Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT
August, 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Report
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4.2.1 General..................................................................................................................4-1
4.3 OPTION-2: CONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE INTERCEPTOR DRAINS PARALLEL TO HAKRA
BRANCH CANAL WITH OUTFALL IN OLD HAKRA RIVER BED 4-7
4.3.1 Open Ditch/Surface Interceptor Drain System.....................................................4-11
4.3.2 Location of Surface Interceptor Drains................................................................4-11
4.4 Cost of Surface Interceptor Drains 4-11
4.5 OPTION-3: CONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE INTERCEPTOR DRAINS, PARALLEL TO HB CANAL
AND SURFACE/SEEPAGE DRAINS IN THE COMMAND AREA WITH COMBINED OUTFALL IN OLD
HAKRA RIVER BED 4-12
4.5.1 Cost Estimate.......................................................................................................4-12
4.6 OPTION-4: CONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE INTERCEPTOR DRAINS, PARALLEL TO HB CANAL
AND SURFACE DRAINS IN THE COMMAND AREA WITH LIFTED OUTFALL IN HAKRA BRANCH
4-15
4.6.1 Cost Estimate.......................................................................................................4-15
4.7 TUBEWELLS ON COMMAND AREA DRAINS 4-18
4.7.1 General................................................................................................................4-18
4.7.2 Optimum Size of Tube well..................................................................................4-18
4.7.3 Drainable Surplus................................................................................................4-18
4.7.4 Number of Tube Wells.........................................................................................4-19
4.7.5 Design of a New Tube Well..................................................................................4-19
4.7.6 Spacing between Tube wells................................................................................4-21
4.7.7 Appurtenant and Disposal Works........................................................................4-21
4.7.8 Electrification of Tubewells..................................................................................4-21
4.8 Extension of existing drainage system 4-21
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................5-1
5.1 EVALUTATION OF OPTIONS 5-1
5.2 COMPARISON OF OPTIONS 5-3
5.3 RECOMMENDE PLAN 5-4
6 AGRICULTURE STUDIES (OF RECOMMENDE PLAN)............................................6-1
6.1 General6-1
6.2 Extent of Water logging 6-1
6.3 Status of Water logging Control through Groundwater Abstraction 6-3
6.3.1 Status of Tubewells in the Project Area.................................................................6-3
6.4 Existing Agriculture 6-3
6.4.1 Land Use Pattern...................................................................................................6-3
6.4.2 Farm Size and Farm Number:................................................................................6-4
6.4.3 Land Tenure System:..............................................................................................6-4
6.4.4 Farms Fragmentation:............................................................................................6-4
6.4.5 Present Cropping Pattern and Intensities..............................................................6-5
6.4.6 Existing Crop Yields & Productions........................................................................6-5
6.5 Farm Practices 6-6
6.6 Farm Inputs 6-6
6.7 Farm Labour 6-6
6.8 Future Development “Without” Project 6-7
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Report
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LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF TABLES
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LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annex -A: Summary of Works
Annex -B: Cost Estimate of Recommended Plan
Annex -C: Drawings
Annex -D: Economic and Financial Analysis
Annex -E: Agriculture Studies
Annex -F: Ground Water Quality Survey by (PIAIP)
Annex -G: Ground Water Depth Measurement
Annex -H: Discharge Measurement (At Site)
Annex -I: List of Structures on Hakra Branch Canal
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1.1 GENERAL
The proposed project is located in the south-eastern part of Punjab Province. It covers part
of the tehsils of Bahawalnagar, Haroonabad and Chishtian in Bahawalnagar District. The
area is bordered on the northwest by the Malik Branch canal, on the south by lands served
by the Hakra canal and on the east by India.
Gross command area (GCA) under the project is 670,665 acres and Cultivable commanded
Area (CCA) is about 547,444 acres. There are approximately 242,000 inhabitants, living in a
rural setting with many villages. Major town in the area is Haroonabad. Two other small
towns Dunga Bunga and Dahranwala also fall into project area. The study area is located in
the Hakra command area, between latitude 29°3′35″ N to 29°56′3″ N and longitude
72°14′35″ E to 73°26′17″ E. Detailed location map of the Hakra Canal is shown in Figure 1-1.
The problem of people regarding seepage around Hakra Canal is very much grave which
needs immediate attention. Due to seepage water, a considerable area along canal has
become barren/ turned into thick bush-land.
Local inhabitant of Tehsil Haroonabad and Tehsil Fort-Abbas are making hue and cry over
the grossly reduced yield of their agriculture land owing to aggravated water logging
problem. Issue has been highlighted from time to time; Roznama Dunya on 06-03-2013,
Naw-e-waqat on 06-03-2013, Roznama Aosaf on 07-03-2013, Roznama Pakistan on 11-03-
2015 and Daily Dawn on 06-05-2015. Issue is also been highlighted on electronic media. Mr.
Sohail Warriach highlighted the issue in his program “Meray Mutabiq” on 21-03-2015 at Geo
TV. Mr. Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Shami highlighted the issue on 26-03-2015 in his program
“Nuqta Nazar” at Dunya TV. Local inhabitants have highlighted their problem before CM
Secretariat, Secretary Irrigation, Chief Engineer Irrigation Bahawalpur and District
Administration level.
The Consultants own inspection of the canal also confirms the existence of severe seepage
problem in the canal reach between RD RD 20+000 to RD 50+000 and RD 165+000 to
260+000 on left side of HB canal and RD 185+000 to 275+000 on right side of HB canal, as
shown in Figure 1-2.
PIAIP Consultants studied the depth to water table maps along Hakra Canal by Directorate of
Land Reclamation (DLR) of Punjab Irrigation Department. A total of 53,000 acres of area is
affected by waterlogging including about 15,000 acres of severely waterlogged agricultural
land. The same has been confirmed by the consultants during their site visit along with the
client.
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Figure DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA-2 Depths to Water Table Map by DLR (at present)
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1.3.1 Population
1998 census of Pakistan, the population of Bahawalnagar District was 2,061,447 of
which 19.10% were urban. Average annual growth rate was 3.2 percent. Total area of
the district is 8,878 square kilometers which gives population density of 232 persons per
square kilometer. Urban population was 391,674 or 19.10 percent of the total population
of the district which grew at an average rate of 4.3 percent during 1981-98. The
population of the district is predominantly Muslims i.e. 96.7 percent, while minorities are
very small in numbers.
1.3.2 Topography
The area consists of both, alluvial and Aeolian plains. The Sutlej River and former Hakra
River constituted the active and abandoned alluvial flood plains. The rolling dune-
covered Aeolian plains are constituted by the Cholistan Desert. The topography of the
area is generally flat with outcropping sand dunes. Natural drainage is lacking in the area.
The natural surface level varies from 479 ft to 535 ft above mean sea level. The lands are
sloping in the southwest direction. The topsoil is medium-textured and is underlain by thick
sand and silt of several hundred meters. The occurrence of compact and calcareous
silty/clay non-continuous layers at varying depths that restrict the groundwater flow to
deeper layers and act as barriers is reported. The alluvial deposits are formed during
recent and Pleistocene ages.
1.3.3 Soils
The soils of the Project area have formed in mixed calcareous alluvium derived mainly from
the Himalayan Mountains during Pleistocene and Sub-recent periods. Two landforms
namely, the Dissected Pleistocene sand plain (78.8%) and Subrecent flood plain (21.3%) of
Hakra-Sutlej river systems have been recognized in the Project area.
The fine textured soils consisting of silty clays/clays occupy interdunal flats which cover
23.9% of the total Project area. The moderately fine and medium textured soils occupy 2.8%
and 2.4% of area and comprise of silty clay loams/clay loams and silt loams/very fine sandy
loams/loams, respectively.
The coarse to moderately coarse textured soils comprise nearly level loamy fine sands
which occupy 22.1%, gently undulating stable sands 10.0% and undulating to rolling shifting
sands 38.8% of the Project area.
Based on genetic age and geomorphologic characteristics of the soils, the survey area
comprises two distinct terraces: (1) Pleistocene Terrace and (2) Sub-recent Terrace. The
parent material of both terraces is river alluvium, deposited in different periods. Pleistocene
terrace (an oldest terrace) and Sub-recent flood plain occupy 17.6 percent and 82.4 percent,
respectively.
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The former terrace lies at a relatively higher elevation than the latter. The soils of the
Pleistocene terrace ate deeply developed and are of brighter colors (brown to yellowish-
brown), while those of the Sub-recent flood plain are less deeply homogenized and of darker
colors (brown to dark-brown). The soils of both terraces are predominantly coarse-loamy to
loamy (sandy loams, fine sandy loams and loams) and are moderately calcareous.
