DOST Form No.

2B
DETAILED RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PROPOSAL
(For the Component Project)

(To be accomplished by the researcher)

(1) Title/Leader/Gender/Agency/Address/Telephone/fax/E-mail

Research Title : PROFILING OF INDIGENOUS AGRICULTURE AND FISHING PRACTICES OF

MANOBO TRIBE IN BARANGAY SALANGSANG, LEBAK, SULTAN KUDARAT – A
PROFILING SYSTEM USING C#

Leader/Gender: MAILYNE V. BACONGCO / FEMALE

Agency/Address: SKSU - Kalamansig Telephone/Fax/E-mail: mvbacongco@gmail.com

(2) Cooperating Agencies (3) Research & Development Station

N/A SKSU Kalamansig

(4) Site of implementation/Municipality/District/Province/Region

Lebak, Sultan Kudarat, Region XII

(5) Classification (6) Mode of Implementation

Research: Development: / Single Agency

__/__ Basic _____ Pilot Testing
______ Multi Agency
____ Applied _____Tech. Promotion/

Commercialization
(7) Sector/Commodity (8) Discipline

Information Technology Information Technology

(9) Significance

Profiling the Indigenous agriculture and fishing is by identifying the step by step farming
techniques of indigenous people to prevent and protect the public from environmental disaster.
Some of the agricultural practices are deforestation, kaingin system, excessive use of fertilizers,
chemicals, and pesticides which could harm the environment and also the community. These
routine activities in farming bring damage to the atmosphere, and air pollution occurs due to
kaingin system which is burning grass and trees for clearing the land. Land nutrients decrease
because of putting too many fertilizers and chemicals which soften the ground resulting in soil
erosion and landslide. In rainy season fertilizers and chemicals are wash-down and goes to
rivers which endanger freshwater fish. Profiling of indigenous agriculture and fishing is necessary
as it will be the basis of finding a solution to alleviate disaster and also it gives awareness to the
community of the negative impact of their farming routine practices.
Thus, the idea of Profiling the Indigenous Agriculture and Fishing Practices of Manobo
Tribe in Barangay Salangsang, Lebak, Sultan Kudarat came up. Manobo tribe are indigenous
people who live in the mountainous area of Lebak, Sultan Kudarat for more than 60 years.
Profiling the practices of Manobo tribe is a need to understand the way how the tribe cultivates
their lands for agriculture products, raising livestock and catching fish. A system created for
future references and data preservation of indigenous practices.
The Barangay official will benefit to the result of the study for this will provide ideas in
promoting a sustainable environment in the barangay. The profiling system can also help them to
identify the needs of their constituent easily.
The result of the study is beneficial to the Manobo community for this will give them ideas
of how to improve their farming techniques. The study also provides them the knowledge on the
negative impact on the environment of the farming techniques that are done routinely on their
farm.
Future researchers will benefit to the findings of this study for them to know or to see if
there are still ways on how to improve the Manobo farming methods and on how to mitigate
environmental problem into a sustainable environment. The result of the study can also use as a
basis for developing or implementing new research or project in improving the farming practices
of the Manobo tribe.

(9-A) Project Description

The study profiles the step by step farming method of different field crops, animal
husbandry, horticulture, and fishing technique of Manobo tribe. Data gathering is by conducting
an interview, observation by taking pictures and videos and focus group discussion. Data
gathered is compiled in a computer database for data banking. The profiling system is developed
using a C# programming language and can generate a printed document of different agriculture
and fishing practices. The study conducted in Barangay Salangsang, Lebak, Sultan Kudarat
covering the period from January 2019 to December 2019.

(10) Objectives

This study aims to develop a system for Profiling of Indigenous Agriculture and Fishing
Practices of Manobo Tribe in Barangay Salangsang, Lebak, Sultan Kudarat.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. profile the indigenous agriculture and fishing practices of Manobo tribe by
interviewing, taking pictures and videos, and focus group discussion;
2. develop an interactive system of different indigenous practices using C#, and;
3. create a database for data collection storage.

(11) Review of Literature

Profiling is an inductive way to create knowledge, the probability that things will turn out
the same in the future. Profiling interest lies in a reliable prediction, to allow adequate decision
making. It aims for knowledge that is defined by its effects, not for conceptual elaboration.
Profiling sees profiles as hypotheses, and these are not necessarily developed within the
framework of a theory or by a common sense expectation. Instead, the hypothesis often
emerges in the process of data mining, a change in perspective that known as the discovery-
driven method, opposite to a traditional assumption-driven method (Hildebrandt, M. 2008).
One of the articles of Fielding, S. (2015), she asks that if the business owner didn't know
who are their customer then how can he/she advertise his/her product that could interest
attention to their customer? She concluded that customer profiling needed before investing time
and money in sale and advertising activities for a successful business venture. Profiling has many
fields of application, in the Philippines, the use of profiling is widely used, such as medical profile,
country profile, socio-economic profile, and education profile. Berja, CL., and Colson, L. (2008)
stated that in profiling it would help educators, government officials, and community leaders to
find critical threats in a sustainable development and explore possible methodologies in
addressing them.

