the
number of equations to be satisfied for equilibrium.
(iii) First we find Nx by balancing the torque about point B. This gives
0.75  Nx  1.5  500  Nx  1000N
We now begin by balancing the forces at point D

FED

FCD

500N

Balancing the vertical forces at D gives

FED  500 2 N (compressive)
Balancing the horizontal forces at D then gives
FCD  500N (tensile)
Nest we go to pin E because it has two unknown forces acting on it. The forces are as
follows

FCE
FAE

500 2 N

Balancing forces at E gives

FAE  500N (compressive)
FCE  500N (tensile)
Next we go to pin at A. The forces there are

Ny

1000N
500N

FAC

Balancing the forces gives

FAC  500 2 N (compressive)
and
Ny  500N (tensile)
Finally we go to point C where only one force FBC is unknown. The forces on C are
 500 2 N
FAC

FBC 500N

500N

Balancing the horizontal forces at C gives

FBC=1000N
As a final check, the value for FBC gives the horizontal force Rx by pin B on the truss to be
1000N and vertical force Ry to be zero. This is consistent with the overall equilibrium of the
truss when it is treated as a system by itself.

3.8 Since each member of the truss weighs 50N, at each pin we take the load by each pin at
that point to be 25N. The free body diagram of the truss is as follows; here each small
arrow pointing down indicates the weight of the truss member, acting at its centre.

NBy
NBx
C
B

D
A
E
1000N
NE

We firs find NE. To do this we balance the torque about B. This gives
 l 3l
l  NE   150  l  50   100  2l  1000  N E  2275N
2 2
This immediately gives, by balancing forces on the entire truss
NBx = 0 and NBy = 925N
The negative sign showing that the force I opposite to the direction assumed in the figure
above.
We begin at pin D as there are two unknown forces there. The force diagram on pin D is as
follows (there are two members meeting at pin D that give a load of 225=50N there)

FCD

FDE

1050N

Balancing the forces gives

FCD  1050 2 N  1485N (tensile)
and
FDE  1050N (compressive)
Next we go to pin E. The forces acting there are (including 325=75N from 3 members)

2275N

1050N FAE

FCE +75N

Balancing the forces gives

 FCE  2200N (compressive)
and
FAE  1050N (compressive)

Next we go to pin A. The forces acting there are (including 325=75N from 3 members)

FAB FAC

1050N
75N

Balancing the forces gives

FAC  1050 2 N  1485N (tensile)
and
FAB  75  1050N  975N  FAB  975N (compressive)

Net we move to point B where the forces are (including 225N=50N from two members)

FAB

FBC
50N

925N

This immediately gives

FAB = 975N (compressive) and FBC = 0
As a final check, one balances all the forces at C and sees that they all balance properly. This
implies that the answers obtained by us are correct.
3.9 Free body diagram of the truss with the weight of each member included. The free body
diagram is then as follows.

B C
NA ND

A
F E D
Nx

5000N

By balancing the torque about A we get

12  N D  2  1000  4  500  6  1500  8  500  5000  10  1000 16750
  ND 
 67000  3

Balancing the vertical and horizontal forces on the truss, this gives
11750
NA  and Nx  0
3
For calculating force in members, we take the weight of each member shared equally at each
joint. The forces on A are (including the weight of two members)

11750
N
3

FAF

500N
FAB

Balancing the forces at point A

FAB
11750
F y  0 gives
2 3

 500 or FAB  4832 N (compressive)

F 10250
 Fx  0 gives FAF  AB2  3 N (tensile )
Next we go to point F. The forces at point F are (including the weight of three members)

FBF

10250
N
3 FFE

750N

Balancing the forces here gives

FBF  750 N ( tensile)
10250
FFE  N ( tensile)
3
Next we go to point B since now there are only two unknown forces there. At point B the forces

look as follows (including the weight of four members)

4832N

FBC

750N

FBE
1000N

Balancing the forces

FBE 4832
F y  0 gives
2
 1000  750 
2
 FBE  2357 N (tensile )

4832 2357
F x  0 gives FBC 
2

2
 0  FBC  5083N

Negative sign above means that the direction of the force is opposite to the one assumed. So

FBC = 5083N (compressive)

We next consider point C and balance the forces there. The forces at point C are (including

750N form the weight of three members)

FCD
5083N

750N

FCE

Balancing the forces

FCD
F x  0 gives
2
 5083  FCD  7188 N (compressive)

FCD
F y  0 gives FCE  750 
2
 5083  FCE  4333N (tensile )

16750
Next we go to pin D where the normal reaction is N and balance the forces there. The
3

force diagram there is (including 500N form the weight of two members)

16750
N
3
FED

500N

7188N

It is easily seen that the vertical forces balance at this point. This points to the correctness of our

calculations so far. Balancing horizontal forces then gives

FED = 5083 N (tensile)

As a final check we should check whether all the calculated forces balance at pin E. The forces

at pin E are (including the weight of four members)

2357N 4333N

10250
N 5083N
3
1000N
5000N

All these forces balance as can be seen by calculating the net x and y components of the

forces. Thus our calculations are correct.