Secondary lime accumulation in the form of lime cankers (nodules) are also encountered in
sub-strata of some Pleistocene terrace soils. The pH values of normal soils range from 8.0 to
8.2, while those of saline-sodic are around 8.8, The present configuration is due to wind-
water action that has partly modified it and gives rise to high sandy ridges / dunes
associated with interdunal hollows locally called "dahar", and nearly level plains. The other
contrasting features of the landscape are the abandoned, extremely saline, but moderately
sodic, low-lying areas subject to accumulation of run-off and seepage water from the
adjoining high, very permeable sandy areas, generally sown to high-delta crops.
1.3.4 Climate
The climate of the study area is hot and dry. The area has arid climate except during the
July-September monsoon season. Average annual rainfall is about 13 inches (339 mm).
With pan evaporation in excess of 29 inches (730mm), irrigation is essential for agriculture.
The hottest month is June with average maximum temperature of 46 o C while the average
mean monthly temperature for June is 35o C. January is the coolest month with average
maximum temperature of 24o C and minimum of 0o C whereas, average mean monthly
temperature is 13o C. A summary of the monthly temperatures and rainfall for BahawalNagar
is given in Table 1-1.
Table DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA-1 Mean Monthly Temperatures and Rainfall for
Bahawalnagar Climatological Station
1.3.6 Geology
Geologically, the area is located within the flat Indo-Gangetic plain that forms the surface of
an alleviated basin. The alluvial sediments in the basin were deposited in a structural
depression from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea. The Himalayan Mountains on the
North, the Suleiman Hills on the West and the Aravali Hills on the East bound the present
and ancestral flood plain of the Indus River and its principal tributaries. The alluvial
material transported by the stream from uplands has accumulated in the subsiding basin to
depths of several thousand feet. The floor of the basin is inferred as a highly irregular
surface, suggesting that the relief on the bed rock surface may be several thousand feet
deep and the alluvial deposits that fill the basin may vary considerably in thickness.
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1.3.7 Hydrogeology
The hydrogeological investigation indicated that highly porous to medium-grained sand
saturated with water to within a few to a few tens of feet constituted the unconsolidated
alluvial deposits underlying the Indus Plain. The thick sequence of unconsolidated sand,
silt and clay deposits forming the alluvium range date from the Pleistocene to recent, and
form a heterogeneous complex of discontinuous beds and lenses with limited vertical and
horizontal extents. The alluvial deposits bounded by less permeable rocks of the structural
basin form a huge groundwater reservoir (Kamal and Shamsi, 1965).
1.3.9 Drainage
Natural drainage of the area under study has been obstructed by the construction of
irrigation channels, roads and other obstructions with the result that runoff due to rain water
cannot find its way towards the rivers and accumulates in depressions located within the
study area. To evacuate the accumulated rainwater a surface drain i.e. FESS Drainage
system and 6-R Hakra system, has been constructed which provides relief to a part of the
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study area. FESS Drainage system 6R Hakra system outfalls in the Chamruwala toba in
smaller Cholistan.
The FESS Drainage system and 6R Hakra Drainage system runs in Tehsils of Haroonabad
and Fort Abbas, from different RD FESS and 6R drainage systems crossing from Hakra
Branch Canal Irrigation system. Shaheedwala, Dharanwala and Bhagsar Drains falls into
Main Haroonabad drain which falls into Outlet Drain .6-R Hakra Drainage system falls into
the same outfall drains which then lead to main outfall structure at Chamruwala Toba in
smaller Cholistan. .List of existing surface drains in Bahawalnagar District is given in Table
1-3.
Reconnaissance survey of FESS and 6-R Hakra drainage system was conducted to
evaluate the existing condition of drain and make discharge measurements to know the
quantum of flowing water in the drain. Survey revealed that existing Drainage systems are
non-operative almost throughout the Outfall structure, either due to thick aquatic growth or
construction of earthen dikes across the drain by the farmers to use the drain water for
irrigation purposes.
The drainage system in the entire District Bahawalnagar is not properly working due to plug
bunds, weed growth, mushroom etc. After execution of bed clearance, the ground water will
be depleted from the water logged area into drains and as a result the crops will be
cultivated to give more yield as well as the adjoining abadies will be safe and sound.
1. Bed of Drains is at high level from their designed bed level and not executed properly
up to designed level.
2. Slush and garbage exist in the regime with Mushroom growth of Sarkanda / Wild
Grass, bushes etc.
3. Residents of adjoining abadies have made unauthorized crossing bunds for crossing
the vehicles etc and seepage water is not smoothly running in the existing regime.
The other surface drainage system which exists are Fordwah Sadiqia Remaining System
and Upper Drainage System of the District Bahawalnagar. These drainage systems were
designed and constructed in 2004 with a design discharge of 232 cusecs. This surface
drainage network has been choked with weeds and expected efficiency is about 40% with
certain parts of sub drains, is completely non-operative.
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Table DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA-3 Salient Feature of Drainage Network in District Bahawalnagar
1 Sohail Drain 60000 12.00 57 Cs 11.00' 10.50' 3.0' 2.90' 16 Bahawalnagar L Sutlej River
2 Sadiqia Drain 120000 24.00 263 Cs 30.00' 4.0' 4.55' 2.10' 150 Bahawalnagar L Sutlej River
Bahawalnagar
3 72183 14.44 40 Cs 10.00' 6.0' 2.42' 1.0' 36 Bahawalnagar 33+100 R Sadiqia Drain
Lower Drain
Bahawalnagar Lower
4 1-R Drain 15800 3.16 05 Cs 6.00' 6.0' 0.90' 0.90' 7 Bahawalnagar 55+700 R
Drain
Kali Budhi Outfall
5 14000 2.80 300 Cs 20.00' 20.0' 5.60' 5.60' 175 Bahawalnagar L Sutlej River
Drain
Kali Budhi Existing Kali Bhuddi outfall
6 85000 17.00 300 Cs 20.00' 6.0' 5.80' 1.50' 175 Bahawalnagar 14+223 L
Drain Drain
Kali Bhuddi Existing
7 Bahawalgarh Drain 20000 4.00 14 Cs 7.25' 6.0' 1.50' 1.0' 14 Bahawalnagar 39+827 R
Drain
Kali Bhuddi Existing
8 Mirza Drain 19000 3.80 10 Cs 7.40' 7.0' 1.20' 0.90' 9 Bahawalnagar 66+260 R
Drain
Kali Budhi Link Kali Bhuddi Existing
9 24859 4.97 300 Cs 20.00' 10.0' 5.80' 5.20' 166 Bahawalnagar 35+360 L
Drain Drain
Bahawalnagar Kali Bhuddi Link
10 121000 24.20 160 Cs 16.00' 4.0' 4.40' 1.40' 109 Bahawalnagar 13+450 R
Upper Drain Drain
Bahawalnagar Upper
11 1-L Drain 28000 5.60 33 Cs 8.00' 4.0' 2.25' 1.50' 28 Bahawalnagar 4+745 L
Drain
Bahawalnagar Upper
12 2-L Drain 40000 8.00 57 Cs 12.00' 4.0' 2.60' 1.50' 45 Bahawalnagar 9+093 L
Drain
Kali Bhuddi Link
13 3-L Drain 118000 23.60 140 Cs 10.00' 6.0' 5.20' 4.0' 93 Bahawalnagar 24+859 R
Drain
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Bahawalnagar Upper
14 Peergarh Drain 22500 4.46 15 Cs 7.25' 6.0' 1.50' 1.0' 15 Bahawalnagar 49+745 L
Drain
6-R HAKRA COMMAND DRAINAGE SYSTEM
30+000