Country profiling is also used to identify the population of a nation. Such, in the year 2010
the latest census of indigenous people population is first to come but no official figure. The
country’s indigenous people population constantly estimated at between 10% and 20% of the
national population which is projected to currently lie at 102.9 million (International Work Group
for Indigenous Affairs 2016).
 Indigenous people also refer as native people or cultural minority groups but when the
Indigenous People Rights Act of 1997 enacted the term indigenous people gained popularity and
usage. There are 110 different indigenous groups in the Philippines, and their population varies
among various government agencies. In Mindanao, the native group divided into two categories:
The Muslims or Moro and the Lumads a term used to refer the indigenous non-Islamic groups.
Manobo is one of the Indigenous or lumad groups which is found mostly in Agusan del Sur known
as a home of several indigenous groups comprises 79% population out of 152, 884 total
population of indigenous people as of 2005 (Trinidad, AR. 2012a).

The Manobo regarded as Indigenous on account of their ancestry from the populations
which occupied the country at the time of colonization, but who may have resettled outside their
ancestral domain. The Manobo ancestral domain comprising land, inland water, coastal areas,
and natural resources claim ownership due to their ancestors communally but displace by force
as a consequence of government project to ensure the economic, social and cultural welfare.
(Barangay Salangsang IPMR, n.d.). When the new settlers accommodate the lowland, the
Manobo tribe deserted the valleys and riverine communities and pushed into the hinterlands of
the mountainous areas (Trinidad, AR. 2012b).

In Region II, lowland indigenous groups like Ibanag, Itawes, Yogad, and Gaddang
occupied the Cagayan Valley of north eastern Luzon and the Ilongot, Ikalahan, Isinai and Aetas
groups of Caraballo range also used swidden farming, wet-rice agriculture, and hunting and
gathering. In Region III, IV, and V, along with Sierra Madre range of eastern Luzon the Dumagat
Pugot and other Aetas groups depends their economic in swidden agriculture, hunting and
gathering, fishing, and trade. In Mindoro, the Mangyans, the Sulod and Ati of Panay, the group
Aetas in Negros, and the Tagbanua of Palawan also practice swidden agriculture. Most of
Mindanao region the indigenous people subsist through swidden and wet rice cultivation, hunting,
fishing (Asian Development Bank 2002b).

Swidden
(slash and
burn )

Wet-rice
Trade
Farming
agriculture
Method of
Indigenous
Group in the
Philippines

Figure 1. Different farming

Hunting and
methods of Indigenous Fishing
Gathering
Group in the Philippines
 Brady (1996) stated that shifting agriculture is the most common traditional farming
system in the tropic and around 300 to 500 million people depend on this form of system and is
practiced by 30% of the total arable land of the globe (as cited in Jyotishi, A. 2004, 14). Kummer
(1992) stated that shifting cultivation also known as kaingin is the predominant form of agriculture
in the Philippines (as cited in Lawrence, A. 1997, 3). Matalom farmer defines kaingin as slash and
burns which are the land cleared by burning (Lawrence, A. 1997). During dry season clearing of
forest and burning starts until the end of the dry season or prior the start of rainy season. After
slashing the vegetation, fire used for clearing the selected forestland. This clearing is called as
slash and burn, and the system of agriculture is known as slash and burn (Jyotishi, A. 2004).

Disadvantages of using the traditional farming system: First the farmer cut all the trees, all
branches and parts of the three that would too much obstruction in the farm are cut and mounted
into the heap for future burning (Garvan, G. n.d., 89). When the farmer burned the brush and
cleared the field, they cannot prepare the soil properly, and the farmer scratches the earth and
the ashes mix into the ground. Brush fires ruin the land and destroy its organic nutrients. The
ashes nourish the soil, but the burned grass or trees produce no hummus and don't improve the
structure of the ground. In burning it leaves soil bare, and when the soil is bare erosion is more
severe. Soil erosion decreases soil nutrients and its capability to hold waters and so reduces its
productive value in the entire harvesting periods. Second, when a land bears a crop for the first
time, the plants take up all the salt mineral for nourishment, and soon the soil becomes very
weak. After two or three years, the field left fallow, and it takes a long time until the ground
recover its fertility. Third with shifting cultivation farmers do a lot of work for clearing new fields
every year. (FAO Better Farming Series 1977, 30; Cruz, W. and Repetto, R. 1992).