3.10 Free body diagram of the truss

2000N
NBy
C
1000N
NBx B D

A E

NE

Taking torque about B we get

8000
3  N E  4  2000  N E 
3

Balancing the horizontal and vertical forces now gives

2000
NBx = 1000 N and NBy =  N
3

Negative sign above means that the direction of the force is opposite to the one assumed.
We begin at pin D. The forces there are

FED


FCD
1000N

2000N

1 1.5 2  1
In the diagram above cos    0.667 and sin    0.745
1.5 1.5
Balancing the vertical forces gives
FED sin   2000  FED  2683N (compressive)
Balancing the horizontal forces gives
FCD  FED cos   1000  2789N
Next we go to pin E. The forces there are

8000
N
3

FAE
 

FCE

2683N

Balancing the vertical forces gives

2683  FCE sin   8000  FCE  895N (compressive)

3
Balancing the horizontal forces gives
FAE  2683 cos   FCE cos   1192 N (compressive)
Next we go to pin A. The forces there are

FAC

1192N


FAB

Balancing the vertical forces gives FAC = FAB.

Balancing the horizontal forces gives
FAB  FAC cos   2FAB cos   1192  FAB  895N(compressive)
This also means that
FAC = 895N (tensile)
Now we go to pin C. The forces there are

895N


2789N
FBC


895N

The vertical forces are already balanced here. Balancing the horizontal forces gives
FBC  2  895  cos   2789  FBC  1596N(tensile)
To check our answers, we finally balance the forces at pin B and see if they all balance there.
At pin B the forces are as follows
 895N


1596N
1000N

2000
N
3

It is easily seen that all the forces above balance. So our answers are all consistent.

3.11 The weight of the road = volume of the roaddensityg

= 128.3200010
= 576000N
This weight is divided equally between the two trusses on the sides. Thus only
288000N is supported by each truss.
Weight of the members of the truss = 135000
= 65000N
Total weight supported by each truss therefore is = 353000N

Free body diagram of the truss is

B C D
NAy NE

NAx
A H G F E

353000N

From the balance of forces, is clear that

353000
N Ax  0 N Ay  N E   176500 N
2
Let us now consider forces at each pin one by one. Each pin has the following forces
288000
acting on it: The weight of the road divided over 5 pins, which is  57600 N ;
5
the weight of the members at that pin; and the forces applied by the members.
Let us now balance forces at point E. The forces on pin E are (including the weight of
the members)

176500N

FEF


57600N FDE
5000N

In the figure above

3 4
sin    0.6 cos    0.8
5 5
Balancing the vertical forces in the figure above gives
FDE cos   57600  5000  176500  FDE  142375N (compressive)
Balancing horizontal forces then leads to
FFE  FDE sin   85425N (tensile)
Next we consider pin D. The forces on pin D are (including the weight of the
members)
 142375N

FCD

FDF

7500N

Balancing horizontal forces then leads to

FCD  142375 sin   85425N (compressive)
Balancing the vertical forces gives
FDF  142375  0.8  7500  106400N (tensile)
Next we look at pin F. The forces there are (including the weight of the members)

106400N

FGF 85425N


57600N FCF
10000N

Balancing the vertical forces in the figure above gives

FCF cos   57600  10000  106400  FCF  48500N (compressive)
Balancing horizontal forces then leads to
FGF  FCF sin   85425N  114525N (tensile)
By symmetry of the problem, forces on the members to the left of member CG will be
exactly the same as on the corresponding members to its right. The only force that we
now have to calculate is on member CG. For this we consider point G. Two horizontal
 forces at G are by HG and GF and are equal to 114525N each. The forces at point G are
then given as

FCG

114525N 114525N


57600N
7500N

This gives FCG = 65100N

Finally we check our answer at point C. The forces there (including the weight of 5
members meeting there) are

48500N 48500N

85425N 85425N

65100N FCF
12500N

As is easily seen, the forces at C balance and therefore our calculations have been
consistent throughout.

3.12 Free body diagram of the truss is as follows

 2000N 1000N

NA NE
C
B D

RA

A H G F E

Here the distances and the angles are

AH = HG = GF = FE = 2.5m BH = DF = 1.25m (similarity of triangles)
1.25
tan    0.5    26.6  sin   0.447 and cos   0.894
2.5
Balancing torque about point A gives
10  N E  5 1000  2.5  2000  N E  1000N
Thus NA = 2000N and RA = 0
Now that the external reactions have been determined, we can go about calculating the forces
in the members. We start with pin E because there are only two unknown forces there. The
forces at E are

1000N

FEF
E 
FDE

Balancing the vertical forces in the figure above gives

FDE sin   1000  FDE  2236N (compressive)
Balancing the horizontal forces gives
FEF  FDE cos   2236 * 0.894  2000 N (tensile)
Nest we go to pin D. The forces there are

FDF
2236N

D
FCD

Balancing the forces gives

FCD  2236N (compressive)
FDF = 0

Next we go to point F where the forces are as shown below.

FCF

0N

FGF
F 2000N

Balancing the forces gives

FGF = 2000N (tensile) FCF = 0
Pin G is considered next. Since the forces there are only vertical and horizontal, even
without making the forces there, we immediately can write
FCG = 0 and FGH = 2000N (tensile)
Next we consider point A where two members AB and AH meet and therefore there are two
unknown forces. The forces there are
 2000N

FAH

A
FAB

Balancing the vertical forces gives

2000
FAB sin   2000  FAB   4472 N (compressive)
0.4472
Balancing horizontal forces then gives
FAH  4472 cos   4000N (tensile)
Next we go to point B. Here there are four forces acting and each pair (FBH and 2000N; and
FBC and 4472N) has two forces in opposite directions. Thus without solving the detailed
force balance equations, we can directly write
FBH = 2000N (compressive) and FBC = 4472N (compressive)
Next we go to point H and balance the forces there. The forces there are as follows

FCH

45
2000N
4000N H

2000N

By balancing the forces at H, it becomes clear that FCH  2000 2 N (tensile)

Finally the answers are checked at C. The forces at C are as shown below
 2236N
4472N

2000 2 N 1000N

As is easily seen, the horizontal a n vertical forces all balance at C. Thus our answers are all
correct.
To calculate the forces by method of sections, we make a cut through the truss so that it
passes the concerned members. In the present case we take the following section of the truss
and show various forces on that section.