15 Outfall Drain to 9.77 552 Cs 41.00' 36.0' 5.50' 5.30' 184 Bahawalnagar 14+000 L Out fall Drain (FESS)
78+850
0+000 to
16 Drain A 109+65 21.93 228 Cs 21.00' 4.0' 4.40' 1.65' 76 Bahawalnagar 78+850 R Out fall Drain RD
0
0+000 to
17 Drain B 5.97 42 Cs 6.00' 5.0' 3.0' 2.30' 13 Bahawalnagar 64+300 L Drain A
29+850
0+000 to
18 Drain C 8.01 54 Cs 7.00' 6.0' 3.40' 3.0' 18 Bahawalnagar 25+160 L Drain A
40+040
19 Drain D 116000 23.2 156 Cs 12.00' 4.0' 4.50' 2.0' 52 Bahawalnagar 78+850 L Out fall Drain
29 Qaziwala Drain 31996 6.40 118 Cs 6.0' 6.0' 5.01' 4.54 35 Bahawalnagar 27+380 R Haroonabad Drain
30 Jandwala Drain 199800 39.96 243 Cs 20.00' 4.0' 4.83' 3.94' 136 Bahawalnagar 43+692 R Shaeed Drain
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31 AD 6 Drain 5238 1.05 10 Cs 4.00' 4.0' 1.80' 1.80' 7 Bahawalnagar 43+540 L Jandwala Drain
32 AD 3 Drain 7932 1.59 9 Cs 4.00' 4.0' 1.70' 1.70' 3 Bahawalnagar 88+506 R Jandwal Drain
33 Bhagsar Drain 132000 26.40 170 Cs 12.00' 6.0' 5.05' 2.85' 50 Bahawalnagar 39+681 L Haroonabad Drain
34 AD-8 and 1-L Drain 20727 4.15 18 Cs 5.00' 4.0' 2.0' 2.0' 3 Bahawalnagar 132115 L Baghsar Drain
35 Badruwala Drain 17110 3.42 17 Cs 4.00' 4.0' 2.20' 2.15' 3 Bahawalnagar 48+662 R Baghsar Drain
37 Noor Sar Drain 124000 24.80 184 Cs 10.00' 4.0' 4.45' 3.32' 70 Bahawalnagar 115+000 L Chishtian Main Drain
38 1-L Noor Sar Drain 11500 2.30 24 Cs 4.00' 4.0' 2.17' 2.17' 25 Bahawalnagar 56+616 L Noorsar Drain
156+10
39 Kokni Drain 56250 11.25 110 Cs 6.00' 4.0' 2.85' 2.17' 26 Bahawalnagar L Chishtian Main Drain
8
200+00
40 Madrasa Drain 16300 3.26 36 Cs 4.00' 4.0' 2.89' 2.89' 6 Bahawalnagar L Chishtian Main Drain
0
220+90
41 Takhat Mahal Drain 25000 5.00 84 Cs 4.00' 4.0' 3.91' 2.55' 19 Bahawalnagar L Chishtian Main Drain
0
235+49
42 Hafiz Wala Drain 89000 17.80 271 Cs 12.00' 4.0' 5.35' 2.95' 80 Bahawalnagar L Chishtian Main Drain
1
43 Yarwah Drain 47000 9.40 108 Cs 6.00' 4.0' 4.62' 3.14' 22 Bahawalnagar 11+132 R Taliwala Drain
44 1-R Yarwah Drain 11000 2.20 25 Cs 4.00' 4.0' 2.20' 2.20' 8 Bahawalnagar 19+054 R Yarwah Drain
45 Taliwala Drain 29000 5.80 133 Cs 7.00' 4.0' 4.92' 2.98' 13 Bahawalnagar 14+833 L Hafizwala Drain
46 Shera Drain 21000 4.20 40 Cs 4.00' 4.0' 3.26' 2.39' 15 Bahawalnagar 46+972 R Hafizwala Drain
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Figure DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA-3 Layout Plan of Existing Drainage Network in Bahawal Nagar District
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Table DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA-4 Discharges and Commanded Areas of Hakra Canal
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Source: http://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk
Almost all the length of canal bed is below natural surface level (NSL). The canal is 57 miles
long; there are twelve (12) intermediate regulators for control of water surface levels as there
are number of off-takes or other works which require such control. Hakra branch canal
trifurcates into Hakra left distributary, Flood channel and Hakra right distributary.
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sufficient flows are available. However, high water demands are in early Rabi for Wheat
sowing also met by the enhanced canal flows. The flow duration relationship curve of the
canal is depicted in Figure 2-10.
The discharge analysis (March, 2006 to January, 2016) shows that on average 55% of the
time, the Canal has been flowing with discharge ranging from 2,200 to 2,800 Cs. The canal
remained closed for 10% of the time. For the remaining 35% of the time, the flow remained
in the range of 2,100 to 1,100 Cs. Weighted average discharge of Hakra canal was 1,960
Cs.
10 Daily Period 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 AVG
1 0 0 668 0 0 0 0 0 0 74
January 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 555 1153 0 0 0 190
1 419 1466 1457 582 2326 2007 1257 759 980 1250
February 2 2223 2317 2404 1938 2525 2167 1361 2235 2472 2182
3 2355 2049 2449 1549 2552 2142 819 2353 2550 2091
1 2258 1819 2100 2000 2386 2066 1929 2264 1408 2026
March 2 2032 1518 1714 1725 2533 1583 2199 2034 1068 1823
3 2418 1287 132 1806 2600 1677 1677 1713 1639 1661
1 2198 1760 1852 1783 2404 2064 1338 1866 1297 1840
April 2 2357 2310 2497 1542 2257 1819 1945 2134 1502 2040
3 2341 2069 2524 1979 2461 1260 2180 2364 2453 2181
1 2491 1916 2451 2219 2637 1761 2154 1655 2590 2208
May 2 2659 1871 2418 1819 2677 1569 2192 2414 2605 2247
3 2638 2328 2584 1816 2773 821 2295 2555 2650 2273
1 2279 2207 2600 2650 2789 1667 2350 1920 2700 2351
June 2 2226 2538 2576 2577 2800 1601 2320 2589 2741 2441
3 2423 2538 2424 2684 2800 2150 2400 2618 2750 2532
1 2180 2542 2600 2700 2878 2305 2405 2710 2100 2491
July 2 2535 2449 2676 2700 2726 2306 2485 2766 1943 2510
3 2614 2582 2683 2743 2473 2332 2473 2732 1931 2507
1 2633 2530 2599 2634 1501 2306 2450 2730 357 2193
August 2 2641 2351 2631 2650 2423 2365 1468 2730 1979 2360
3 2664 1698 2671 2651 1895 2292 1149 2809 2468 2255
1 2700 2523 2624 2658 60 2146 2447 2132 1817 2123
September 2 2473 2376 1817 2589 273 887 2376 2617 2421 1981
3 2388 2493 1544 2549 1817 2086 1918 2724 1349 2096
1 1651 1738 1595 1837 1872 1918 1801 2609 2077 1900
October 2 2070 1813 1402 1230 2088 2018 2074 2756 2390 1982
3 138 933 1730 2032 1499 2175 1817 2190 2301 1646
1 1835 2433 2446 2009 2017 2079 1945 2461 2297 2169
November 2 2122 2557 2192 2338 2165 2322 2081 2635 2305 2302
3 2188 2502 2292 2519 2298 2295 2098 2706 2395 2366
1 2211 2356 2016 2245 2284 2350 2262 2482 2330 2282
December 2 2272 2396 2124 2519 2214 2193 1851 1972 2402 2216
3 1403 1897 1543 1894 1802 1768 1703 1652 2132 1755
No. of Days with 48 39 39 36 40 31 38 38 43 39
Zero Discharge
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Figure DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA-5 Flow duration curve for Hakra Branch Canal
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1.4.3 Influence of Full Supply Level on Seepage of Hakra Canal along Adjoining Area
L-section of Hakra canal shows that in many reaches of the canal, its full supply levels are
higher than the natural ground surface and as we travel downstream, difference between full
supply level and ground surface level increases. In other words ground surface is much
lower than the canal full supply level. Where there is ground surface much lower than the
canal full supply level, drainage problem along the canal also increases. The L-Section of
Hakra Canal is given in Figure 1-6 depicting natural ground surface levels, bed levels and
full supply levels of Hakra Canal.
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2.1 INTRODUCTION
Water table depth along Hakra Branch (HB) Canal RD 20+000 to 50+000 on left side, RD
165+000 to 260+000 on left side of HB canal and RD 185+000 to 275+000 on right side of
HB canal, is shallow due to seepage from the unlined canal. Agricultural lands have become
waterlogged and have gone out of production. The problem of people regarding seepage
around Hakra Canal is very much grave which needs immediate attention. Due to seepage
water a considerable area along canal has become barren/ turned into thick bush-land. Local
inhabitant of Tehsil Haroonabad and Tehsil Fort-Abbas are making hue and cry over the
grossly reduced yield of their agriculture land owing to aggravated water logging problem.
The Consultants own inspection of the canal also confirms the existence of severe seepage
problem in the said reaches, as shown in Figure 2-1.
