UCLA

Prange Microform Collection User Guide

Ver. 1.02, Eric Siercks, September 2018

This document will explain and illustrate some practical strategies for utilizing the UCLA East Asian Library’s Prange Microform
Collection. The Prange Collection is an archive of postwar Japanese print publications and censorship documents collected by the
Allied Occupation’s Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD). The physical collection is held by the University of Maryland. UCLA has
purchased microforms of the newspapers and magazines—and their relevant censorship documents—held by the Prange Collection.
If you have questions about what the collection contains, please see the University of Maryland’s Prange Collection homepage:
https://www.lib.umd.edu/prange or UCLA East Asian Library (EAL) homepage: http://guides.library.ucla.edu/japanese/prange-
collection

This guide provides instructions for working with portions of the Prange on microfiches (magazines), but should also aid researchers
working with microfilms (newspapers). For ease of use, the guide is organized to lead a researcher through their first interaction with
the collection, start to finish. It contains the following sections:

l Workflow
1. Searching and IDing Research Materials...................................2
2. How to Make a Fiche Request.........................................................8
3. Receiving and Setting Up Fiches....................................................8
4. Basic Framing, Focus, and Exposure...........................................13
5. Advanced Image Editing Techniques..........................................22
6. Saving.......................................................................................................36
7. Shutting Down......................................................................................39

l Research Tips
1. How to Use the Prange Index.........................................................44
2. How to Understand Censorship....................................................45
3. Fiche and Image Selection...............................................................46
4. How to Use Materials, Non-Image Viewer Techniques......47
5. Putting the Prange Collection in Historical Context............52
The Prange Microform Collection and reader is
l Additional Resources..............................................................................53 located in the East Asian Library on the second floor
of UCLA’s Young Research Library.

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 Workflow

1. Searching and IDing Research Materials

Before undertaking a research project using the Prange archive, you must first locate relevant materials and identify the microforms
you would like to view. This can be done in two ways. First, there are hardbound paper copies of the Prange Collection index available
beside the reader. These indexes allow you to browse the Prange microform archive by newspaper or magazine title, but they do not
contain entries by article title or author.

The first set of hardbound books includes three volumes indexing newspapers. Volumes One and Two index newspapers
alphabetically. Volume Three indexes newspapers by thematic categorization (local, sports, industrial newspapers etc.) or publishing
location. This format is repeated for the second set of hardbound books, three volumes on magazines. Volumes One and Two index
magazines alphabetically and Volume Three indexes magazines by thematic categorization or publishing location.

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The second method to searching the Prange collection is by accessing the information online. The Prange indexes have been digitally
collected by the Institute of Intelligence Studies, Japan: http://20thdb.jp/ (UCLA on-campus access or VPN required). These searches
allow you to look up individual articles or authors, rather than being limited to searches by newspaper or magazine titles.

The search box available on the homepage of the 20th Century Media Database is sufficient for basic searches, for example searches by
author or article title. There are also options for advanced searches (2) and browsing the collection alphabetically, or by magazine
categorization, or by publishing location (3).

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There are several ways to search for relevant research materials using the online database. You can of course search by author or
article title if you know precisely which individual article you are looking for. If you don’t have a particular article in mind, you can
begin by searching for magazines by title through the advanced search feature. If you have no specific magazine in mind, you can also
browse the index by theme or publishing location. Below, I have pulled up all of the magazines published in Akita Prefecture:

This screen already provides a lot of information. From left to right, the categories listed here are: 1. fiche set number, 2. magazine
title, 3. publisher, 4. publishing location, and 5. number of fiches in set. For now, let’s look more closely at the second entry for a
magazine titled Akita kyōiku 秋田教育 (A192) as an example.