Segura, M. (n.d) suggested the use of agro-forestation instead of kaingin (slash and burn).
Agro-forestation labor is more intensive unlike kaingin it saves energy by burning. The farmers
are more exposed to a more adverse work on the farm, and it causes a negative impact on health
in a short run. Improving diets which contains abundant protein from animal husbandry and
vitamins from vegetable farming can negate such impact on health. The direct impact of
agroforestry such as ipil-ipil and other tree crops. Ipil-ipil can produce as pulpwood, fuelwood,
organic fertilizer, charcoal, and animal feeds. The indirect impact such as restoration of vegetative
cover, providing protection to watershed; prevention of flooding; increase export of forest based
product and reducing import of paper products. In the long run, it increases the income of farmer
which allow them to build better farm quarters and to gain more access to health/nutrition
facilities, together with improved environment condition it may be expected to improve health
status. Such a potential impact but some factors could affect the health status of the community
like the water quality and the proper disposal of waste, especially to a growing community.
 Fukuoka, M. (2008) suggested in his book the theory and practice of green philosophy the
use of natural way of farming which based on nature free from human meddling and intervention.
Fukuoka demonstrates the validity of five major principles: no cultivation, no fertilizer, no
pesticides, and no weeding. No cultivation, usually the farmers plow the soil about four to eight
inches while the roots of grasses and green manure crops are about twelve, fifteen inches or
more. As the roots reach the ground of the earth, the air and water enter into the soil along the
roots. As the roots decay and die, more of the microorganisms multiply. The organism dies and
reinstates by others, resulting in increasing the volume of humus which softens the soil.
Earthworms will appear where there is humus, and as the number of worm's increases, moles
begin rummaging through the ground. No Fertilizer, yes fertilizer speed up the growth of crops but
this is temporary as the effect does not offset the inevitable weakening of the plants. Plants
weakened by fertilizer have lowered resistance to diseases and pest. Laboratory experiment of
fertilizer doesn't apply in soil just what recently learned that 30% of nitrogenous component
escapes into the atmosphere. Also, reports say that phosphate fertilizer used in the fields
penetrate two inches into the soil that means the large amount of phosphate that farmers
diligently spread into their field is useless and mostly dumped on the topsoil. More than 70% of
the big three – ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, and potassium sulphate concentrated
sulphuric acid which acidifies the soil, causing great harm both direct and indirect and each year
about 1.8 million tons of sulphuric acid dumped into the farmland of Japan in the form of fertilizer.
No weeding, without grass growing in the field, each year rainwater wash away part of the topsoil.
Even in sloping areas, this will result in tons or over a hundred tons of soil per year. No
pesticides, because a substance that is used only on certain insects also acts greater or lesser
degree on plants, animal and human. The aerial spraying of mountain forest with herbicide,
pesticides, and chemical fertilizers is a success but this a grave error that prove dangerous.
Natural conservationists have already recognized such practice as polluting. For 25 years
Fukuoka grows barley and rice in the field that has not plowed in succession by direct seeding
and without tilling the soil. The uncut rice straw scattered back in the field after harvesting.
Fukuoka never used commercial fertilizer instead use the grazing ducks to fertilize the field.

In the project reported by Ferraris, M. (2015) entitled The Profiling of Organic Agriculture
Practitioners in the Third Administrative District of Davao City with the objective to certify, assess
and enhance the initial data of Organic Agriculture practitioners in Davao City and to gather
recommendations to ensure full implementation of the organic agriculture ordinance. The method
used in the project is to collect secondary data, conduct focus group discussion with the organic
farmers and key informant interviews with local officials, and other sources where applicable. The
result of the focus groups discussion (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) state that in
organic farming it gives health benefits to the organic farmer by producing safe and nutritious
foods. The Economic benefit also since the plantation of 40.46 hectares certified an organic
banana farm, in this way Indigenous people can send their children to school and overseas
workers decreases. Sociocultural benefits in a way that traditional variety of trees and vegetation
preserved. Some of the needs and challenges are support services since the city government
does not provide farm subsidies to organic farmers such as equipment and infrastructure, farm
implements and planting materials, post-harvest facilities and technology development, and
marketing support. Based on the result of FGDs and KIIs Davao city still, has a long way to go in
achieving its objective of mainstreaming organic agriculture as a leading agriculture practice. The
exact number of organic practitioners in Davao City is still needed to be determined. The study
recommended that the municipal Agriculturist's office should establish their database of natural
practitioners, strengthen the partnership between NGOs and community-based organic farmer
organization, conduct relevant studies and research and assist organic farmers in accessing
organic fertilizer production, composting equipment and other services offered by DA.

Manalo, JR., KRU-KMD, SEARCA, (n.d.) entitled Profiling Indigenous Food Products in
Ilocos Norte, Philippines state the importance of profiling the indigenous food. The identified
domestic food product contributes to food sufficiency and nutrition and serve as a source of
household income. Plants are mainly prepared as dishes sometimes as a flavoring, spice or
garnishing, or as delicacy and snacks. Ethno botanical data indicate that the plants have become
an integral part of the people's daily diet. The result of the study enhances people's awareness
and appreciation of indigenous food products. The study recommended that collaborative effort
and interventions of IFP conservation should be instituted and strengthened to avoid erosion, and
protect the native food from extinction.

