ANATOMY OF PIGEON (Columba domestica)

By :
Name : Mellya Rizki Pitriani
Student ID : B1B017031
Group : VI
Subgroup :1
Assistant : Siti Munawaroh

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Aves is a vertebrate that lives on land, has feathers almost all over its body
and wings derived from the middle and distal body elements that can be used to fly.
Aves is not so much different from the reptilian who became his ancestors. Feathers
are important special structures for birds as aviators and this is the class in
subphylum vertebrates that achieve success combine bipedal properties with flying
(Hildebrand, 1984).
Aves can fly due to having wings that are aerodynamic, and supported by
several other adaptations such as body shape, body weight, the coffers of air. This
aerodynamic capability creates wind speeds from the top and bottom directions
arranged by the Aves wing to lift and lower the flying altitude. This is also the
underlying creation of aircraft (Radiopoetro, 1996).
Pigeon (Columba domestica) is one of the Aves classes. These birds include
warm-blooded animals and breed with ovipar or egg-laying. Columba domestica is
able to recognize its habitat. When the bird is released it will return to its nest (Stoner
& Usinger, 1957).
The pigeon (Columba domestica) is the domestication of Columba livia. The
body of a dove consists of the head (cap), cervix (neck), truncus (body), and cauda
(tail). This Order has the characteristics of short and thin beak with a pattern on the
base and large ingluvius (Radiopoetro, 1977).
Pigeon birds have a special adaptation of the crop gland is divided into two
parts on the crop wall on both sides. Storage substances called pigeon milk that enter
into the crop cavity and are removed from the esophagus and given to the baby bird
to help obtain the food (Weichert, 1959).
Pigeon (Columba domestica) is used as a practicum material because it has a
relatively large body so easily observed. Pigeons can also be obtained easily.
Columba domestica also has complete organs to represent the Aves class.

B. Purpose
The purpose of this practical lab is to observe and study morphology and
pigeon anatomy (Columba domestica).
 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
A. Material
The materials that used in this practice are pigeon (Columba domestica),
chloroform, tissue, and tap water.
The tools that used in this practice are surgical scissors, tweezers, knives,
and tub preparations.

B. Methods
The methods that used in this activity are:
1. Birds drugged using chloroform, then placed on a tub.
2. The base of the beak is opened wide, to see the parts of the cavity oris.
3. The feathers on the chest wetted first with water then plucked.
4. Skin that binds the chest area, caches and neck removed.
5. Surgery is performed on the origo part of the muscle, the carina sterni part,
surgery done with care as will be about the musculus pectoralis minor located
underneath.
6. Musculus pectoralis major opened, then abdominal surgery starting from the
front of the cloaca to the front that is on the right and left of the base of the
sterni by cutting the ribs up to the fractula bone. Be careful in surgery on the
abdomen, chest and neck because there are air sacs.
7. Organs in pigeons are observed from the digestive organs to their genitals.
 Font 14