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Clicking on the fiche set number (A192) brings up this screen:

Here, we find some additional information about the magazine: 1. the years and months of publication as collected in the Prange, 2.
the categorization of the magazine (ZF01 is “Education”, 25 is broadly speaking a “Union Magazine”), 3. whether or not the magazine
experienced some form of censorship (the “x” here means that there is censorship, but this can be confusing, as explained in the
“Research Tips” section below), 4. a note stating that the Prange collection does not possess galley proofs of this magazine. At the top,
there is a link to view the articles from this magazine. This, too, can be somewhat misleading, see “Research Tips.”

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Clicking the link to view all articles from this magazine brings up this screen:

This page tells me 1. the title of the article, 2. the name of the author (when available), 3. information on the magazine and issue that
contains the article (date of publication, publisher, categorization, and fiche set number), and 4. whether the article contains possible
instances of censorship.

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Here is the page we see when clicking on the first article listed above:

This page restates the information available for this magazine/issue as a whole: this article is not in the form of a galley proof, it is in
an education magazine of one of the following categories, etc. Let’s imagine this is the article you are interested in viewing. The best
course of action now is not to request the individual fiche(s) that contains this particular issue, but rather to request the entire fiche
set of this magazine. I will explain why in the “Research Tips” section below. For now, let’s look at how to request materials.

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 2. How To Make A Fiche Request

When making your first fiche request, consider these questions: What kind of project am I starting? Will I focus on a targeted reading
of a few articles? Do I intend to browse the collection extensively? Use these questions to map out a cursory timeline of the project as
a whole. With this information—the fiche set numbers you would like to view, your research objectives, and a possible timeline—
contact the UCLA EAL Japanese studies librarians with your request: Tomoko Bialock (tbialock@library.ucla.edu) and Junko Tanaka
(jtanaka@library.ucla.edu).

Your first visit to begin research on the Prange collection will begin with a brief consultation with one of the EAL librarians. You will
receive your fiches and be shown the reader. You will also be shown where fiches are held for active researchers and how and when
you can access them.


3. Receiving and Setting Up Fiches

After your initial research consultation, Prange fiches will be available in an individually labeled box. The fiches themselves have a
white border at the top that indicates the fiche set number, magazine title, and issue information.

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If the reader software is not already active: Open the “ViewScan Premium” program on the desktop; Click anywhere on the STimaging
opening screen. For now, “Standard Mode” will give us all of the options necessary to take high-quality images. Click on that button
and the reader should now be activated and opened to the “Browse” tab in the ViewScan Premium software.

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To place the fiche in the reader, pull on the metal handle of the reader until the top glass pops-up. Place the fiche face up (meaning the
text on the white border faces up). Line the white border up against the metal bevel (where the reader’s bottom glass meets the metal
edge) in order to keep the fiche straight.

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Slowly and gently guide the reader back into place. Please note that if the top glass closes too quickly it might jostle the fiche out of
place and result in skewed fiche images. Once the fiche has been inserted, slide the fiche reader up/down/left/right until you see the
first image of the fiche. Below is an example for Akita kyōiku 秋田教育:

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 4. Basic Framing, Focus, and Exposure

The fiche may be out of focus at first. There are three important functions that we will use at the top of the screen to properly frame
the fiche and bring it into focus: “Camera Position,” “Camera Focus,” and “Digital Zoom.” To begin, use the “Zoom Out” and “Zoom In”
functions to bring the fiche to the middle of the image. Use the “Focus Out” and “Focus In” functions to bring the fiche into focus. Try
to frame the image such that you have empty space on all sides of the image of the magazine. Avoid framing your image such that the
image you will capture fills the entire screen. The reader tends to lose focus at the outer edges of the image.

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Now, check the fine-grain focus of the fiche using the “Digital Zoom” feature. You can digitally zoom in on the fiche at any time by
simply clicking on the part of the screen you would like to see in close detail. Click on the middle of the fiche and adjust the “Digital
Zoom” in or out until you can distinguish very small variations in focus. Remain zoomed in and make final focus adjustments using
the “Focus Out” and “Focus In” functions. It may take a bit of adjusting to get a clear image.