2000N

2000N
FCB
B FCH


FGH
A H

In the figure above, FCH is determined easily by taking torque about A since the torque due to
FCB and FGH both vanish about A. This gives
FCH
AH   AH  2000  FCH  2000 2 N (tensile)
2
To find FCB, we balance the vertical component of the forces to get
FCH 2000
 FCB sin   0  FCB     4472 N
2 sin 
Negative sign here means that the force is opposite to the direction assumed and therefore is
compressive in nature.
Finally, balancing the horizontal forces leads to
 FCH
FGH   FCB cos   0  FGH  2000  4472  0.894  2000 N (tensile)
2

3.13 The free-body diagram of the truss on one side is as follows (Notice that the weight of
the truck is equally divided between the two trusses)

B C D
NE
NA

A E
RA
H G F

50kN

We first calculate NE by balancing torque about A. This gives

16  N E  12  50 kN  N E  37.5 kN
This gives NA = 12.5 kN and RA = 0
To find forces in members CD and DG, we make a cut through CD, DG and GF. This looks
like the following

FCD D
37.5 kN

E
FGF F

FGD

50kN

To find FGF, we balance torque about point D about which the torques due to FCD and FGD
vanish. This gives
 4  37.5  5  FGF  FGF  30kN (tensile)
To obtain FCD, we take torque about point where FDG and FGF intersect, which is point G.
This leads to
5  FCD  8  37.5  4  50  FCD  20kN (compressive)
Now we balance the horizontal and vertical forces on the truss. Balancing horizontal forces
gives
4
FGD   20  30  0  FGD  16kN
41
Negative sign here means that the force is opposite to the direction assumed and therefore is
compressive in nature.
To find the forces in the members BC and BG, we make a cut through the members BC, BG
and HG as follows and then calculate the forces.

B FBC
12.5 kN

A
FGH
H
FBG

To obtain FBC, we take torque about point where FGH and FBG intersect, which is point G.
This leads to
5  FBC  8  12.5  FBC  20kN (compressive)
Next we find FGH by taking torque about B. We get
5  FGH  4  12.5  FGH  10kN (tensile)
Finally we get FBG by balancing vertical and horizontal forces. Horizontal force balance
gives
4
FBG   10  FBG  16kN (tensile)
41
Finally to find FCG, we make the following cut through the truss
 B FCG D
37.5kN
12.5kN

A E
H G F

50kN

Since the vertical forces all balance, this implies FCG = 0.

Further, the horizontal forces are also balanced.
 Chapter 4

4.1

sN

Frictional
force

Fmax Applied force

4.2 Since the block is in equilibrium under three forces, the three forces must pass through
the same point. Thus the normal reaction will be at the point where the arrow showing
the weight meets the inclined plane. This is shown below.

f
N

mg

4.3 The free body diagram of the block is as follows

 N

 F


f

mg

Balancing the horizontal forces gives

f  F sin 
Balancing the vertical forces gives
N  mg  F cos 

Since the maximum frictional force f max  N , for equilibrium we should have

 mg
F sin    mg  F cos    F 
sin    cos 

4.4 We consider two different situations when the weight on the table is about to move to
the left or to the right. When it is about to move to the left, its free body diagram will
look as follows

10g
mg

50g

By equilibrium conditions, we have

N = 50g
 f + mg = 10g
Since
f  N
We have
f  10 g  mg  0.1 50 g  5  m
Thus the minimum value of m is 5kg when the frictional force is at its maximum pointing to the
right. As m is increased above 5kg, frictional force becomes less and less, eventually changing
direction and attaining its maximum value pointing left. In that situation, the free body diagram
of the block on the table is as follows.

10g
mg

50g

In this situation, the equation for horizontal force balance is

f + 10g = mg
This coupled with f  N leads to
f  mg  10 g  0.1 50 g  m  15
Thus
5  m  15

4.5 Taking the x axis along the plane and the y axis perpendicular to the plane, the free-body
diagram of the block looks as follows.
 Y
N
X

F 30º

30º
F

100g

The equations describing equilibrium in the X and the Y directions are

F x  0  F cos 30  F   100 g sin 30  0

F y  0  N  F sin 30  100 g cos 30  0

The first equation implies that

F    F cos 30  100 g sin 30
2
Taking g = 9.8ms , the value of F for different values of F is
F  600 N  F   29.6 N
F  500 N  F   57.0 N
F  100 N  F   403.4 N

4.6 Free body diagram of the box when it is about to move (i.e. the frictional force is at its
maximum) is shown below

N
F

h b

N
mg
When the box is about to move, the friction is at its maximum and is equal to N. The force F
also equals N at this point. This creates a couple that is counterbalanced by the couple formed
by the weight of the box mg and N (=mg). This is the reason that N shifts towards the direction
a
of the push. However, the maximum couple moment that can be created by mg and N is mg .
2
Thus for the box not to topple, the couple created by F and the friction should remain less than
a
mg . Thus implies
2
a a
h  mg  mg  h 
2 2

4.7 suppose each break show makes an angle  at the centre as shown below

The force F is assumed distributed uniformly over the shoe. Then the torque due to the
frictional force will be
b
  