In the study of Olaniyan, RF. (2015) Entitled Fishing Methods and their implication for a
Sustainable Environment state that the fishery technique like crude technique which referred as
traditional or primitive method act as a threat to the freshwater fish, the marine environment, and
the community. Chemicals such as gamalin 20, didimore 25 and poisonous leaves, roots, and
fruits of some poisonous plants cause water pollution. Eating fish killed by poison has a lethal
effect on the consumers which if adequate medical care is not taken will eventually result in
death. Poisoned water also is very unsafe for drinking or other domestic use. It is concluded to
avoid the use of crude methods among fish folks or commercial fish farmer for the realization of a
sustainable environment. The recommendation is to provide adequate trained man power to train
the local fishermen in the use of modern fishing equipment.

The stated review lead to a series of questions; what are the current indigenous
agriculture and fisheries practices? Does kaingin farming system still in use? Does the native
farmer use fertilizer in agricultural farming? Is the community aware of the negative impact of the
traditional farming system? Thus, the proposal entitled "Profiling of Indigenous Agriculture and
Fishing Practices of Manobo Tribe in Barangay Salangsang, Lebak Sultan Kudarat – A Profiling
System using C#" is proposed. In profiling, the community will be aware of the negative impact of
traditional farming in the environment and for the sustainability of environmental resources. With
the profiling system, data can be accessed in the computer and preserved in the long run for
future references.

( Conceptual Framework

DEVELOPMENT OF PROFILING SYSTEM USING C# OF

INDIGENOUS AGRICULTURE AND FISHING PRACTICES OF
MANOBO TRIBE IN BARANGAY SALANGSANG, LEBAK,
SULTAN KUDARAT

DEVELOPMENT FLOW PROCESS

A. Data Gathering
1. Description of the site of the study
2. Entry to the site
2.1. Physical Access to the site
2.2. Access to participants
3. Population
3.1. Sampling Procedure
3.2. Sample
4. Data Generations and Procedure
4.1. Personal interview / Face to Face
interview
4.2. Observation by taking pictures and
videos
4.3. Daily Diary study
4.4. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
5. Ethical and Legal Implication
6. Analysis and Interpretation of Data
7. Trustworthiness Consideration
B. Software Development
1. Sketching the program
2. Creating Database
3. System Workflow
C. Testing and Evaluation
Test the functionality of the Profiling System

PROFILING SYSTEM USING C# OF INDIGENOUS

AGRICULTURE AND FISHING PRACTICES OF MANOBO
TRIBE IN BARANGAY SALANGSANG, LEBAK, SULTAN
KUDARAT
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework
(13) Methodology

Research Design
The study uses qualitative research design, which use to discover, understand the
Manobo Tribe Agriculture and Fishing practices to a sustainable environment. For the software
development, the study follows the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) to have detailed
documentation on how to develop a functional system. The qualitative research design includes:
1. Documentation
In this phase, every step of agriculture and fisheries practices of Manobo tribe is
recorded.
2. Passive Observation
Taking videos and picture of practices while in the field to understand the relation
of step by step agriculture and fishing techniques.
3. Participants Observation
In this stage, the researcher engages in the field of activity to discover the
Indigenous practices.

4. In-depth Interview
Establishing a face to face interview to understand the viewpoint of Manobo tribe
individuals regarding the agriculture and fishing practices.

5. Focus Group Discussion

Conduct a Focus Group Discussion or FGD to generate information base on the
group interaction.

Tools and Materials

The following are tools and materials that will be used to materialize the system;
A. Software Requirement
 Microsoft Visual C#
 Adobe Photoshop
 Microsoft Office Tools

B. Hardware Requirement
 Digital Camera
 Recorder
 Laptop
  Printer

Research Procedure

A. Data Gathering
1. Description of the site of the study
The Barangay Salangsang location is in the eastern part of the
Municipality of Lebak. It bounded on the West of Barangay Keytodac, East of
Barangay Poloy-poloy and South of Barangay Bululawan. It is composed of
twenty-four (24) sitios including sitio Badiangon, Midtudok, Alalay, Apaan, Bitogen
1, Bitogen 2, Blah, Dongdong, Caparan, Checkpoint, Kiwag, Crataro, Elem, Km.
23, Leman, Lobo, Mangga, Miagsong, Napuan, Pag-asa, Palayang Bayan,
Sukong, Tumbaga and Megaga. Total land area of the barangay is 7,723.9529
hectares. Most parts of Salangsang are mountainous and hilly. The Dulangan
Manobo were the first inhabitants of Salangsang. The total population of the
Barangay Salangsang based on 2015 Philippines Statistic Authority Census is
5,564 which dominated by 40% Manobo and 30% Teduray.