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Now that the fiche is in good focus, we need to set the proper exposure to view the images. To begin, the fiches will probably look
quite dark. There are two functions at the top of the screen that can help make the fiches more readable: “Auto Adjust” and “Image
Settings.” DO NOT use “Auto Adjust” to set the exposure of the image. This feature only modifies the post processing features of the
reader software and makes it difficult to take high quality images of the fiche. It is important to remember that this is a camera, not a
scanner. Adjustments should always begin with light levels first. We can adjust the level of light entering the camera by clicking on
“Image Settings” and modifying the “Shutter Speed” slider. For most fiches, a shutter speed between “300” and “400” will produce a
quality image. Adjust this slider according to the particular fiche you are viewing. After setting a new shutter speed, you may need to
reset your fine-grain focus to adapt to the new exposure settings. Use the digital zoom method described above.

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If the fiches provide you with a high quality image of the magazines or newspaper from the start, it is likely that you will not need to
make any additional adjustments to the software settings. In this case, you can either take full frame image captures (meaning
everything you see on the screen will be photographed) or cropped image captures (meaning only the portions you select will be
captured). If you are viewing a large-format magazine, the full frame feature will usually capture all you need. If you are viewing a
small-format magazine, you will usually need to crop the image. Enter the “Cropping” tab at the top of the screen. Click and drag
across the screen to highlight the area you would like to capture. To take the image, click on the “Capture Cropped Area” button.
Although I have taken a rectangular cropped image below, you can use the “Addition Tool” to create oddly shaped crop boxes. This
allows you to take images of selections of a page. This feature is especially useful when photographing newspaper articles.

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After you capture an image, it will be placed in the image library at the bottom of the screen. You can view the photographed image by
clicking on the small preview in the library and selecting “Target Area Enhancements.” Scroll through this library at any time to view
and edit the images you have taken.

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 5. Advanced Image Editing Techniques

If the fiche has a relatively low image quality, there are some additional features built into the reader and software that can help
reveal hard to decipher text. Think of the techniques outlined below as sequential steps to apply in order to make an image more
readable. The first and easiest way to clear up hard-to-read text is to turn the image into a negative. Images appear more vivid and
clear when capturing white text on a black background—this is especially true when using additional post processing techniques as
explained below. Compare the two images below, taken with precisely the same settings and without post processing:

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A researcher using the Prange collection will face two common problems: dark or low-quality paper and faded or degraded text. In
the first instance, the most effective technique to reveal text is to intentionally over expose the image. To do this, increase the value
on the shutter speed until the text is revealed and the background paper becomes purely black—or white, if you prefer an image in
positive. Here, the shutter speed value has been increased to 728. When extreme exposure techniques are used, the digital image you
see on screen will not accurately reflect the actual image captured by the camera. Compare the screen capture below with the result
in the image library. What seems hard to read on screen becomes quite clear in the photographed image:

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Extremely faded text will often be best captured by an overall darker image. Turn the shutter speed value down to reduce the light
taken in by the camera. This will avoid washing out light text. Here is an image taken with a shutter speed value of 278 that reveals
some faded text written in pencil on censorship documents:

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For materials that have clear and unfaded text on a low quality background, even these techniques may not adequately reveal the text
on the fiche. In those cases, we must rely on post processing techniques to further modify the image. The most effective technique is
to adjust the overall levels of the entire image before the image is taken by that camera. In other words, we can preview a post
processing effect before the image is taken. Here, we modify the dual value slider labeled “Level Adjustment” in the “Image Settings”
box in order to generate a limited range of light values taken by the camera. In negative, adjust the left slider from 0 to between 10
and 50. This will darken the lighter shades of black in the image yet leave the white text behind unmodified. In positive, adjust the
right slider from 255 to between 245 and 210 for the same effect with gray colors. Below are examples of the difference this makes in
negative and positive:

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In some cases, printed materials will have uneven quality across a single page. When only a small portion of a text is illegible, the post
processing software can apply image editing to selected portions of an image. To do this, take an image with as much quality as
possible using the techniques above. After the image has loaded into the image library at the bottom of the page, click on the image
you would like to modify and select “Target Area Enhancement.” You will then see a screen that has the same post processing options
as in the “Image Settings” tool:

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Highlight the portions of text you would like to modify by clicking and dragging across the image. You can do this multiple times to
form precise shapes on the text to modify. If necessary, you can also make several separate “Enhancement Areas” with different post
processing values by selecting “New Enhancement Area”:

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Within this post processing enhancement area, bring the level adjustments very close to each other to drastically limit the range of
light levels produced in the final image. Use the “Brightness” and “Contrast” sliders to bring the image back to readable levels. Try
using the levels in the image below as a starting point, but this technique will very depending on the contents and condition of the
materials on the fiche. There are two important points to remember when using this function. First, you must save the changes to the
image when closing the “Area Enhancement” window. Second, these changes will not be visible in the software itself, they are only
applied later when saving the images. See the “Research Tips” section for an additional post processing technique that reveals
extremely damaged text, but cannot be captured by the reader’s camera.

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 6. Saving

After you finish collecting images of fiches, there are several options for getting those files off of the reader-dedicated computer.
Begin by clicking on the 1. “File” tab at the very top of the screen. If you would like a hardcopy, select the 2. “Print” option, choose
your print settings, and the images will be printed there at the desk. If you want to save digital copies of the images you have taken,
there are three options. 3. The “File Save” option allows you to save the images to either a USB drive or a Google Drive account. 4. The
“Dropbox” option allows you to save files to a Dropbox account.

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The formats and options for saving files are the same for all possible methods when saving your files. First, select the format you
would like to use for your images. If selecting an image format (for example, .jpg or .tiff), the options are limited to image quality and
zoom. If selecting PDF, you will have additional options. The most important option to consider is 1. whether to save all images as one
multi-page PDF, or each image as its own individual PDF. 2. The default PDF file will have automatic image compression, but you can
select other types of compression (JPEG, for example) if you like. 3. If you need your PDF to be PDF/A-2b compliant, you can select
that option also. 4. You can change the paper format your PDF will use, which may be helpful if you intend to use mostly A4 paper,
rather than US Letter. Other options include: 5. Page orientation; 6. Margins; 7. Scale-to-fit; and 8. Digital zoom.

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In all cases, you must select the images you want to save by highlighting them in the library to the right of the options! Only images
highlighted yellow will be saved! Please do not forget to highlight the correct images, or your saved file may not contain the proper
images—or it may contain all images you have taken in a single session.

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 7. Shutting Down

When you have taken all the images you need and are ready to shut down, remove the fiche from the machine and return it to where
you are storing your fiches. Before closing the program, double check that the PDFs include the images you need and are free of
errors. You can check your cloud-based storage on your personal device. If you have saved to a USB drive: 1. Minimize the ViewScan
Premium window; 2. Open the desktop file browser; 3. Select “Computer”; 4. Select “Removable Disk”. Now, navigate through your
personal drive to the file you want to check and open the PDFs, JPEGs, or other formats you have used.

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After double-checking your images: 1. Return to the ViewScan Premium application; 2. Close the program. Please be aware that
closing the ViewScan Premium application will automatically and immediately delete all of the images you have taken in that session!
If you are using a USB drive: 3. Press the ESC key to exit the ViewScan Premium welcome screen; 4. Eject your USB drive from the
computer. Please return the reader to a closed position and replace the cover over the machine.