For the analysis and causes of the waterlogging problem, the Consultant has considered the
following:
Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-7 Depths to Water Table Map for Area Adjoining Hakra
Branch Canal (October 2014)
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During the feasibility study of the SCARP-VIII in 1976, two test holes to the depth of 300 ft
and thirty-two shallow test holes of 50 to 100 ft were drilled by NESPAK to supplement the
WASID data for Ethological information. The WAPDA obtained additional lithological
information during 1985-86 by drilling twenty-two shallow test holes to depths of 100 to 150
feet while redefining the SCARP-VIII. All the lithological information is closely studied in this
report for characterizing the subsurface to estimate the net recharge to the water table.
Only along distributaries, minors and watercourses, groundwater tapped at very shallow
depths by hand pumps and tubewells is of less saline quality, and can be used for
irrigation purposes (NESPAK, 1992). The International Irrigation Management Institute
Pakistan, also collected groundwater samples from pits, tube wells and hand pumps and
analyzed for electrical conductivity as well (Aslam et al., 1999). They reported the quality of
groundwater at varying depths range from 0.44 to 8.23 mmhos/cm. The groundwater
development is very limited in the area, and only recently have some small tube wells been
installed close to irrigation channels to Land Reclamation Directorate, Punjab Irrigation
Department has installed groundwater level and quality monitoring network in Punjab
including Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone.
Ground water levels are reported as depth to water table below the ground surface (in feet
for the convenience of understanding by the farming community). Water quality parameters
reported are:
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These parameters define the quality of groundwater mainly from agricultural use point of
view. Data on the other parameters tested during the detailed chemical analysis (cations and
anions) are also available with DLR and may be compiled in due course of time. Field data
on groundwater levels and quality are compiled and analyzed for mapping various zones
indicating Depth to water table conditions and the suitability of groundwater for irrigated
agriculture.
Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-8 Water Quality Trends in Bahawal Nagar District
(EC in dS/m)
Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to brackish from salinity point of view;
and• Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005.
Regular monitoring of the water table is not being carried out in the project area. WAPDA
had prepared a depth to water table map in June 1987. According to the information
provided in the World Bank Staff Appraisal Report for the project, about 50 percent of the
project area is presently considered waterlogged with a permanent water table within 5 R.
(4.95 ft) of the surface. The estimate is that more than 45 percent of the supply from the
canal head up to farms percolates to the groundwater. Water logging first appeared on lands
in the upper reaches of the Hakra Branch and is gradually moving down stream channel
affecting an additional 15,000 acres (6,000 ha) each year. Currently, 11 percent of the area
has a groundwater table of less than 2.5 ft (0.76 m), 17 percent of 2.5-4 ft (0.76- 1.22 m) and
2 1 percent of 4-5 ft (1.22- 1.52 m).
In the project area, the average EC of the deep groundwater is about 19000 micromhos/cm.
The shallow water quality is also of a highly hazardous nature and the average electrical
conductivity of the project area is 12900 micromhos/cm. However, water quality at a very
shallow depth, tapped by hand pumps and along canals, is comparatively much better.
Some water samples from hand pumps and tube wells located along canals were collected
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by NESPAK during December 1991. Results of these sampling indicate that water from
these tube wells along the canals could be used for irrigation purposes.
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Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-12 Groundwater Levels for Post-Monsoon-2016 by PIAIP Consultants
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The aquifer constants are subject to spatial variability; a series of aquifer tests to ascertain
the alluvium characteristics of the study area for planning the drainage infrastructure
developments has been carried out in 1988, 1991, 1992, and 1997. The results of two
aquifer tests conducted by NESPAK-NDC in 1988 suggested the occurrence of an unconfined
aquifer system with transmissivity values ranging from 1,2911 to 16138 square ft per day.
Three additional aquifer tests in 1991 by NESPAK also suggested an unconfined aquifer
with transmissivity values varying between 7531 and 10221 square ft per day (Javed, 1998).
The preliminary results of two aquifer tests in 1992 by the Hydrogeology Directorate, WAPDA,
indicated a semi-confined aquifer system with a transmissivity value of 4842 square ft per day
and storativity value of 0.0001 (Javed, 1998).
The Hydrogeology Directorate carried out five tests in the study area in 1997. These
tests characterized the aquifer as consisting of unconsolidated alluvial deposits, with
groundwater under water table conditions, and with the upper ten-meter layer
composed of less permeable clay and silty clay. The aquifer test data were analyzed
using the United Nations' Groundwater Software for Windows (GWW); the transmissivity
values estimated vary between 5563 to 35084 square ft per day, and the coefficient of
storage ranges between 3.8E-7 and 6.5E-4 (Ismail and Mohiuddin, 1997).
Boonstra and Javed (1999) reanalyzed the aquifer test data of all the above-mentioned
tests using SATEM: Selected Aquifer Test Evaluation Methods, a microcomputer
program, to update the transmissivity map and to estimate the thickness and specific
yield values of the aquifer for the groundwater modeling of the study area. They discarded
the test data of one site each from the aquifer test sites in 1988, 1992 and 1997 because
large variations of transimissivity values resulted from time-drawdown, time-recovery
and residual-drawdown analyses of data. The lack of time-recovery data in one case
caused concern regarding the accuracy of data. They summarized the results of nine
aquifer tests suggesting the unconfined aquifer of 328-ft thickness, with transmissivity
values ranging from 7359 to 20 square ft per day for the study area. The specific yield
values are estimated on the lower side. They suggested adjusting and adopting a
single value of specific yield for the study area during the calibration of the groundwater
model. Summary of results is given in Table 2-1.
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Table SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-6 Summary of Aquifer Test Carried out in Bahawalnagar Area
Table SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-7 Summary of Aquifer Tests Carried out in Ganganagar District
The Inflow- outflow measurements in the selected channel reach were carried out by the
same observer using the same current meter at upper and lower ends of the study reach.
The conveyance loss measurements were carried out with due care and under steady flow
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conditions. Conveyance loss with inflow-outflow method has been computed as the
difference of measured discharges at the upstream end ,offtakes and downstream end of the
study reach. The results of the conveyance/seepage loss measurements are given in detail
below.
Measurements in each study reach are made during the time when stage of the canal
remained constant. (Detailed report is attached as Annex-H.)
This program is able to work with multiple soil types having anisotropic hydraulic conductivity
characteristics. The comprehensive nature of the program enables analyses ranging from
simple, saturated, steady state problems to sophisticated, saturated and unsaturated, time
dependent problems. Good quality output graphics allow a visual display of equipotential
lines and flow paths, and contours can be plotted for a number of properties/results such as
pore pressures, seepage velocities, and gradients. The software is capable enough to
employ for analysis and design of geotechnical, civil, hydrogeological, and mining
engineering problems.
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where:
H = Hydraulic head, = Hydraulic conductivity in the x-direction,
It is a two-dimensional non-linear second order PDE and caters for transient flow conditions;
its derivation involves the basic constitutive Darcy law for groundwater flow, given as below:
v = -k H
where:
v = Average velocity through soil media known as Darcian velocity
k = Hydraulic conductivity of soil material
Above mentioned partial differential equation (PDE) is time variant and states that ‘the
difference between the flow entering an elemental volume and leaving an elemental volume
at a point is equal to the change in the volumetric water content in a particular time’. If the
volume of influx equals to the volume of out flux then the equation caters for steady state
conditions, thus the right hand of the equation changes to zero.
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Canal/Drain Geometry
Material Properties
Boundary Conditions
1. Surface Drains
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Results depict that provision of proposed surface drains at 50 ft from bank of Hakra
canal would intercept 80% of Hakra canal seepage. Effectiveness of surface drains
reduce to 65% when proposed drains are analyzed at 100 ft distance from bank of
Hakra canal.
The results of seepage study are compiled in the Table 2-4 to Table 2-5. Graphical
results are shown in Figure 2-7 to Figure 2-10.
2. Tile Drains
Tile drains intercept about 90% of Hakra canal seepage, though Interceptor drains
causes to induce seepage from Hakra canal, as well.