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

2 spasi
A. Result 1.5 spasi

Picture 3.1. Morphology of Nilem Fish (Osteochilus vittatus) 1 spasi

2 spasi
Drawing Details :
2 spasi
1. Operculum
1.5 spasi
2. Maxilla
3. Mandibula
4. Misae
5. Nostril
B. Discussion
The body of a pigeon (Columba domestica) is distinguished by the caput,
cervix, truncus and cauda. A pair of exterior extremes is a wing that folds like a Z
when not flying. Posterior flexibility in the form of legs, muscles, flesh, and thighs
are strong, while the bottom is scaly and clawed (Jasin, 1989).
The classification of Columba domestica by Jasin (1989) is as follows:
Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum : Vertebrata
Class : Aves
Order : Columbiformes
Family : Columbidae
Genus : Columba
Species : Columba domestica
The pigeon is the domestication of Columba livia. The body of a pigeon
consists of the head (cap), cervix (neck), truncus (body), and cauda (tail). This Order
has the characteristics of short and thin beak with a pattern on the base and large
ingluvius (Radiopoetro, 1977).
Birds have certain characteristics that the whole body covered with feathers,
except the crus that is tarso metatarsus area covered with horn scales. Fur is a result
of epidermal growth that is useful to isolate body heat to the surrounding conditions.
Columba domestica body temperature is relatively stable. Another thing that
distinguishes aves with other low vertebrates is body temperature, the ability to fly,
the development of sound, hearing, and eyesight and how to nurture the egg and its
child (Djuhanda, 1982).
Columba domestica feathers have a flexible, glossy and waterproof epidermal
structure. Some types of feathers of body coverings on pigeons are the outer feather
and the inner feathers or the fine hairs. The outer feather is flat (except for the soft
feather, its location is lower, that is basically) and together it is held by small thorns
(Alters, 1999).
An aves hair oil gland is found around the skin and boils down to the roots of
the fur. The sap is called sebum, serves to remove the hair and make the hair is not
dry. In addition, it is necessary to coat the outer part of the skin in order to withstand
acidic objects, bad weather, and stiffening of hard objects. The oil is also needed
vitamin D by UV and sunlight. The contained cholesterol will turn into vitamin D
(Abed et all., 2014).
Columba domestica has a supporter of the body that is on the back leg, and
the rest of the siblings turn into a part that helps to fly. The wings are composed of
many coat-covered feathers to cover the arm, as a consequence of the modified front
leg or arm and with heavy load on the fly it can not be used to hold or hold food.
Pigeons produce fecal materials, to reduce the weight of the load on the fly. Pigeons
do not have a place to store the appropriate food so that it will soon be issued (Walter
and Sayles, 1959).
Morphology The body of the bird is distinguished over the head (cap), collar
(neck), the usual long truncus (body), and tail (cauda). A pair of anterior extremities
are alae (wings) folded like Z on a bird's body when not flying. The posterior
extremities are legs, thigh muscle muscles are strong, while the bottom is scaly and
clawed. Truncus digestivus consists of cavity oris continued to a short pharynx, then
a long esophagus and an extension called crop that is used as a temporary stockpile
of food, from the stomach will be continued by the intestinum divided into the
smooth part and the end is the rectum to the cloaca and last to the anus (Jasin, 1989).
The part of the head consists of the beak, a structure constructed of horn, eye
(superior palpebra and inferior palpebra), nictitant membrane, outer ear hole and
nares externa that contain a thickening of skin called cerome can open and close the
nostrils. The limbs (extrimities) are entirely covered in fur except on the beak and
legs (Djuhanda, 1982).
According Tanudimandja (1978), distinguish male and female pigeons can
distinguished also by how to hold the body pigeon correctly, position
horizontal body, then straighten the pigeon neck vertically, when the neck shape
from
head to body are equally large can be ascertained male pigeons however
when the shape of the neck pigeon narrowed slightly in the middle is a female pigeon
and the color of the male pigeon's dander is more lustrous than the female pigeons.
The differences in the characteristics of the male and female high pigeons have quite
distinct differences that can be known through the head, leg, neck and toe. In the
male high pigeon the head surface looks rough and visible more masculine, strong
leg bones, large neck and tend to be stiff, and fingers his legs are long. In high
female pigeons the surface of the head is flat and looks smooth, his leg bones are
slimmer and his neck looks small and limp and toes short tendering.
The digestive system in pigeons (Columba domestica) consists of the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and ends in cloaca. Digestive glands of
pigeons include pancreas and liver. Pigeons do not have vesica felea, because
pigeons are grain-eating animals that do not contain much fat so do not have vesica
felea that serves to emulsify fat. The digestive organs in the bird are divided into the
digestive tract and the digestive gland. The digestive tract of the bird consists of the
beak and is a modification of the tooth, the oral cavity, the pharynx in the form of a