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 Research Tips

1. How to Use the Prange Index

The Prange index, both the physical copy available in the EAL and the digital copy hosted by the Institute of Intelligence Studies, is by
far the most helpful starting point in any research project involving the collection, but it is important to note that it can also create
pitfalls in one’s research plan without proper contextualization of its contents. Most importantly, researchers should always
remember that the index is not a complete, comprehensive list of materials contained in the collection. That is to say, the index itself
should not be used as evidence for a data-driven argument. In the case of magazines specifically, the online index does not include
every item in the collection. Poetry and poetry magazines bring particular challenges for researchers. Magazines that publish large
collections of poems by many authors often lack full citations in the Prange index. In extreme examples, magazine contents may not
be indexed at all. This is the case for two Iwate poetry magazines, Sasanaki (笹鳴, also titled さゝなき) and Kanashiki (鑕, also titled
かなしき). The index states that the processing of these magazines is “in progress” and the contents are not available in search results.

In other cases, searches can return incomplete results due to the way the index organizes and prioritizes bibliographic details for
individual article entries. Mori Sōichi 森荘己池 was a prolific writer in the immediate postwar. A search for Mori by author in the
Prange online index returns 93 results. It may be tempting to use these results as the baseline for research on Mori’s literary and
intellectual production between 1946 and 1949, but there are several important items missing from this search. One such missing
entry is the April, 1947 roundtable discussion on Ishikawa Takuboku’s youth found in the special fiction and poetry issue of Tōhoku
bunko 東北文庫. To find this article in the search, one must search by the title of the roundtable, rather than by Mori’s name.

Magazines themselves might be placed in somewhat strange thematic categorizations within the Prange index. Again using Tōhoku
bunko as an example, it is classified in two ways: Its general category is ZG11 and its magazine category is 93. The online index
describes the general category ZG11 as “History and Geography (Iwate)”. This is a general categorization for a “local” magazine, but it
would probably be more accurate to describe Tōhoku bunko as a general interest magazine, or a literary magazine. If we look up
Tōhoku bunko’s magazine category, 93, we find that it is not listed in the online index, making this magazine impossible to find when
browsing by magazine categorization. Other magazines that share this format, for example the influential Akita literary magazine
Gekkan sakigake 月刊さきがけ, do not appear in the index alongside similar texts.

In this sense, the Prange index should be considered an indispensible tool to start one’s research, not as a definitive accounting of the
contents of the collection itself. Allow time for extensive reading across materials that may not initially appear in the results of a
narrow search. The best use of the Prange index is to locate relevant research paths across a broad section of the collection.


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 2. How to Understand Censorship

The Prange collection makes a natural choice for research on censorship during the Allied Occupation of Japan. It collects censorship
documents produced by CCD and pairs those documents with the magazine or newspaper being censored. When searching for and
reading censored magazines, however, it is important to read the accompanying censorship documents carefully. Having a general
picture of the flow of CCD documents can help researchers understand how to read and understand the censorship that exists in the
collection.

In principle, all printed materials in Occupied Japan were ordered to be sent to Allied officials for review. Upon arrival at CCD, media
materials underwent initial review by examiner-translators. If the initial examiner-translator found no objectionable material in the
magazine, the censorship documents (when available) will show a series of boxes checked “No”—No Information, No Violations, No
SCAP Check, etc. When examiner-translators found objectionable material, however, they marked that material in the magazine in
colored pencil (marks we can usually see in the fiches), marked a box “Yes” in the censorship document to indicate the kind of
violation, and sent the magazine for further review. In the Prange index, any magazine that has been sent for additional review by
these examiner-translators will be marked as “censored” regardless of whether or not those censorship recommendations were
upheld or applied. In the most extreme cases of censorship, articles marked “censored” were suppressed in their entirety. Other
articles marked “censored” in the index, however, might only contain minor infractions that were eventually passed: listing the name
of a movie, using a disapproved phrase, describing a new SCAP policy, etc. The Prange index indicates many articles contain
censorship even when the censorship documents themselves indicate that no censorship action was taken on the article. In the case
of magazines, which were largely post-censored, there are likely more articles that did not face deletions or suppressions than there
are articles that were “censored” in the common usage of the phrase—meaning violations which were upheld by CCD and sent to the
magazine editors or publishers with instructions for changes. With that in mind, researchers should always carefully check the
censorship documents for a clearer picture of censorship conditions and decisions.