Source: Google Earth

Figure 3. Satellite view of Lebak, Sultan Kudarat
Source: Google Earth
Figure 4. Satellite view of Barangay Salangsang, Lebak, Sultan Kudarat

2. Entry to the site

2.1. Physical Access to the site
The distance of the site from the municipality of lebak is 23.67
kilometers and can be reached using a 4 x 4 vehicles or motorcycles. To
access the site of the study, from the town of Lebak ride a motorbike or 4x4
vehicles and go straight in the direction of Barangay Pasandalan, continue
riding until reaching the boundary of Barangay Poloy-poloy and Barangay
Salangsang. To reach the center of the Barangay Salangsang, keep riding the
vehicle until reaching the sitio Km. 23 which means the sitio is 23 kilometers
from the town of Lebak. Sixty-seven (67) meter from km. 23 is the center of the
Barangay where the Barangay Hall located.

Source: Google Earth

Figure 5. Satellite view of the distance from the town of Lebak to Barangay
Salangsang, Lebak, Sultan Kudarat
 2.2. Access to participants
The identified sitios of Manobo tribe are sitio of Blah, Kiwag, Midtudok,
Miagsong, Napuan, Sukong, and Megaga. Distance from the center of the
Barangay to sitio Blah is 10km, 5km to sitio Kiwag, 6km to sitio Midtudok, 4km
to sitio Miagsong, 8km to sitio Napuan, 7km to sitio Sukong, and 8km to sitio
Megaga. Reaching the sitios is by motorcycle but mostly on foot.

3. Population
3.1. Sampling Procedure
The researcher chose a non-probability sampling which is categorized by:
- Selecting a sub-group of the Manobo tribe population that will represent as
a representative of the entire population. There will be three sub-groups
which compose of 10 participants each. The selected participants are
those with the best knowledge. In this case, the researcher chooses the
Barangay Captain with other officials in the barangay and the Manobo
tribe group leaders to be the participants.
- The researcher goes to the different sitios in barangay Salangsang where
the identified Manobo tribe lives, staying in the place for how many days,
and often go to the site watching the planting and harvesting of crops.

3.2. Sample
The researcher uses a sample of 30 farmers. This sample divided into
three (3) subgroups of 10 people per group:

- Group interview with ten people: three (3) are barangay officials and seven
(7) are the Manobo tribe group leaders;
- Group of observation with ten people: ten (10) Manobo individuals observed
by taking pictures and videos of their different methods of farming;
- Focus group discussion with ten people: this is the combination of
barangay officials and Manobo tribe group leaders in the barangay.

4. Data Generations and Procedure

4.1. Personal interview / Face to Face interview
The focus of the research is to identify the step by step methods of Manobo
tribe agriculture and fishing practices. Before an interview, the researcher
explains to the interviewee the purpose of the research. The researcher
makes an appointment to meet the informant and allow them to set the date,
 time, and the venue suitable for them. The researcher conducts the interview
but always accompanied by the Indigenous community leader which acts as
the tour guide to visit the site. There are ten (10) participants in the interview
and to make the research more fruitful the researcher chooses the person
most knowledgeable about fishing and farming in the group. Three (3)
Barangay officials will be interviewed including the Barangay Captain and the
remaining seven (7) participants will be the group leaders of the identified
Manobo tribe sitios. The researcher makes interview questions which acts as
the interview guide. The question is a combination of an open and closed
question. The closed question is used to have a definite answer of what are
the Manobo tribe agriculture and fisheries products. The open question is also
used to give the ability to express their opinion of the different step by step
techniques in farming. Most of the Manobo tribe farmer speak their native
dialects, and that is the reason why the researcher chooses the best
knowledge in the groups. The group leaders can also speak in Ilonggo, and
the whole conversation is in Ilonggo forms for the convenience since the
dialect of the researcher is Ilonggo. When the interviewee cannot explain in
Ilonggo in details, the tour guide speaks in Manobo and translate it to the
researcher.

4.2. Observation by taking pictures and videos

There are ten (10) participants in observation, and all of them is Manobo
tribe farmers. Like conducting an interview the researcher asks permission to
the participant to take pictures and videos while the farmers are cultivating,
planting, harvesting, and fishing. The observer which is the researcher stays
on the field for several days to closely monitor and document the step by step
agriculture and fisheries practices of Manobo tribe. Through observation, the
researcher understands and discover new methods to help the Manobo
farmer to improve their farming techniques.

4.3. Daily Diary study

The researcher makes a daily diary where the result of the interview
recorded for later use. Throughout the observation photos and videos is keep
and organize to make an orderly step by step procedure of farming
techniques. The researcher also makes plans for daily activities according to
participant’s choices.
 4.4. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
The primary focus of the FGD’s is to identify attitudes, behaviors, ideas of
the participants related to a topic presented in the discussion. In this case, the
researcher aims to learn how the participants interpret their thoughts based on
their knowledge, resulting from day to day practices. There are ten (10)
participants in FGD which is a combination of barangay officials and Manobo
tribe group leaders in barangay Salangsang. In conducting the FGD’s the
researcher act as a moderator to control the discussion and give guidelines.