Fr
 r dr 

2F b 3  a 3

2F a 2  ab  b 2 
a

b 2
 a2  
3 b2  a2  3 a  b
2
With two shoes therefore, the torque would be



4F a 2  ab  b 2 
3 a  b

4.8 It is given that mass M is balanced by mass m. The contact angle is π. Since each time the
string is wound once more around the rod, the mass M that can be balanced by m becomes
twice as large, we have
M  m exp(  ) 

2M  m exp(3 )   2  exp( 2 )
4M  m exp(5 )
 This gives  = 0.11

L1
4.9 Neglecting the length of the rope passing over the pulley, we have mass M on one
L1  L2

L2
side of the pulley that is balanced by mass M on the other side. Thus we have
L1  L2

L1 L2
Mg  exp(  ) Mg  L1  exp(  ) L2
L1  L2 L1  L2

4.10 As the weight is put, it has a tendency to move down. Hence the frictional force will be in
the counterclockwise direction. Thus if the tension in the rope on the spring balance side is
T1 and that on the weight side is T2 then
 
T2  T1 exp   
 2

Now it is given that T1 = 5g and T2 = mg. Thus we get

m  5 exp(0.2   / 2)  6.85kg
An interesting possibility exists if a person had pulled the weight down and then slowly
brought it to equilibrium. In that case the tension will work in the other direction and
m  5 exp(0.2   / 2)  3.65kg
However we have not considered this possibility.

4.11 There is a range of M2 that exists because frictional force can act with its maximum value
in one direction to the maximum in the other direction. Largest value of M2 is when the
mass M1 is about to slide up the plane. The free body diagram of M1 in that case is as
follows
 N
T


M1g

When the mass M1 is about to slide up, we have

T  M 1 g sin   1 M 1 g cos  M 1 g (sin   1 cos )
 
The contact angle between the rope and the pulley is    
2 
Since the rope has a tendency to move clockwise, the frictional force due to the pulley will be
acting counterclockwise. Thus we have
     
M 2 g  T exp  2      M 2 g  M 1 g sin   1 cos   exp  2    
 2   2 
Thus
  
M 2  M 1 sin   1 cos   exp  2    
 2 
The other extreme is when the mass M1 is about to slide down the plane. In that case the free
body diagram of M1 is

N
T


M1g

Thus we have
 T  M 1 g sin   1 M 1 g cos   M 1 g (sin   1 cos  )
Now the rope has a tendency to move counterclockwise, the frictional force due to the pulley
will be acting clockwise. Thus we have
     
M 2 g exp  2      T  M 2 g  M 1 g sin   1 cos   exp   2    
 2   2 
Thus
  
M 2  M 1 sin   1 cos   exp   2    
 2 

4.12Free body diagram of the tire when it is loaded and is about to roll is as follows

f
W N

Balancing the vertical forces gives

W
N  abP  W  a
bP

Balancing the horizontal forces gives F = f

Balancing torque about the centre of the wheel gives

a W2
FR  W  F
2 2bPR
 Chapter 5

5.1 Consider a composite surface of total area A made up of N different surfaces. Then the
coordinates  X C , YC  of the centroid satisfy

AX C   xdA
AYC   ydA

If the area of each surface is Ai (i  1 N ) then A   Ai

i

Now in the definition of the centroid, the integrals can be performed separately over each surface
so that we can write

AX C    xdA   Ai X Ci
i i i

AYC    ydA   Ai YCi

i i i

This immediately gives

 Ai X C i   Ai X C i   Ai X C i   Ai YC i 
XC     and YC    
A   Ai  A   Ai 

5.2 By symmetry it is clear that XC = 2. We are nevertheless going to prove it below. We first
calculate the area of the surface. It is

 
4 4
A   ydx   4  x  2 dx
2

0 0
4
 16   x  2 dx
2

Substituting z  x  2 we get
2
16 32
A  16   z 2 dz  16  
2
3 3
Y To calculate Xc, we take vertical strips of width dx on the
surface at distance x from the origin and then calculate

XC 
 xdA
A

O X
x
Thus

 x 4  x  2 dx
4
2

XC  0
2
32
3
Similarly to calculate YC, we take horizontal strips of width dy at height y and calculate

YC 
 ydA
Y A
At height y, the strip extends from x1 to x2. These
points are given by the equation

y  4  x  2  x1  2  4  y
2

y
x2  2  4  y
X
O x1 x2 Therefore dA  ( x2  x1 )dy  2 4  y dy
We thus have
4
32
YC  2 y 4  y dy
3 0

Substituting y  4 sin 2  so that dy  8 sin  cos  d , we get

 2 1
YC  2  4 sin 2   2 cos   8 sin cos  d  128 sin 2  cos 2  d cos  
32
3 0 0

 
1
 128 cos 2   cos 4  d cos  
0

256

15
This gives
8
YC 
5
 8
Thus the centroid is at  2, 
 5
5.3 One curve (call it curve 1) y  4  ( x  2) 2 in this problem is the same as that in the
problem above. The other curve (curve 2) is

y  16  4( x  2) 2  4 4  x  2
2

128
The y-axis of curve 2 is thus 4 times curve 1. The area of curve 2 is therefore . Similarly
3
8 32
the x coordinate the centroid of curve will remain at 2 but the y coordinate will be 4   .
5 5
Thus we have

A1 
32
 X C1 , YC1    2, 8  ; A2 
128
 X C 2 , YC 2    2, 32 
3  5 3  5
The area A for which we wish to obtain the centroid  X C , YC  is obtained by removing surface
formed by curve 1 from the surface formed by curve 2. We thus have

128 32
A   32
3 3
AX C  A2 X C 2  A1 X C1  32 X C   A2  A1   2  XC  2
128 32 32 8
AYC  A2YC 2  A1YC1  32YC      YC  8
3 5 3 5