As in the instance of searching the collection above, the Prange index does not always present a complete picture of “censored”
materials. A magazine, newspaper, or particular article that has been marked “censored” in the index should not be considered
censored in practice until after the censorship documents can be consulted. Even then, researchers should always try to compare
censorship decisions in the Prange collection with available archival materials. Many “censored” magazines—meaning those
magazines that were ordered to suppress or delete portions of an issue—did not in fact apply censorship disapprovals. Thus, the
Prange archive is the best way to begin researching censored materials, but should not be relied on exclusively to describe the
conditions of censorship in occupied Japan.

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 3. Fiche and Image Selection

When selecting your research materials, it is best to request complete fiche sets of magazines, or complete microfilm sets for
newspapers, rather than requesting only the fiches that contain the article you would like to view. There are several reasons for this.
First, ordering the complete fiche set gives you access to the Prange collection information slip at the start of each fiche set. This will
tell you which issues are collected in the Prange, which are missing, and any important notes on the magazine (for example, if the title
of the magazines changed during the period CCD was actively censoring magazines). Second, it may be useful to check issues of
magazines preceding and succeeding the issue you have selected for relevant materials. Magazines often published direct responses
to articles in successive issues. Third, having the entire fiche set allows you to skim the table of contents of all issues quickly. Doing so
may reveal important materials not included in the Prange index (see “How to Use the Prange Index”). Fourth, important censorship
information may not be available in only one issue of a magazine. Censors were often asked to classify the editorial stance of
published materials, but these classifications themselves change from issue to issue. Finally, if the issue requested comes late in the
print run of the magazine—for example, the magazine began publishing in early 1946, but the issue requested comes from July of
1949—it may not be accompanied by any censorship documents at all.

Consider the workflow described below as a kind of best-practices for image selection. Of course, these strategies will vary by
research project. If you have time, always take the following images from every issue in the fiche set you have ordered, even if you do
not intend on viewing the materials for each issue: 1. Prange Collection information slip at the start of the fiche set; 2. The cover of
every magazine (for important censorship information such as dates of submission and censorship implementation; 3. The table of
contents of every magazine (to double check materials against the Prange index); 4. The publishing information of every magazine (to
check against information collected in the index and censorship documents); 5. All censorship documents.

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 4. How to Use Materials, Non-Image Viewer Techniques

Before selecting and photographing images of Prange materials, consider the ways you may use the materials. Each researcher will
need to modify their workflow in order to best accommodate their research goals. If you intend to use the images for publication or
presentation, you should consider taking images that might have poor legibility, but accurately represent the materiality of the
magazine. That is to say, capture an image with a large open border around your material and show how the CCD examiner-
translators would have encountered the material. Capture images that demonstrate extremely low quality and dark paper, or
extremely faded text due to mimeographing, or magazines that have been ripped or damaged. You may have to take two sets of
photographs—one for presentation and one for research. If you are only interested in reading materials for research purposes,
consider taking images that use extreme camera settings in order to maximize the legibility of the text but remove the materiality of
the object being viewed. The Prange reader has versatile options and can fit most research projects.

As noted above, the reader takes more legible images in negative than in positive. Some scholars may be reluctant to use negative
images because they are not suitable for presentation or publication, nor can they be printed without excessive ink usage. If you have
access to a quality PDF reader or image editing suite, images taken in negative on the reader can be easily returned to their positive
state. Although by no means a requirement, consider beginning with negative images even if they seem initially off-putting.

Finally, some magazines may appear so damaged on the fiches as to be unsalvageable. This may be true for image captures, but the
reader allows for some digital tricks that reveal text that might otherwise be ignored by researchers. Using the ViewScan Premium
application itself as a digital camera can sometimes prove more useful than using it as a digital viewfinder for the physical camera in
the reader. The sequence below uses extreme settings in the ViewScan Premium application to reveal illegible text on screen that
cannot be replicated in the images taken by the reader camera.