5. Ethical and Legal Implication

To deal with the ethical and legal implications, the researcher visits the
Barangay Salangsang, Lebak, Sultan Kudarat and present the research project.
The researcher asks permission to the Barangay Captain through a
communication letter to conduct the research study in the barangay. The
researcher explains to the barangay officials the reason of the conduct of the
study. The conduct of the study will not forgo without authorization from the
Barangay Captain. All the participants of the interview, observation, and focus
group discussion are not obliged to give any information, they are always ethically
and morally respected. The will of the participants is preserved. In conducting the
interview, the recordings are with the permission of the participants. In observation,
photos with the participating farmers are photographed with permission. The
researcher is aware that the participants have the right to refuse in any activity. In
case the participants provide some confidential information such as religious
conviction, and political affiliation the researcher ensures strict confidentiality with
all due respect.

6. Analysis and Interpretation of Data

6.1. Analysis of Data
a. Coding
Coding gives the ability to the researcher to organize the answers
into themes so obtaining data analysis can be easier. Coding is
necessary since the interview question is usually open. This interpretative
analysis has to do with trying to get the best meaning of the responses.

b. Paraphrasing and summarizing

Paraphrasing is by rephrasing statements in a clear, condensed
form. The researcher chooses only the relevant information.
 6.2. Interpretation
The researcher use narrative method to describe the phenomena that are
used to apply the different steps of farming methods. The inductive method
also used since the researcher makes an interview and observation to
analyze the result. In this study, the researcher explained the finding based on
personal experience and contextualized the findings. The data interpreted with
each question.

7. Trustworthiness Consideration
7.1. Prolonged engagement of sites and participants
For the credibility, veracity, and reliability of the research, the researcher
remains on the site for a long time and at the same time spend much time with
the participants. Staying in the field for a long time will ensure a better
knowledge of all the activities that are carried out in the area such cultivation
of corn, rice, coffee, and fishing. To be with the participants for many days will
create familiarity between the researcher and the participants. Thus the
participants will trust the researcher, giving the entire opening of transmitting
their knowledge confidently with veracity in the research. The researcher not
only goes to the field but also observe and attend focus group discussion. The
conduct of the whole research is after agreeing with the participants. The
researcher lives with the participants, staying in the community for several
days, following all the activities that are done directly in the field. This
procedure helps in the veracity of the result of the research because it is
assuming that the participants are sincere and did not hide anything but
provided all the information that the researcher ask to them.

7.2. Triangulation of source of data and instruments of data generation

The researcher uses different techniques for obtaining triangulation using
three subgroups, but the same number of participants which is for the
interview, one for the observation, and one for the focus group discussion
(FGD).

7.3. Member Checking/Data Verification

The researcher in the field uses the face to face interview, observation, and
FGD’s. The question is being asked in different ways but with the same
objective to check the consistency in the participant’s responses.
 7.4. Thick Descriptions of data/events

The researcher used the characteristics of grounded theory since it is the

primary instrument that guides the researcher based on the availability of the
participants. There is a direct relationship between the researcher and the
social world (Manobo Tribe as a farmer participants) who practice traditional
farming. The research is continuous and interactive because the researcher
remains in the field for several days exploring the experience of the farmers
and better understanding the phenomenon of the step by step agriculture and
fishing practices. The data is analyzed by the researcher as it is collected.

B. Software Development
1. Sketching the Program
In program sketching, first is the data gathering which includes interview,
observation and focus group discussion. Then the researcher uses paper and
pencil for the lay outing of the system.
2. Creating a Database
The Microsoft Visual C# programming language is used in creating the
profiling system. The different forms are created, buttons, icons, images, and
videos also included in the system.

Figure 6. Microsoft Visual C#

In designing the background and icons of the system, Adobe Photoshop CS4 is
utilize for the interfacing of the program.
 Figure 7. Adobe Photoshop CS4

C. System Design Workflow

The context diagram (Figure 8.) shows that the user can be a Manobo tribe where the
data came from, it can also be an individual who wants to navigate and view the system for
research purposes or to know the different farming techniques of Manobo Tribe. Based on the
context diagram the user can have a printed copy of different practices. The In-Charge which is
the personnel is responsible for maintaining the system and the one who authorized to update or
edit the content of the profiling system since the system has a dual option for login which is for the
admin and the user.
 USER

Indigenous
Agriculture and
Fishing Practices
of Manobo Tribe

Update the Profiling

Profiling of Indigenous System
Agriculture and Fishing
View and Navigate
the Profiling System Practices of Manobo Tribe
in Barangay Salangsang,
Printed Document of Lebak, Sultan Kudarat - A
Different Indigenous Profiling System using C#
Agriculture and
Fishing Practices of
Manobo Tribe

IN
CHARGE

Figure 8. Context Diagram

D. Statistical Analysis
Liker 5-point rating scale is going to use to determine the response of ten (10)
respondents during the conduct of evaluation.

(14) Major Activities/Work plan

See attached Form 2B-1

(15) Expected Output

The following are the expected outputs of the proposed study:

1. An operational profiling system of Manobo tribe Indigenous agriculture and fishing

practices, ranging from field crops, animal husbandry, horticulture, and fishing
technique.
2. A functional computer application system, which displays organized information that
includes details about the step by step with picture and videos of different indigenous
practices.
3. A database of data collected that can be easily back up for future references.