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Table SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-9 Input Parameters & Results of Seepage Analysis for Proposed Surface Drains
Seepage
Soil Conductivity Depth to Seepage From Percentage
Case intercepted by
Conductivity Ratio GWT Hakra Canal Effectiveness
Drain
Kx (Ky/Kx) (ft) Cusec/RD (ft^3/sec) (%)
Left Right
Drain Drain
Drains @ 50ft from
0.00032 0.25 0 1.318 0.616 0.449 80.8
Canal Bank Hakra Canal
Drains @ 100ft from
0.00032 0.25 0 1.241 0.464 0.341 64.9
Canal Bank
Table SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-10 Input Parameters & Results of Seepage Analysis for Proposed Interceptor Drains
Seepage
Soil Conductivity Depth to Seepage From Percentage
Case intercepted by
Conductivity Ratio GWT Hakra Canal Effectiveness
Drain
Kx (Ky/Kx) (ft) Cusec/RD (ft^3/sec) (%)
Left Right
Drain Drain
Drains @ 50ft from
0.00032 0.25 0 1.735 0.846 0.776 90
Canal Bank
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Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-14 Hakra Canal with Proposed Surface Drains (Drains @50ft from Canal Bank Toe)
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Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-15 Hakra Canal with Proposed Surface Drains (Drains @100ft from Canal Bank Toe)
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Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-16 Hakra Canal with Proposed Interceptor Drains (Drains @50ft from Canal Bank Toe)
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2.7.1 Introduction
The project area under the consideration lies in the district Bahawalnagar. Hakra canal
offtakes from Eastern Sadqia canal at Jalwala head works and passes through the
Bahawalnagar. The irrigation system of Hakra canal is perennial. The seepage from these
perennial channels and continues field irrigations resulted in water logging problem in the
project areas. The area is shown in Figure 2-11.
To overcome the water logging problem in the project area, two options are proposed. Two
scenarios of the proposed options have been studied using Visual MODFLOW software to
examine the flow conditions in the water logged area of project Area-A.
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Four irrigation Channels, Hakra Canal, 7R disty, 8R disty and 9R disty are assigned as
seepage channels at their appropriate location in the project Area shown in Figure 2-12.
Observation piezometers are assigned at their existing location. The hydraulic properties
and dimensions of the model are shown in Figure 2-13.
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Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-18 Drains and canals assigned to the model
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Scenario-I is developed by assigning the proposed surface drains which are two parallel
drains along the left and right side of Hakra Canal and five other drains in the problematic
area. The proposed drains are designed on the basis of center line survey based data of
the project area. The designed discharges and bed levels of proposed drains are assigned
in the model at their specified locations.
The model results show that the depth to water table lowers upto 3.5ft in the most adjacent
areas of the drains as shown in figure-5. It will take 11-12 months to clear root zone in 15 %
of the water logged area and will lower the water table in the further nearest areas upto 1.5
ft. The intercepted drain will catch the seepage from the Hakra canal and reclaim their
nearest areas in the lower part of the Hakra canal. Results show that with the passage of
time drains will reclaim more area but it required a considerable time period to clear the rote
zone in the whole problematic areas. The results are shown in Figure 2-15.
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Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-21 Water table elevations after 1 year with Scenario-I
Scenario II With Installation of 43 No. of tubewells with 2 cusec capacity each along
the new proposed surface drains
The model results show that the water table depth lowers upto 5ft in the nearest areas of
tubewells as shown in figure-3. It will take 6 months to clear root zone in 30% of the nearest
water logged areas and lowers water table upto 2.5ft in the further more areas. 70 % of the
problematic area will get reclaimed within 9 months and after a year’s time, water table in
75 % of waterlogged area will get lower upto 5ft. But it is clear from the results that the
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proposed drains will reclaim only 15 to 20% of waterlogged area adjacent to the drain,
without tubewells, even after 12 months. The effectiveness of drains increases manifolds
with the installation of tubewells. The results are shown in Figure 2-16.
Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-22 Water table elevations after 9 months with
Scenario-II
2.7.5 Conclusions
Comparison of results of two scenarios:
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Considering the results of two options, option-II is recommended in which 6 surface drains
with two additional parallel drains along the Hakra canal and 43 No. tubewells along the
drains are proposed. They will lower the water table upto 5ft in more areal extent in shorter
period of time and stop further water logging problems due to continuous seepage from the
water channels.
Site reconnaissance survey of the project area was carried out to access the field conditions,
general topography and finalization of project execution. The raw survey data has been
processed in state of the art Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) processing software
having accuracy in millimetres. The results have been compiled in the tabular format. The
brief methodology to establish the Bench Mark and carrying out the topographical survey in
the project vicinity is described in the following sub-sections.
GPS network have been established by GPS control points covering the entire project area.
To receive the signals from satellite, the receiver should have minimum obstructions like
building, trees, power lines etc, around it. The signals were received at cut-off angle of 15 or
more. The signal can be weak due to unfavourable weather conditions like rainfall, clouds
and vehicle noise. The observations have to be repeated till found satisfactory. For all time
observations, at least 4 satellites should be available with GDOP/PDOP value equal to or
less than 5. The availability of satellites and GDOP value can be known in advance with the
help of computer software for given time, date and point of observations.
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Any baseline that did not pass the criteria was repeated. As the GNSS reading is based
upon the WGS 84, there is a need to convert these into desired coordinate and projection
system.
As described earlier Leica GS15 was used for cross-sectional survey in Real Time
Kinematics (RTK) mode. The control points already established by GNSS were used to carry
out cross-sectional survey. Spot heights have been measured generally at close interval
particularly at abrupt changes in ground. The natural slopes existing in the project vicinity
have been surveyed along the canal.
Real-time kinematic (RTK) survey provides for high accuracy GPS positions to be collected
on-the-fly. This workflow outlines one method for conducting RTK survey through the use of
two GNSS receivers. One receiver is designated as the base and the other as the rover. The
base station is set up over a known or unknown point and continuously collects positional
data about that location from GNSS satellites. A roving receiver is then used to efficiently
acquire GPS data during survey. RTK survey with Leica’s equipment returns an accuracy of
15 mm in vertical and 8 mm in horizontal measurements.
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For RTK to work, the base and the rover must both receive signals from enough of the same
satellites. As long as the RTK data link between base and rover is established and the
minimum accuracy measurements are being met based on the quality of common satellite
signals, the rover will know precisely where it is in relation to the base – even if the ‘real
world” coordinates are not accurate. To achieve accuracy of the coordinates in the real
world, the base station must be left to run for an extended period of time in order to
accurately solve for the coordinates of its position. The longer the base station runs, the
more precise its location measurement becomes.
During survey, the base sends a correction package to the rover over a communication
channel in this case a radio transmitter of frequency around the 461 MHz range is used.
Further, the observed data has been digitized in the AutoCAD in the form of points, lines,
and polygons. The digitization of the features has been done by creating the feature layers in
the AutoCAD. Each feature layer has a unique colour, code and symbol so that they can be
well distinguished from the other features. The cross sectional and longitudinal profiles have
been prepared using the Eagle point software.
Following the purpose of the study, Geotechnical Investigations have been carried out to
achieve the following objectives:
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i. Foundation should be safe against shear failure of the supporting ground. A factor of
safety of 3.0 is to be adopted for this purpose.
ii. Foundation should not settle excessively under the service loads. A limit of 25 mm
has to be put on the total settlement of individual foundations.
Visual inspection and logging of in-situ substrata was carried out at site by experienced
geologists of the M/s GEOBAND. The boreholes, detailing reference number of boreholes,
the lithological description of the material encountered with depth, structural details of each
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Figure SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION-23 Location Map of Geotechnical Investigation Points in Project Area
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layer, method of drilling, the results of in-situ testing, the depth and elevation of the borehole
and the depth of ground water table are to be presented in borehole logs and are to be
appended in final report.
All the samples were protected against the weather condition, until they had been
transported to the laboratory for testing. Care was taken during handling, packing,
transportation and storing of samples to protect them against all structural and moisture
alterations.
Details of samples collected during drilling of bore holes are given in the following Table 2-7.
No of
No. of No of Water
Borehole No. UDS depths Disturbed
UDS Samples
Samples
GIP-04 BWP 27 ft 1 20 1
Total 20 200 8
Total 160 nos Standard Penetration Test (SPT) were performed at different depths in all
boreholes to obtain approximate consistencies and relative densities of the ground material.
38 out of 160 SPTs were found refusal due to hard strata. The tests were performed in
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The SPT consists of driving a Standard 50 mm outside diameter split spoon sampler into soil
at the bottom of boreholes, using repeated blows of a 635 Kg hammer failing through 760
mm. The SPT N values are the number of blows required to achieve a penetration of
300mm, after an initial seating at the depths of the tests. The Standard Penetration Test is
defined in the legend to bore logs, attached. SPT N values have been recorded and plotted
along the depth of boreholes and mentioned in the respective boreholes logs.
Total eight (o8) constant head permeability tests were performed in boreholes. Test results
sheets are given in Table-3.3.
Field Permeability
Borehole No. Soil Type Values
cm/sec
Clayey Silty
GIP-03 (BWN) Sand/Clayey Sandy 2.3 E-3
Silt
Sandy/Clayey
GIP-04 (BWN) 5.9 E-3
Silt/Sandy Silty
Eight numbers (08) of field density tests were performed in the field at the same places of
test Pits for insitu bulk density which results are to be included in separate Annexure of the
final report for future reference. Consideration of field bulk density has also been worked out
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During drilling of boreholes, ground water tables were encountered in all boreholes.