5.4 Trapezoidal loading is shown in the figure below

w2
f(x)

w1

X
X1 X2
 The total force on the beam will be equal to the area under the curve. Thus the total force is
equal to
w1  w2  
X 2  X1 
2
This load will be acting at the centroid of the area. Thus it acts at
 w2  w1 
X2

 x w  x  X 1 dx
X 2  X1
1

XC 
X1

w1  w2  X 2  X 1 
2

w1
X 2
2 X 1
2
  w 2  

 w1  X 12  X 22  X 1 X 2 w2  w1  X 1  X 2 X 1
 2 3 2
w1  w2  X 2  X 1 
2
3w1 X 2  3w1 X 1  2w2 X 1  2w2 X 2  2w2 X 1 X 2  2w1 X 12  2w1 X 22  2w1 X 1 X 2  3w2 X 12  3w2 X 1 X 2  3w1 X 12  3w1 X 1 X 2
2 2 2 2

3w1  w2  X 2  X 1 

w1 X 22  2w1 X 12  w2 X 12  2w2 X 22  w2 X 1 X 2  w1 X 1 X 2

3w1  w2  X 2  X 1 

X 22 w1  2w2   X 12 2 w1  w2   w2 X 1 X 2  w1 X 1 X 2

3w1  w2  X 2  X 1 

Adding and subtracting w2 X 1 X 2 and w1 X 1 X 2 in the numerator we get

X 22 w1  2 w2   X 12 2w1  w2   2w2 X 1 X 2  w1 X 1 X 2  2 w1 X 1 X 2  w2 X 1 X 2


3w1  w2  X 2  X 1 

2w1  w2 X 1  X 2  X 1   w1  2w2 X 2  X 2  X 1 


3w1  w2  X 2  X 1 

1 2 w1  w2 X 1  w1  2 w2 X 2

3 w1  w2 
5.5 From figure 5.14, for a plate of width w
w1  gh1 w w2  gh2 w
Similarly, from figure 5.15
h1 h2
X 1  Y1  X 2  Y2 
cos  cos 
This gives from formula 5.9
1 (2h1  h2 )h1  (h1  2h2 )h2
X C  YC 
3 (h1  h2 ) cos 



2 h12  h1 h2  h22 
3 h1  h2  cos 
which is equivalent to the depth given by formula (5.17)

5.6 Loading on the tank door is triangular as shown below

N1

NA

0.25m

0.5m

153.125N

NB

19.6N

The average pressure is the pressure of water at the centroid of the submerged part. Thus the
average pressure will be
ghcentroid( plate)  1000  9.8  0.125  1225Nm 2
Thus the total force due to the water pressure is
 F  0.5  0.25 1225  153.125N
This force acts at the centroid of the loading that is triangular in this case. Thus it is at a distance
1
0.25  2  0.50  0.417m
3
below point A.
We now apply equilibrium conditions to the door. This leads to
N1  19.6 N
0.5  N B  0.417  153.125  N B  127.7 N
N A  N B  153.125  25.4 N

5.7 The rectangular surface looks as follows

To find Ixx, we take a strip (see figure above) of width dy parallel to the x-axis and calculate
b2
ab 3
I xx   y ady  
2

b 2
12

Similarly to find Iyy, we take a strip (see figure above) of width dx parallel to the x-axis and
calculate
a 2
a 3b
I yy   x bdx  
2

a 2
12
To find Ixy, we take a small square (see figure above) of size dxdy parallel and calculate
a 2 b2

I xy    xy dxdy   0
 a 2 b 2

by symmetry of the inegrand.

5.8

Y’
X’

b 
O

From the figure

b a
sin   cos  
a2  b2 a2  b2
2ab
sin 2  2 sin  cos  
a  b2 2

a2  b2
cos 2  1  sin 2 2  2
a  b2
From the formula for transformation of area moments (taking X and Y axis as in the problem
above) we get
I xx  I yy I xx  I yy
I x'x'   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2



ab a 2  b 2  
 
ab b 2  a 2 a 2  b 2 
24 24 
a2  b2 
a 3b 3


6 a2  b2 
Similary
 I xx  I yy I xx  I yy
I y'y '   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2



ab a 2  b 2  

ab b 2  a 2 a 2  b 2  
24 24 a2  b2  


ab a 4  b 4 

12 a 2  b 2 
and
I xx  I yy
I x' y'  sin 2  I xy cos 2
2



ab b 2  a 2 2ab 
24 a  b2
2
 

a b a b
2 2
 2 2


12 a 2  b 2 

5.9

b X

To calculate IXX we take a horizontal strip of width dy at y (see figure) for dA and calculate
b
a 2
I XX   y dA 2  y 2
2
b  y 2 dy
b
b

Taking y  b sin  , we get

 2  2
a sin 2 2 ab 3
I XX  2  b sin  b 2 cos 2 d  2ab 3 
2 2
d 
 2
b  2
4 4
Similarly for IYY, we take a vertical strip at x for dA and calculate
a
b 2
I YY   x 2 dA  2  x 2 a  x 2 dx
a
a

Taking x  a sin  , we get

a 3b
I YY 
4
And by symmetry
I XY  0

We now calculate the moments and product of inertia about a set of axes rotated by an angle
3
with respect to the original one and with the same origin. Thus
I xx  I yy I xx  I yy
I x'x'   cos 120   I xy sin 120 
2 2
ab(b  a ) 1 ab(b 2  a 2 )
2 2
 