(16) Targets Beneficiaries

The result of the study will serve as baseline information about the present indigenous
agriculture and fishing practices of the Manobo Tribe in Barangay Salangsang, Lebak, Sultan
Kudarat.
Additionally, the data may also be used for future project proposal in improving the indigenous
agriculture and fishing practices into a sustainable environment.

(17) Personnel Requirement

Percent time devoted to the Project

Program/Project Leader: MAILYNE V. BACONGCO

Others: (1) KAREN L. CATANE/FEMALE

(2) ARTCHIE P.PADIOS/ MALE
(3) GRACE JOY T. MILLENDEZ/FEMALE

(18) Budget
See attached Form 2B-2

(19) Literature Cited

Hildebrandt, M., Gutwirth, S., “Defining Profiling. A New Type of Knowledge?” (Springer, 2008,17-
30) Accessed June 18, 2017,
https://works.bepress.com/mireille_hildebrandt/76/download/
Fielding Sarah. “The importance of customer profiling – how well do you understand your
 customers?” Last modified May 18, 2015. Accessed September 9, 2017.
http://www.writeimpact.co.uk/blog/marketing/the-importance-of-customer-profiling.php
Berja, CL., Colson, L., “Population, Health,and Environment Issues in the Philippines A Profile of
Calabarzon (Region 4-A). (Population Reference Bureau, 2008) Accessed September 6,
2017. http://www.prb.org/pdf08/pheregionalprofiles_calabarzon.pdf
Vinding, D., Mikkelsen, C., “The Indigenous World 2016” (Copenhagen, 2016) Accessed
September 9, 2017,
https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications//0740_THE_INDIGENOUS_ORLD_2016_final_e
b.pdf
Trinidad, Ana Raissa,T. “Learning to be Indigenous: Education and Social Change among the
Manobo People of the Philippines” PhD diss., The University of Manchester, 2012.
Accessed September 3, 2017. https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-
scw:184780
Asian Development Bank. “Indigenous Peoples/Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction:
Philippines” (Asian Development Bank, 2002) Accessed September 9, 2017.
http://hdl.handle.net/11540/2965. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Lawrence, Anna. “Kaingin in the Philippines: is it the end of the forest?” (Rural Development
Forestry Network, 1997) Accessed September 9, 2017.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&v
ed=0ahUKEwjX_sbOzufWAhWEUbwKHSMBDy8QFggsMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcitese
erx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.536.7212%26rep%3Drep1%2
6type%3Dpdf&usg=AOvVaw3f0uoMumbJSvqlp-b5-JQm
Jyotishi, Amalendu. "Ecological, Economic and Institutional Aspects of Shifting Agriculture: A
Study in Orissa." PhD diss., Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2004. Accessed
September 9, 2017.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amalendu_Jyotishi/publication/42762026_Ecological_
and_Institutional_Analysis_of_Inland_Fisheries_Resource_Management_Productivity_in_t
he_Case_of_Tawa_Reservoir_India/links/5617426008ae1a8880036a55.pdf
Garvan, John M. “The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Manobos of Mindanao” Last modified June
16, 2006 Accessed September 9, 2017. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18607/18607-
h/18607-h.htm
Better Farming Series 20. Upland Rice (FAO Better Farming series, 1977, 30 p.) East African
Development Library. Accessed August 23, 2017 http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-
00---off-0unescoen--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-
0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-
00&a=d&cl=CL1.1&d=HASH01341feb4c5c19ebb858491e.fc
Cruz, W. and Repetto, R. “The Environmental Effects of Stabilization and Structural Adjustment
Programs: The Philippines Case” (No. 338.952 C7. Washington, DC: World Resources
Institute, 1992.) Accessed September 9, 2017.
http://125.235.8.196:8080/dspace/bitstream/CEID_123456789/4797/1/52_TheEnvironment
alEffects-AdjustmentPrograms-ThePhilippinesCase(06_23-25)93tr.pdf
Segura-de los Angeles, Marian. "Economic and Social Impact Analysis of an Upland
Development Project in Nueva Ecija, Philippines." Philippine Development 12 (1985): 324-
394. Accessed June 20, 2017 https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd85-2nuevaecija.pdf
Fukuoka, Masanobu. "The natural way of farming." Tokyo: Japan Publications (1985). Accessed
August 21, 2017 http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/Food/The-Natural-Way-of-Farming.pdf
Ferraris, M. “The Profiling of Organic Agriculture Practitioners in the Third Administrative District
of Davao City” (Interface Development Intervention, 2015) Accessed September 9, 2017
https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=
8&ved=0ahUKEwi67LHR9-
fWAhULbrwKHRBdAOsQFggmMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fidisphil.org%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FA-Report-on-the-OA-Practitioners-Profiling-
Project.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3QuVZY4ZFyTZtxcwZVGjUG
Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture “Profiling
Indigenous Food Products in Ilocos Norte, Philippines” Accessed June 20,
2017http://www.searca.org/news-and-events/searca-news/90-profiling-indigenous-food-
products-in-ilocos-norte-philippines
RF, Olaniyan. "Fishing Methods and their Implications for a Sustainable Environment." Fisheries
and Aquaculture Journal (2015). Accessed September 9, 2017 doi:10.4172/2150-
3508.1000139