Summary of recorded water table depth for all boreholes is given in the following Table 2-9.
In order to determine the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the ground
material, laboratory tests are being performed on selected samples from boreholes. Tests
are to be performed according to ASTM and/or British Standard (BS). And all of the required
laboratory tests would be carried out as per BOQ and technical requirements.
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- Permeability Tests
- Electrical conductivity of water
- Complete range of chemical testing for water samples
- pH values of soil/water
- Organic matter content of soil/water
Sub-Surface Stratification
Following the results of gradation analyses and field description of material from all
boreholes, sub-surface stratification of the project area generally consists of:
1. Silty clay / clayey silt in the upper horizon (0 to 25 to 30 ft) except in borehole no GIP-03
and 4 BWN where fine soil is encountered from 10 to 25 ft depth from NSL.
2. Silty sand / sandy silt in the lower horizon from 30 ft to the drilling depth with few lenses
of silty clay / clayey silt at different vertical horizons
Soil Profile extracted from field boreholes logs is given below:
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In general, top 5 to 7 feet thick stratum from NSL consists of Clayey Silt/Sandy Clayey Silt /
Silty Clay. In few boreholes, this thickness is observed even up to10 feet and few layers of
Silty Clay/Clayey Silt encountered in deeper depths while major soil stratification of the area
varying 5 feet to 100 feet is Silty fine sand. Final fixation of the soil classification would be
ultimately finalized after receiving of laboratory testing results.
Ground Water Table (GWT) in all boreholes was encountered between 2 to 5 ft boring
depths from NSL. Final would be appended in final logs and would be the part of final report.
Soil profile would also be established after collection of all field and laboratory testing results.
Range of laboratory testing results would also be the part of final geotechnical investigation
report shortly.
Safe bearing capacities for shallow as well as deep foundation analysis would also be the
part of final report after receiving final field and laboratory testing results.
Conclusions and recommendations of the investigations would also be the part of final
geotechnical investigation report.
Graphical presentations of variation of SPT blow counts (field “N” and corrected “N60”)”
values for both silty clay/clayey silt and silty sand encountered during drilling of boreholes
have been plotted as Fig- 5.2 which shows that:
1. Fine soil (Clayey Silt / Silty Clay) is very soft to firm (range of minimum values)
2. Coarse soils in lower horizon (Silty Sand) is very loose to medium dense (range of
minimum values)
SPT-N values have been used to determine empirically shear strength parameters i.e.
unconfined shear strength (UCS), angle of internal friction. Detailed calculation sheet for
shear strength parameters calculation is given in Tables below.
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Minimum estimated UCS and angle of Internal Friction on the basis of SPT-N values are
given below.
Kpa Degree
GIP-01 (BWN) 6 28
GIP-02 (BWN) 10 30
GIP-03 (BWN) 27 27
GIP-04 (BWN) 35 27
GIP-05 (BWN) 23 31
GIP-06 (BWN) 33 29
GIP-07 (BWN) 29 30
GIP-08 (BWN) 21 30
Since mostly value of Plasticity Index is less than 10, therefore there is low inherent swelling
potential.
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2.9.4.5 5.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Sixteen (16) samples from boreholes were tested for determination of specific gravity. The
values of specific gravity were found in the range of 2.65 to 2.69. Average value of 2.67 can
be used for design calculation.
Unconfined Compressive Strength (Kpa) = 28 to 204 Kpa (Average Value: 94.0 Kpa)
Eight numbers (8) of Field Density Tests (FDT) were performed in the field at the same
places of test Pits. Consideration of field bulk density has also been worked out in design
calculation for safe bearing capacities.
K value for silty clay / clayey silt = 2.61 x 10-6 cm/sec to 1.95 x 10-5 cm/sec
K value for silty sand / sandy silt = 1.12 x 10-3 cm/sec to 1.6 x 10-3 cm/sec
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2.9.4.12 5.12 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER
112 Chemical tests, carried out on water samples extracted from boreholes. Results are
shown in Table-5.2. While testing result sheets are attached in Tables below.
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Spread Footing
Strip Footing
Mat Footing
Pile Foundation
Bearing capacity curves for each footing type and different footing sizes and depth were
estimated and graphically plotted in Figures below. Structure engineer can use this graph for
fixing the size of foundation for each foundation type.
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Feasibility Study Report
The lateral earth pressure coefficients for active (Ka), at rest (Ko) and passive (Kp)
conditions, using sand backfill, are recommended as follows:
Ka = 0.33
Ko = 0.50
Kp = 3.00
The lateral earth pressures to be used in design should be increased for the additional
residual earth pressures to be induced by the effect of compaction, as per provisions of
Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) Design Manual 7.28 (Chapter-3, Section-
2(6)).
2.9.9 SEISMICITY
According Pakistan Building Code - Seismic Provision 2007, project area fall in between
seismic zone 2A (shown in Fig-Below). According peak ground acceleration is as follow:
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Project Area
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1. The Top layer consists of silty clay / clayey silt at the depth range of 0 ft to 25 ft. This
layer is followed by medium to dense matrix of silt sand / sandy silt.
2. Groundwater table was encountered at variable depths of 2 to 20 ft.
3. Owing to the low concentrations of salts in subsurface soils, it is recommended to use
Ordinary Port Land (OPC) in all the construction below ground.
4. Groundwater of the Project area is unfit and it is recommended that project area water
cannot be used for construction activities.
5. If weak/soft soil is encountered at the excavation base level, further excavation and
replacement with select fill is recommended. This select fill should be compacted in
layers appropriate to the type and size of compaction equipment, to at least 75 % relative
density or 95 % of modified Proctor dry density, as appropriate.
6. During construction of foundations, before pouring lean concrete, the excavation should
be inspected by an experienced Geotechnical Engineer.
7. Bearing capacity of foundation soil at footing depth of 1.5 meter is estimated as 0.42 tsf,
0.7 tsf and 0.75 for square, strip and mat footing respectively. However bearing capacity
for different size of footing is given in Fig-8.1 for square, strip and mat footing and in
Fig-8.2 for pile foundation.
8. Project area fall in Seismic Zone 2A (PGA 0.08 to 0.16g).
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3 PROBLEM ANALYSIS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The main sources of Seepage, identified in the project area are:-
Where:
Total conveyance loss from the Hakra Branch Canal at design capacity is 260.2 Cs.
Assuming seepage to groundwater at 90 percent of conveyance loss, net recharge is 234.2
Cs as given below. Conveyance loss from RD 20+000 to RD 50+000 and RD 50+000 and
RD 165+000 to 285+920 on left side of HB canal and RD 185+000 to 260+000 on right side
of HB canal at design capacity is 106.6 Cs.
Seepage
From To Reach Discharge Loss Seepage Rate
(ft) (cusec) (cusec) (cusec) (cusec/RD)
0 32,900 32,900 2,897 38.76 34.88 1.06
32,900 73,000 40,100 2,837 46.69 42.02 1.05
73,000 86,400 13,400 2,765 15.38 13.84 1.03
86,400 105,475 19,075 2,713 21.66 19.49 1.02
105,475 149,770 44,295 2,031 42.74 38.46 0.87
149,770 159,915 10,145 1,978 9.64 8.68 0.86
159,915 195,050 35,135 1,892 32.57 29.32 0.83
195,050 196,800 1,750 1,300 1.31 1.18 0.68
196,800 210,500 13,700 963 8.69 7.82 0.57
210,500 229,500 19,000 942 11.90 10.71 0.56
229,500 254,300 24,800 881 14.96 13.46 0.54
254,300 285,920 31,620 641 15.95 14.35 0.45
Total 285,920 260.24 234.22
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Table PROBLEM ANALYSIS-16 Recharge to Groundwater from Hakra Branch Canal System
Seepage to groundwater, based on actual canal deliveries, has been worked out from the
entire Hakra Branch Canal System. Summary of results is:
For the design of interceptor drains along problem reaches, canal seepage has been worked
by using the following equation, as adopted by the Irrigation and Power Department:
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Hakra branch canal traverses the project area. Total recharge from this canal, based on
actual deliveries, is 101,901 AF.
Distributary and minor canal losses are 15% of the deliveries at head of the channel while
contribution to groundwater is 80% of the losses. Thus seepage contribution to groundwater
from distributaries and minors is 101,901 AF.
Conveyance loss from watercourse is estimated at 10% of discharge at head. About half of
the losses recharge the groundwater.Thus seepage from watercourses is 54,736 AF.