8 2 8
ab 2

16
3a  b 2 
Similarly
I xx  I yy I xx  I yy
I y'y '  
cos 120   I xy sin 120 
2 2


 
ab b 2  a 2 1 ab b 2  a 2

 
8 2 8


2

ab a  3b 2

16
Product of inertia is calculated using the formula
I xx  I yy
I x' y'  sin 120   I xy cos 120 
2
3 abb 2  a 2 

2 8
ab
 3 a 2  b 2 
16
5.10

X
x1 x2
O

To calculate IXX we take a horizontal of width dy strip at y (see figure) for dA and calculate
R
I XX   y dA  2 y 2 R 2  y 2 dy
2

To evaluate the integral, we substitute y  R sin  so the integral is transformed to

 2
I XX  2 R  sin  cos 2  d
4 2

0
4  2
R
  sin 2 d
2

2 0

Now substituting z  2 , we get


R4
4 0
I XX  sin 2 z dz

 R4

8
 Y

X
O

Similarly for IYY, we take a vertical strip of width dx at x for dA (see figure) and calculate

I YY   x 2 dA
2R
 x R 2  x  R  dx
2 2

Taking x  R   R cos  we get

0
I YY  R 4  1  cos   sin    sin  d
2




 R 4  1  2 cos   cos 2  sin 2  d 
0

  
 
Now  sin  d 
2
,  cos  sin
2
 d  0 and  sin 2  cos 2  d  . This gives
0
2 0 0
8

5 4
I YY  R
8

5.11 Product of area about the origin O is given as

I xy   xi yi Ai   xy dA
i

If the centroid is at O’ which has the coordinates x0 , y0  and the coordinates of a point with

respect to O’ are x, y  then

x  x0  x  y  y0  y 
 Y Y’

(x0,y0) X’

X
O

Therefore
I xy   xy dA   x0  x y0  y dA  x0 y0 A  x0  y  dA  y0  xdA   xy  dA

However, by definition of the centroid

 xdA  0  ydA  0
Thus
I xy  x0 y0 A   xy  dA

5.12 Consider the moments and product of inertia of a square about a set of axes parallel to its
sides and passing through its centre.

For this set of axes

  a4 
I xx  I yy    I xy  0
 12 
Now by the formula
I xx  I yy
I x' y'  sin 2  I xy cos 2
2
Ix’y’ will always remain zero because of the equality of Ixx and Iyy irrespective of the angle of
rotation of the new set of axes x’y’. Thus any set of axes passing through the centre is the
principal set of axes.

5.13 The formulae for the moments of inertia in rotated frames are

I xx  I yy I xx  I yy
I x'x'   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2
I xx  I yy I xx  I yy
I y'y'   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2

Taking the second derivative of these expressions with respect to  , we get

d 2 I x'x' I xx  I yy
 4 cos 2  4 I xy sin 2
d 2 2
d 2 I y'y' I xx  I yy
4 cos 2  4 I xy sin 2
d 2
2

Thus the two derivatives have opposite signs. This implies if one of them is a maximum, the
other one will be a minimum.
Chapter 8

8.1 Since there is no external force on the system in the horizontal direction, the total momentum
in the horizontal direction is conserved.
Initial momentum in the horizontal direction = momentum of the carriage + momentum of rain
= Mv  0
= Mv
Final momentum of the system after time t = M  mt v f

Here vf is the final velocity. Equating the two moment gives

Mv
vf 
M  mt 
8.2 Since the water leaking out of the carriage still has a horizontal velocity equal to the velocity
of the carriage, total momentum of water after it came out for time t is = mtv
If the initial amount of water in the carriage was m0, then the initial momentum of the
system (carriage + water in it) = M  m0 v
If the aped of carriage (with left over water in it) after time t is vf, then by momentum
conservation
M  m0  mt v f  mtv  M  m0 v  v f  v

8.3 Exactly like in problem 8.2, there will be no change in the speeds of the two bicyclists. This
is easily done by considering the momentum of the two friends before and after the books
are given by one of them to the other person. Consider the person giving the books. Her
momentum before transferring the books is Mv . After she gives the books, let her speed by
vf. Then by momentum conservation
Mv  mv  M  mv f  vf  v

Similarly, for the person receiving the books

Mv  mv  M  mv f  vf  v

8.4 Conserve momentum after the first bullet has been fired. Initial momentum is 0. Let the
velocity (since the motion is one dimensional, we write only the symbol for it, the direction
is taken care of by the sign) of the gun after the bullet is fired be v1. Since the relative
velocity of the bullet when it leaves the gun is u, and the bullet leaves the gun when the gun
is already moving with v, bullet’s speed ug with respect to the ground is calculated as
follows:
u  u g  v1  u g  u  v1

Therefore momentum conservation gives

M 0  N  1mv1  mu  v1   0  v1  
mu
M 0  Nm

Now the momentum of the gun and N  1 bullets in it is

  M 0  N  1m
mu
M 0  Nm
Now let the speed of the gun after the second bullet is fired be v2. Then momentum
conservation gives

M 0  N  2mv2  mu  v2   M 0  N  1m mu

M 0  Nm 
mu mu
 v2   
M 0  Nm M 0  N  1m
Similarly one can now show that if the speed after the third bullet is fired is v3 then
mu mu mu
v3    
M 0  Nm M 0  N  1m M 0  N  2m
Generalizing this we get after N bullets have been fired
k  N 1
mu
v final   M
k 0  ( N  k )m 
0

8.5 (i) Momentum of the system = sum of the momentum of each particle
= 0.2iˆ  0.4 ˆj kg ms1
(ii) velocity of the centre of mass = total momentum/total mass