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : MAILYNE V. BACONGCO

Birth Date : March 08, 1990
Civil Status : Single
Present Address : Poblacion, Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat
Email Address : mvbacongco@gmail.com
Employer : Sultan Kudarat State University-Kalamansig Campus
Address : Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat
Position : Instructor
Name of Spouse : None
Name of Children : None
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Name of School Year Course Scholarship

Graduated

Elementary:

Salaman Central School 2002

Secondary:

Lebak Legislated Highschool 2006

Tertiary:

Sultan Kudarat State University- 2012 Bachelor of Science in

Isulan Campus Computer Engineering

Sultan Kudarat State University-

Kalamansig Campus Diploma in Teaching – 27
units earned

Graduate School:
2018 CHED K to 12
Ateneo de Davao University Master of Engineering
Transition
major in Computer
Program
Engineering
Scholarship for
Graduate Studies
- Local

EXPERIENCE AND LENGTH OF SERVICE

Inclusive Dates Positions Held Institution/ Address

November 19, 2018-Present Instructor I Sultan Kudarat State University – Kalamansig

Campus, Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat

June, 2013 – October COS Faculty Sultan Kudarat State University – Kalamansig
31, 2018 Campus, Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat

TITLE OF SEMINARS/CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS/SHORT COURSES ATTENDED

TITLE NATURE OF DATE SPONSORING

PARTICIPATION AGENCY

Writeshop on Publishing Research and Participant November Sultan Kudarat State

Extension Outputs 19-23, 2018 University-Access
 Campus

Echo Seminar – Workshop on General Participant August 13-14, Sultan Kudarat State
Education Courses 2018 University-Access
Campus

EA Research Learning Session on Participant September Ateneo de Davao

Intellectual Property Rights 16, 2017 University

1st SAS Graduate Research and Attendance March 4, Ateneo de Davao

Innovation Conference 2017 University

Orientation on OBE, Curriculum Review Participant November 4- Sultan Kudarat State

Strategies, and Training Workshop on 7, 2013 University
Teaching Strategies Assessment Method
Syllabus and Module Making
(21) Certificate of incorporation(if applicable)
Note: If the project is part of a program, this form should be submitted together with detailed R & D proposal summary sheet. See
guidelines /definitions.
 DOST Form No. 2B – 1
Workplan

Project Title: Profiling of Indigenous Agriculture and Fishing Practices of Manobo Tribe in Barangay
Salangsang, Lebak, Sultan Kudrat – A Profiling System using C#

Total Duration (in months): 12 Planned Start: Month: January Year: 2019 ; Planned End: Month:
December Year2019

Months
Objectives Expected Activity
Outputs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(For all
objectives)
1. Profile the 1. A complete Profile the step by
indigenous profile of step agriculture
agriculture and Manobo tribe and fishing
Indigenous practices of
fishing practices
agriculture and Manobo tribe by
of Manobo tribe fishing
by interviewing, taking picture and
practices,
videos of every
taking pictures ranging from
steps.
and videos, and field crops,
focus group animal Conduct Focus
discussion; husbandry,
Group Discussion
horticulture,
and interview
and fishing
technique.

2. Develop an 2. A functional Develop a

interactive computer computer
system of application application using a
different system, which Microsoft Visual
indigenous display an Studio software
practices using organized with C# as a
C#, information programming
that includes language
details about
the step by step
with picture
and videos of
different
indigenous
practices.

3. Create a 3. A functional Create a database

database for database that that store all the
data collection store data data.
storage collected that
can be easily Finalization of
back-up for paper
future
references.
 DOST Form No. 2B – 2

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Project Line-Item Budget
CY 2018

Period Covered : January 2019 – December 2019

Project Title: : PROFILING OF INDIGENOUS AGRICULTURE AND FISHING

PRACTICES OF MANOBO TRIBE IN BARANGAY SALANGSANG, LEBAK,
SULTAN KUDARAT – A PROFILING SYSTEM USING C#

Project Leader : MAILYNE V. BACONGCO

Agency : SKSU

I. PERSONNEL SERVICES Total * Counterpart DOST/PCIEERD

Budget Funding Funding

Personnel Services 50,000.00

II. MAINTENANCE AND OPERATING EXPENSES

Transportations and Logistics 100,000.00

Office Supplies Expenses (bond paper,

expanded folders, expanded envelopes,
3,500.00
fasteners, printer ink, hard board papers, plastic
ring, glue)

Digital Camera 10,000.00

Digital Recorder 4,000.00

Contingency (10% of MOOE) 11,750.00

Total for MOOE 129,250.00

GRAND TOTAL 179,250.00