Irrigation water losses from field application are assumed at 30% of the deliveries at
watercourse head. However, deep percolation to water table is only 20% of deliveries at
head of watercourse. Thus deep percolation to water table due to field application of
irrigation water is 218,946 AF.
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The canal network is lined and able to bring large quantities of water to irrigate an extensive
area of what was a low-value desert. Land brought into the scheme is allotted to persons
applying for land, with a carefully developed system of prioritization of applications to identify
the most deserving applicants. Each allotment is 25 bigh as (6.32 ha) in area. The applicants
with the highest priority are from the region being developed; nevertheless, there have been
extensive population shifts into the project area to take advantage of the potential created.
Stage-I started receiving irrigation since October 1961 and Stage-II is still under-
construction.
By 2004-05, 559,000 ha irrigation potential was created under Stage I and 510,000
ha under Stage II. Irrigation potential is deemed to be created only when watercourses are
constructed, and water is provided through outlets for a murabba of 6.32 ha. Irrigation
potential created and utilized for some selected years for Stage-I and Stage-II of IGNP is
given in Table-1. The development activities of the command area for the IGNP command,
which included, among others, the construction of lined watercourses to the outlets, land
leveling and shaping and soil conservation, started in 1974.
Detailed description of Indira Gandhi Canal System is given in Annex-5B. Salient features of
Indira Gandhi Canal is given below:
1) Rajasthan Canal takes off from Harika Barrage (capacity at the head is 18485 ft3/s)
in Punjab.
2) Total length 426 canal miles.
a. Rajasthan Feeder Canal in Punjab and Haryana 134 canal miles.
b. Rajasthan Canal 292 canal miles up to Mohanagarh in Jaislmer district.
i) Stage-I 258 canal miles ,
ii) Stage-II 168 canal miles .
3) Q = 18475 ft3/s.
4) Top width 140 ft.
5) Bottom width: 120 ft .
6) S0 = 1: 12000
7) Depth of flow = 21 ft
8) Total length of distribution system 5758 canal mile . Field Canal 42640 canal mile.
9) Total length of canal system including second phase from Harrika barrage to Gadra
Road in Barmer would be 6183 canal mile. (distribution system)
10) Tile lining: Single tile lining 30.5 cm x 15.2 cm x 5.1 cm, on 1.0 cm thick cement
mortar layer of 1: 5.
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Standly, Chief Engineer, who demonstrated the feasibility of the western area of the Bikaner
State being brought under irrigation from River Sutlej water. The plan of the Sutlej Valley
Project was drawn by then Chief Engineer of Punjab Mr. R. G. Kennedy according to which
the vast area of erstwhile Bikaner state could be brought under irrigation. Because of
objections by the erstwhile State of Bahawalpur, the project got delayed and finally with
intervention of then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, in 1906, a Tripartite Conference was held
and an agreement was reached and signed on 4 September 1920. The foundation stone of
the Canal Head Works at Ferozepur was laid on 5 December 1925 and the work completed
in 1927 by constructing 89 miles of lined canal. The opening ceremony was performed on 26
October 1927 by Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India. The plan for Sri Ganganagar was
drawn at this time. And irrigated parts of Bikaner state came under Sri Ganganagar district
and now parted Hanumangargh District.
Figure PROBLEM ANALYSIS-24 Hydrograph showing ground water depth changes (Year
1952 to 2003).
An abrupt rise in water levels was also recorded in Lakhuwali, Naurangdesar, Rampura,
Jorawarpura, Bherusari, Manaktheri and Jakharawali. The maximum and minimum rise of
water levels was observed as 4.26 and 1.96 ft per year in the areas of Suratgarh and Dabli
Kalan, respectfully, during the period 1973-93.
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During a decadal period of 1972-88, there was a substantial rise in water levels up to 3.85 ft
per year, which could be attributed to return flow of irrigation, high water allowances of 176.5
ft3/sec./1,000 acres, excess irrigation applications (Table 6) and filling up of depressions.
By 1994/95, the rate of rise was found to be 2.64 ft in Stage I and 1.08 ft in Stage II.
Fortunately, after 2000 a declining trend of groundwater depths is noticed, attributed to less
than normal rainfall and poor availability of water supply in canals. Even during normal
years, supplies to Rajasthan have been lesser than the agreed quota, but recent years have
witnessed a marked reduction (Figure 3-2). This was also aided by some additional
groundwater development by the farmers in Hanumangarh and Bikaner districts under
Stage-I and to a lesser extent in Stage-II.
Although Ganganagar District lies in the great Thar Desert, irrigation via the Gang canal and
Ignp canal has changed the flora and fauna. The district can be classified into five
geographical regions:
i) The region irrigated by the Gang canal and the Bhakhra canal tributaries: the
northern region, which is 3/4 of the district, resembles the fertile plains of Punjab, but
some areas, like the area between the towns of Raisinghnagar and Vijaynagar, have
desert like conditions.
ii) Area irrigated by the Suratgarh branch of the IGNP canal
iii) Area irrigated by Anoopgarh branch of IGNP canal: it comprises Anoopgarh and
Gharsana tehsils. It is the southernmost region of the district, of which much has
been converted into plains, but sandy dunes can still be seen.
iv) The Naali belt: this is a narrow basin of the Ghaggar River. It is the only major river of
the district. It is a seasonal river, which flows in the rainy season. It enters the district
near Suratgarh and then flows in areas of Jaitsar, Vijaynagar, Anoopgarh and then
crosses the Indo-Pakistani border.
v) The 'Uncha Tibba' (high sandy dunes) area of Suratgarh tehsil: large sandy dunes
and lack of water predominate here. This area can be said to be a 'real desert'.
People of this area face harsh conditions in the desert.
3.3.6 Water Table Rise in Hakra Branch Command due to the Rise of Water Table in
Ganganagar District
Figures 5-3 and 5-4 present the depth to water table conditions and water table elevation
contours in Ganganagar District.
Figure-5-3 shows that depth to water table close to the Pakistan-India border ranges from 17
to 66 ft below ground surface. Before the introduction of canal system in Rajhastan the water
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was very deep and regional groundwater flow was from Hakra cmmand areas towards Thar
Desert. Due to the rise of water table in Ganganagar District, the regional groundwater flow
has changed with the result waterlogging has developed on Hakra command area.
Figure 5-4 shows water table elevation contours in Ganganagar District. The regional ground
water flow is from north to south and some ground water enters into the Cholistan side of
Pakistan.
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for estimating a design discharge from a small watershed. This method is applicable for
catchment areas less than 1 square kilometers.
The required input data for peak discharge estimation is catchment geometry, runoff
coefficient and intensity of design rainfall. The runoff coefficient is estimated for a basin by
considering the physical conditions of the basin. The rational formula is given below;
Q = CIA‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒‒(1)
Where,
Q=Peak Discharge (Cusecs)
C= Runoff Coefficient
I = Rainfall Intensity (Inch/hour)
A = Catchment Area (Acres)
A computer worksheet is developed for the estimation of design flood with rational formula
by the consultants. Steps involved in the estimation of peak floods with rational formula by
using work sheet are given below.
By using aforementioned baseline information catchment area and L-profile are derived for
further use. The area of the catchment is directly used in the rational formula; time of
concentration of the basin is estimated by using L-profile which is further utilized in the
estimation of the appropriate duration of rainfall intensity and appropriate value of the runoff
coefficient.
Due to non-availability of shorter duration data, a technique for development the IDF
relationship has been developed by NESPAK, which is combination of methodology
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prescribed by V.T chow in the handbook of hydrology. The intensity calculation for various
return periods and time durations has been carried out for the Bahawalnagar is described in
following steps;
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Table PROBLEM ANALYSIS-18 Results of Frequency Analysis of 1-Day Annual Maximum Rainfall
It may be observed that the mean annual rainfall at Bahawalnagar station is 1.875. This is
not the case with annual maximum of 24-hr rainfall for Bahawalnagar which has higher mean
and standard deviation values. These features of Bahawalnagar rainfall has resulted in
higher values of rainfall intensity for different return periods.
The estimated rainfall by frequency analysis is daily rainfall for various return periods. So to
convert the daily rainfall into 24 hours, a conversion factor has also been estimated with
hourly data as given in Table 3-6.
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Initially, the one day rainfall has been converted into 24 hours rainfall by application of
estimated conversion factor 1.10 which corrects the data for a fixed time observation. The
storm pattern of rainfall is used as a relationship between time and rainfall which is stated as
below;
n
t
Pt (2)
24
Where Pt is ratio of rainfall at time ‘t’ with 24-hr rainfall, ‘t’ is time in hours and ‘n’ is an
exponent depending on hourly rainfall pattern, calculated as 0.21.For conversion of 24 hours
rainfall into hourly rainfall, the estimated rainfall patterns have been applied over daily rainfall
of various return periods of Bahawalnagar station.