1
0.3

0.2iˆ  0.4 ˆj 
2 4
 iˆ  ˆj ms 1
3 3

8.6 (i) acceleration of the CM


Fnet

total mass
iˆ  ˆj

0 .3

10 ˆ ˆ
3
i j 
(ii) No, the acceleration is not in the same direction as the momentum of the CM.
8.7 If the base of the cylinder is in the xy plane, as shown in the figure, the x and y coordinates
of the CM are (0, L/2). We thus have to calculate the z coordinate of the CM.

x
R

To obtain the z coordinate of the CM, consider a rectangular sheet of thickness dz at height z, as
shown in the figure below.

z
R

If the density of the material that the cylinder is made of is , the z coordinate of the CM, by
definition, is
R
  2 L R 2  z 2 zdz R
4
z CM    R 2  z 2 zdz
0

L R 2
2
R 2 0

To evaluate the integral, we substitute z  R sin  and dz  R cos d . This gives
  2
4
z CM 
R 2  R cos   R sin   R cos d
0
1
d cos  
4R
  cos
2

 0

4R

3

8.8 (i) CM of a cone shown in the figure below

h
r
z

R
2

The CM is on the axis of the cone by symmetry. To calculate its height, we take a thin disc of
thickness dz at height z. By similarity of triangles, it radius r is given by

 r  h  z 
r R R

hz h h
If the density of the material that the cone is made of is , then the position of the CM is given
by
h
  z   r 2 dz
 
h
3 R2 h
z CM  0
 2  2 h 2  z 2  2hz zdz 
1 2 R h0h 4
R h
3
It is reasonable that the location of the CM is more towards the base since larger mass of the
cone is concentrated there.
(ii) Hemispherical bowl of radius R is shown in the figure below.
 r

R z


The CM will be on the line passing through the centre of the base. To calculate its height zCM, we
take a ring of height dz at height z. According to the figure

z r R2  z2
z  R sin  and dz  R cos  d , sin   , cos   
R R R
If the mass per unit area for the shell is , then the mass dm of the ring is
dz
dm  2 r  R d  2 R 2  z 2   2 R  dz
cos 
Thus
zR zR

 zdm 2R  zdz R

z CM  z 0
 z 0

zR
2R  2
2
z 0
 dm

N

8.9 Given N particles of masses mi (i=1-N) with total mass M   mi at positions ri (i=1-N),
i 1

position of their CM RCM is given as
N
 N

 m r m r i i i i
RCM  i 1
N
 i 1

m
M
i
i 1
Now let us make m subsystems of these masses with number of particles N1, N2, N3……Nm in
Ni
them. Then we have the mass of each subsystem as M i   mi . The position of the CM can
i 1

then be written as
N1
N
  N2 
  mi ri  mi ri   mi ri  .......
RCM  i 1
N
 i 1 i 1

m
M
i
i 1

  Ni

By definition of the CM we have for the position RCMi of each subsystem M i RCMi   mi ri .
i 1

Thus the expression above can be written as

N
 m 
  mi ri M 1 RCM 1  M 2 RCM 2  ..... M R i CM i
RCM  i 1
N
 m
 i 1
m

m
i 1
i M
i 1
i M
i 1
i

This shows that the CM of the system can be calculated by treating each susbsystem as a point
particle of mass Mi located at the CM of each subsystem.

8.10 To find the CM, we will treat the cone and the hemisphere as two subsystems. It is also
clear by symmetry that the CM will be on the extended axis of the cone. Taking the axis
as the z direction with z = 0 at the base of the cone, we have
mass of the sphere  z CM ( sphere)  mass of the cone  z CM (cone)
z CM 
total mass
Assuming the entire system is made of a material of uniform density, we get
3R1 2R13 H R22 H
   
3   3R1  R2 H
4 2 2
z CM  8 3 4
2R13 R22 H 8R13  4 R22 H

3 3

8.11 Since there is no external force on the system in the horizontal direction, the position of the
CM will remain unchanged as the small block moves from one side to the other. Taking
horizontal direction to be the x-direction, let the position of the CM when the block in on
 the left be X1 and let it be X2 when the block is on the right. Then the poison of the CM of
the block is (X1R) and (X2+R), respectively. Since the CM does not move, we have
X CM  m X 1  R   MX 1  m X 2  R   MX 2
This immediately gives

X 2  X 1    2mR
m  M 

8.12When the ball is compressed, it looks like shown in the picture below

Rx

The radius r of the circular area of contact for x<<R is

r  R 2  R  x   2 Rx
2

Thus, if the pressure in the ball remains unchanged, the force that the ball applies on the wall is
F   r 2 p  2 pRx

8.12As a photon hits the surface, it gives it an impulse proportional to its momentum. If it gets
 2
absorbed, the impulse J  and if it is reflected then J  . And the force by the
c c
stream of photons hitting the surface will be nJ where n is the number of particles hitting
the surface per second. If the cross-sectional area of the parallel beam of light is a, then
n  acN
Thus the pressure P
 acN 
(i) when the light is completely absorbed P    N
a c
acN 2
(ii) when light is perfectly reflected P    2 N
a c

8.14 By equation (8.42b), the force on the planar surface will be equal to momentum
transfer per unit time. On hitting the surface, the component of momentum perpendicular
to the plane becomes zero while that parallel to the plane remains unchanged. Thus all the
momentum that water stream carries perpendicular to the surface is transferred to it. The
d 2 d 2
momentum carried by the stream of water per second is v  v  v 2
4 4
d 2
Its component perpendicular to the surface is v 2
4 2
When the water stream hits the surface, it makes an elliptical cross sectional area on the

d 2 d
surface because the surface is slanted. The major axis of the ellipse is = 
2 2
d
And the minor axis remains the same as
2
d 2
Thus the cross-sectional are of the ellipse is =
2 2
d 2
v 2
v 2
Thus the pressure on the surface = 4 2 
d 2 2
2 2