short channel, the esophagus in the middle of the neck base extends into a cache
which is a temporary storage place and then into the stomach. The stomach is divided
into two, gastric and gastric stomach muscles. Digestion continues into the small
intestine consisting of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and then into the large intestine and
empties into the cloaca. Duodenum is shaped like the letter U and the proximal and
distal part there is pancreas, ductus sisticus empties into the distal duodenum that
carries bile from the liver directly to the gastrointestinal system. Jejunum and ileum
ie the small intestine after the duodenum, intestine parts are not real, rectum is the
rough intestine that empties into cloaca (Water & Sayles, 1959).
The respiratory system in Columba domestica consists of trachea which
continues as two bronchi in siring (sound device). The lungs are equipped with air
sacs (there are nine pieces, four in pairs and one median). The active phase of
respiration is its expiratory and inhalation phase (Brotowidjoyo, 1990).
Columba domestica requires high levels of oxygen because of the high
metabolism in the body, the lungs are relatively small and precise. The outer bulge
forms a pair of air sacs that enter several parts of the body, even into the cavity and
inside the bone mixed with the bone marrow outside the lungs. The pouch will
expand to allow deflated air to enter the lungs as the muscles of the body contract
especially during flight (Djuhanda, 1982).
Male pigeons have testes of a pair, oval or round, the slippery surface of the
penis, located next to the ventral of the most cranial penis lobes, as the breeding
season is enlarged, is the site for the manufacture and storage of spermatozoa. The
reproductive tract is the mesonephor tubule forming the ductus afferens and
epididymis. Ductus wolf curled and formed ductus defferens. In small birds, the long
distal ductus defferens forms a spindle called glomere. Near the posterior glomere of
the ductus afferens dilate to form a ductus ampulla that empties into cloaca as ductus
ejakulatori. Ductus afferens is associated with a small epididymis then into the
ductus defferens. Ductus defferens has nothing to do with the ureter when it enters
cloaca (Pratiwi, 1996).
Reproductive system Female pigeons consist of oviduct, ovary, fallopian
tube, tubal osteum, bursa fibrisi and empties into the cloaca. The main organ of the
reproductive system in female pigeons is the ovary, in addition to the eagle, the aves
ovaries that develop only the left and are located in the dorsal portion of the
abdominal cavity. The reproductive duct is an oviduct that develops only the left
side, its shape is long, curled, attached to the body wall by mesosilfing and divided
into several parts, the anterior part is an infundibulum that has an open part leading to
the cavity of the selom as an ostium surrounded by fimbre-fimbre, next to the
posterior is a magnum that will secrete albumin, then the stimulus that secretes the
membrane of the egg inside and outside. Uterus or shell gland to produce lime shells
(Pratiwi, 1996).
Based on the location of the feathers are divided into 3 kinds of remiges,
tetrices, and retrices. Remiges in the form of large fur on the wings, symmetrical
shape, used for flying. Tectrises are small feathers covering the bird's body. Rectrises
are tail feathers, symmetrical in shape, used as steering while flying. Based on the
structure, the feathers are divided into 3 kinds, namely: plumae, plumulae and
filoplumae. The plumae consists of calamus, rachis, hemp, radii and radioli.
Filoplumae consists only of calamus and hemp alone. Plumulae is a feather that is
smaller than plumae, has a short calamus, vexillum pigeon is not solid because there
is no radioli. Filoplumae is also called hair hair because it looks like a hair only built
by calamus and hemp. They all form a feather or vexillum flag. Plumulae is a very
fine feather (Djuhanda, 1982).
Pigeons (Columba domestica) have three kinds of muscles in the ventral part
of the musculus pectoralis major, musculus pectoralis minor dan musculus coraco
brachialis. Musculus pectoralis major is the largest muscle origonya found in the
carina sterni and sterni stale, while insertion contained on the bones of the humerus
that serves to pull the wings down. Musculus pectoralis minor origo contained in the
sternum and insertio contained in the humerus of this muscle serves to lift the wings.
While the musculus coraco brachialis can be a pair of muscles that work
antagonistically, both have origo on the brachial bone coraco and insertio on the
bones of the humerus. Musculus coraco brachialis serves to rotate the wings. The
coraco brachialis muscle is foramentrioceus, there are several bones of the humerus,
coracoid and scapula (Djuhanda, 1982).
 IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the result can be concluded that :

1. Morphology of pigeon (Columba domestica) is head (cap), cervix (neck),
truncus (body), and cauda (tail). The characteristics of short and thin beak
with a pattern on the base and large ingluvius.
2. Anatomy of pigeon (Columba domestica) is digestive system, urogenitalia
system, respiration system, the feathers of pigeon, and muscle of pigeon.
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 Choudhary, P., Sudhamani, S., Pandit, A. & Kiri, V., 2012. Comparison of Modified
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