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At first glance, this extremely damaged text appears illegible. When dealing with text that seems impossible to read, consider using
the most extreme possible settings without any intention to take a photograph of the materials.

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Here, both “Shutter Speed” and “Post Processing” are near their most extreme possible settings. We see on the computer screen that
the text has finally become legible. Compare the results we can see on screen to what we find below. These extreme settings make
photographing and exporting this material to PDF (or other format) impossible.

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When faced with these conditions, use the computer’s screen capture feature to take an image of what is digitally displayed on the
screen, rather than what the camera in the reader produces as an image. 1. Get a clear image of difficult to read text in the ViewScan
Premium application; 2. Open “Snipping Tool” from the Start menu under “All Programs” à “Accessories”; 3. Highlight the portion of
the screen you would like to save; 4. Save that captured image to your personal USB Drive. Using this system, you should be able to
take images of any viewable materials from the reader, even if the images captured by the camera do not appear legible.

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 5. Putting the Prange Collection in Historical Context

Because the Prange collection offers such an abundance of unique materials and documents to researchers, it can be easy to forget
that it represents only a small portion of the Allied Occupation apparatus. While extremely valuable to researchers, the Prange
collection provides only a small glimpse into CCD, one of many branches of the occupation. CCD itself was a subsection of the Civil
Information Division (later, the Civil Information Section), one of many Special Staff Sections to function under the command of
General Headquarters (GHQ). Researchers are encouraged to pair CCD documents found in the Prange microform collection with
more extensive holdings found in the physical collection at the University of Maryland, as well as relevant materials held at the
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Other valuable research materials include monthly operation reports
produced by the office of GHQ’s Deputy Chief of Staff, correspondence within the Civil Information Division/Civil Information Section,
and papers associated with the Civil Information and Education Section. Exploring these ancillary archival materials will help
researchers accurately frame censorship within the larger occupation apparatus.

As a collection of printed materials, researchers should try to pair research from the Prange microfiches with archival research in
Japan. While the Prange collection represents the most complete collection of postwar print materials to be housed within one
archive, it is still incomplete. Yamamoto Taketoshi, a leading scholar of postwar print culture, estimated that the Prange collection
holds only one-half to one-third of print materials from the postwar occupation era. For more information, see his interview in the
text Senryōki no chihō zasshi: Purange bunko de tadoru ken’etsu no sokuseki 占領期の地方雑誌：プランゲ文庫で辿る検閲の足跡. In
many cases, a careful investigation of special collections held by libraries in Japan will reveal texts not collected in the Prange.
Materials not collected in the Prange are also often available for purchase at reasonable prices at used bookstores.















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 Additional Resources

When researching the Prange Collection specifically, researchers should begin their search on the University of Maryland Prange
Collection homepage:

https://www.lib.umd.edu/prange

The Prange Collection also manages an active social media presence and blog:

https://prangecollection.wordpress.com/

When using the UCLA microforms, please see the UCLA Library homepage for the Prange Collection:

http://guides.library.ucla.edu/japanese/prange-collection

Professor Michiko Takeuchi (CSU Long Beach) also has a helpful guide to the UCLA holdings of the Prange Collection in Japanese:

http://guides.library.ucla.edu/ld.php?content_id=27513032

For a good research bibliography, start at the recommended reading list from the Institute of Intelligence Studies, Japan:

http://www.npointelligence.com/NPO-Intelligence/kenetusya/introduction.html

See also the Institute’s regularly published scholarly journal, “Intelligence”:

http://www.waseda.jp/prj-intelligence/

For financial support, both the University of Maryland and UCLA offer research stipends to visiting researchers:

https://www.lib.umd.edu/prange/research-awards/research-awards
http://www.international.ucla.edu/japan/internal/111339

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