8.15 At steady state flow let the mass flow rate from the upper portion of the hour-glass be
m . If the height through which it falls before hitting the lower surface is h then the
amount of mass in the air is the rate at which the mass is falling and the time it takes

2h
for it to reach the bottom. Thus it is m and its weight is m 2hg . Thus the hour
g
glass should have weighed less by this amount. However as the sand hits the bottom,
it transfers momentum to the hour glass that exactly compensates for the weight in the
 air. This is shown as follows. As the mass hits the bottom, its speed is 2hg . Thus

the momentum it transfers to the bottom per second is m 2hg .

8.16 Consider equation (8.43) for the rocket.
   
(M  m)v  m u  v  Fext t

Now since the mass coming out leaves the rocket with u rel , we have
   
u rel  u  (v  v )
This is because when the mass leaves the rocket, it has already achieved velocity
 
(v  v ) . This gives in the equation above
  
Mv  m u rel  Fext t

8.17 Example (8.9) using equation derived above. The example is solved exactly as done
   
in the text except that in applying the equation derived above, u rel  u  (v  v ) each
time the bullet is fired. This immediately leads to equation (8.50) and the rest is the
same as done in the example.

8.18 (i) Force needed to hold the chain is equal to the force required to hold the part of the
chain hanging vertically. This force is = gh
(ii)If the chain is to be pulled at a constant speed v, its mass increases at the rate of v .
This gives momentum change per unit time = v 2 . This is the additional force required
to provide momentum. Thus the total force is gh  v 2 . This is also seen easily by the
rocket equation
 
dv dM 
M  u rel  Fext
dt dt

dv dM
Now it is given that  0,  v, u rel  v . This substituted in the rocket
dt dt
equation immediately gives the result derived above.
dM
(i) The rocket equation, with  v, u rel  v is
dt
 dv
M (t )   v 2  F
dt
If at a time t, the length of the chain on the table is x then M (t )   (h  x) and

dv dv dx 1 dv 2
  . Thus the rocket equation can be rewritten as
dt dx dt 2 dx
 dv 2
(h  x)   v 2  F
2 dx
This is integrated as
V2 x
dv 2 2 dx'
0 F  v 2   0 h  x'
Upon integration this gives

 2 h x h x
2
1  F F
ln  2 
 ln     
  F  V    h  F  V 2
 h 
Upon solving this gives

V
1 F 2
h  x  

x  2hx 

8.19 Since the peg is frictionless and the length of the portion of chain passing over the
peg is negligible, the other portion has length (Lx) and the tension in the chain is the
same throughout. Taking the tension to be T, the equation of motion for the two
portions is (see figure)
 T
T

( L  x)

x(t)
M
( L  x) g
L

M
xg
L

M  M 
 x  x   x  g  T
 L   L 

M M M M
( L  x)( L  x)  ( L  x) g  T  ( L  x) x  T  ( L  x) g
L L L L

Adding the two equations to eliminate T gives

2Mx 2g
M x  g  Mg  x  x  g
L L
This equation is also obtained by direct application. Since the total mass being moved is

g x  ( L  x) 
M 2Mx
M, the net force is g  Mg and the acceleration is x .
L L
The solution for the equation above is a sum of the solution of the homogeneous equation
2g L
x  x  0 and the particular solution x p  . The solution of the homogeneous part is
L 2
 2g   2g 
xh (t )  A exp  t   B exp   t
 l   L 

Where A and B are two constants to be determined by the initial conditions. The full
solution is
  2g   2g  L
x(t )  A exp  t   B exp   t  
 l   L  2
3L L
The initial conditions are x(t  0)  and x (t  0)  0 . This gives A  B  . This give
4 8
the solution for x(t) to be

L  2g  L  2g  L
x(t )  exp  t   exp   t  
8  l  8  L  2
L 1  2 g 
 1  cosh t 
2  2  l 

8.20 (i) Since the pressure inside the box is p, and the force is unbalanced over an area S,
the force on the box will be pS.
pS
(ii) The acceleration of the box will be
M
(iii) In the simplest calculation, the rate at which the molecules are coming out in one
second will be those contained in a cylinder of height v x , where v x is the average
speed in the x direction in the rms sense. Thus the rate at which the gas will be
leaking out is Snmv x where n is the number density of molecules and m the mass of
each molecule.
(iv) Equation (8.45)
 
dv dM 
M  u rel  Fext
dt dt
dM  
In our case   Snmv x ; u rel  v x ; Fext  0 so
dt
dv 1
M  Snmv x2  Snmv 2  pS by equation (8.40)
dt 3

M 
8.21 By the rocket equation v f  u ln  i  . If the mass of the fuel is M, we have
M 
 f 
M i  1000  M , Mf = M. Thus we have
  1000  M 
6  5 ln  
 1000 
M 6
This gives 1   exp    M  2320kg
1000 5
8.22 In this case the rocket equation becomes (assuming vertically up direction to be
positive)

 bv  u  g 
dv dv
m  mu  mg  bmv 
dt dt
Solution to the equation above is given by the sum of the solution for the homogeneous
part and the particular solution. This gives
u  g
v(t )  A exp( bt ) 
b
u  g
A is determined by the initial condition v(t  0)  0 . This gives A   . Thus
b