The hourly rainfall for various return periods at selected stations are estimated by using
equation II and given in Table 3-6.
Table PROBLEM ANALYSIS-20 Hourly Rainfall at Selected Stations for Different Return Periods
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utilizes the rainfall distribution less than one hour duration in six U.S cities. The maximum
rainfall for each duration in six cities has been given in the Table 3-7 separately and its
fraction corresponding to 60 min rainfall has been estimated in the last row of Table 2.8
Table PROBLEM ANALYSIS-21 Rainfall Distribution for upto one Hour duration
Time (minutes)
City
5 15 30 60
Bostan 0.56 1.12 1.45 1.8
Chicago 0.64 1.31 2.03 2.81
Atlanta 0.88 1.64 2.43 3.23
Davor 0.91 1.54 1.72 2.2
Ciattal 0.29 0.52 0.61 0.8
Los Anglos 0.44 0.81 1.12 1.51
Maximum 0.91 1.64 2.43 3.23
Fraction of 60 min 0.28 0.51 0.75 1.00
‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ (3)
Where,
= Rainfall intensity for given return period for specified duration
= Rainfall expressed as a fraction of 1 hour rainfall
= Duration of rainfall expressed
The estimated rainfall intensities at Bahawalnagar for various return periods and time
durations are given in Table 3-8.
Table PROBLEM ANALYSIS-22 Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationship at
Bahawalnagar
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L0.77
Tc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (4)
7700xS0.385
Where,
Tc = Time of Concentration (hours)
L = Length of the longest stream (feet)
S = Average slope of channel from farthest point to point under consideration
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been fitted by taking time duration up to 60 minutes on x-axis and corresponding estimated
rainfall intensities on y-axis for all return periods separately*. The estimated equations from
linear regressions for Bahawalnagar station is given in Table 3-9.
Table PROBLEM ANALYSIS-23 Regression Equations Between Intensity of Time for various Return
Periods
The ‘x’ is the variable in the standard equations given in the Table 3-10. The design intensity
for given return periods can be calculated for a particular catchment falling in particular zone,
by taking ‘x=Tc’ in the equations given in Table 3-10.
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Table PROBLEM ANALYSIS-26 Peak Discharges for a Typical Catchment and Assumed Area in
Bahawalnagar Area
Intensity
Station Return Period i = in/hr(30- Q (cfs) = CIA =(0.56*i*222)
minutes)
5 2.42 300
Bahawalnagar (Zone-I) 10 3.07 380
25 3.89 485
50 4.50 560
100 5.10 635
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4.1 GENERAL
The project area falls in the jurisdiction of Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone and spreads in
Bahawalnagar District. For this district the project would comprise of two main
components viz construction of additional drainage arrangements from RD 165+000 to
RD 260+000 (Project Component-A) and Extension & efficacy of existing drainage
system (Project Component-B).
Project Component-A
Following options have been studied under the present study:
Project Component-B
a. Surface/seepage drains along Hakra Branch Canal from RD 20 to 50
b. Lining of 2-L,3-L and 4-L distributaries of HBC
4.2.1 General
One of the options to reduce seepage from Hakra Branch Canal is to line it. Various types
of linings are used to reduce seepage losses from canals. Clay, asphalt, plastic
membranes, cement mortar, gunite, and reinforced concrete have been used effectively.
An effective and inexpensive lining is a buried membrane constructed by spraying asphalt
over the sides and bottom of the channel and then placing a protective cover of about 6
inches of soil. The presence of sediment in the water may help to make the canal self-
sealing. For important canals a concrete lining is usually the most satisfactory because of
its permanency. Reinforced concrete is used for canal linings in thickness of 2 to 8 inches
depending upon the size and importance of the canal. Standard reinforcement is 0.5
percent in the longitudinal direction and 0.2 percent in the transverse direction. Water
tight construction joints are required at regular intervals. Mortar linings for small canals
are often placed by guniting over steel mesh or by use of movable forms. Special paving
machines are used on large canals. For a concrete lining to be successful, the canal
banks and bottom must be stable and well drained. If not, uplift under the lining may
cause serious damage when the canal is empty.
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Seepage from unlined canals constructed in Indus Basin generally range from 12 to 6
Cs/MSF. Similarly, for cement concrete line canals seepage loss is assumed at 1.2
Cs/MSF of wetted perimeter.
1) Soil
Lime
Bentonite clay
High swell bentonite and coarse clay or other bridging material
Geosynthetic clay liner (Bentomat)
Soil mixed with Portland cement
Thin compacted earth (6 – 12 inches)
Thick compacted earth (12 – 36 inches)
2) Fly ash
3.) Masonry (stone rock, brick)
4) Concrete (Portland cement)
Non-reinforced concrete
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Earthen Linings:
Table-OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-28 Thickness of Canal Lining for Different Discharges
Cost Estimate
Sr. Amount Amount
Description of Components
No. (Rs.) (Rs. Million)
A CIVIL WORKS
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Figure OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-28 Lining of Proposed reach of Hakra Branch Canal
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Table OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-30 Design Features of the Proposed Hakra Branch
Canal
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Figure OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-29 Surface Interceptor Drains Parallel To Hakra Branch Canal
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For the project area, these drains are supposed to be installed on both sides of the Hakra
Branch Canal.
Canal Water Depth: Canal seepage is directly proportional to depth of water in the
canal. As depth of water increases, canal seepage also increases.
Depth of Water Table: Canal seepage is directly proportional to depth of water table.
As the depth to water table increases, canal seepage also increases.
Depth of Drain: Drain interception is directly proportional to the depth of the drain. As
the depth increases, drain interception increases.
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Anisotropy: When the soil is anisotropic, more groundwater flows towards the drain
from the upper soil layers as compared to flow from deeper soil layers. Therefore,
interception in anisotropic soils is more. As the anisotropy ratio increases interception
also increases.
i) Along left hand side of the Hakra Branch Canal, the interceptor drain starts from
RD 165+000 and deviates towards the Hakra Left Disty at tail RD 285+920 of
Hakra Branch Canal and outfall in the old Hakra rivre . Its total length is 137+300
feet.
ii) Along right hand side of the Hakra Branch Canal, the interceptor drain starts from
RD 200+000 and it is syphoned under Hakra Branch canal at RD 275+000 and
outfall in the Hakra Left drain at RD 27+682 Its total length is 75+235 ft.
Table OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-31 Cost of Surface Interceptor Drains Parallel To
Hakra Branch Canal
A CIVIL WORKS
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A CIVIL WORKS
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Figure OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-30 Construction of Surface Interceptor Drain and Surface/seepage drains in the command area
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This option, as shown in Figure 4-4, is a modified form of the previous one, i.e. lifted
outfall in Hakra canal. This option includes surface/interceptor drains as well as drains in
the command areas of 2-L, 3-L, 4-L, 7-R, 8-R and 9-R. The surface/seepage drains are
meant to reclaim the canal command areas.
But, in order to have a sustainable solution, tube wells are to be provided along the drains
in command area
A CIVIL WORKS
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Figure OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-31 Construction of Surface Interceptor Drain and Surface drains in the command area
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4.7.1 General
Design of drainage tubewells, for the study area, include:
After considering the factors, tube well of 2 Cs capacity becomes the optimum size as it
gives the lowest installation cost.
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Tube Wells
Sr. Proposed
DESCRIPTION OF WORK
No. (2 Cfs
Each)
1. Construction of new drain Hakra left sub 18
Pump Housing Casing is the topmost pipe, which is blank in nature and accommodates the
pump assembly. It shall have sufficient length so that the pumping water level, under
extreme operating conditions, shall remain within the pump housing casing and proper
submergence is also available for the bowl assembly of the pump. Material of the pump
housing casing will be Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic. Length, diameter and material of the
pump housing casing for 2 Cs tube wells are:
Slotted Casing or Screen is slotted/ perforated or continuous slot pipe which is placed
against water yielding formations like medium to sand or gravel. Diameter and length of the
slotted casing is selected in such a way that the velocity of water flowing through the slots is
less than 0.10 ft/sec, preferably close to 0.06 ft/sec. For the project following are slotted
casing requirements:
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Reducer is 30 inches long fitting for the purpose of joining larger diameter pump housing
casing with shorter diameter slotted or blank casing.
Blank Casing: It is the blank pipe which is placed against non-water yielding formations like
clay, silt or very fine sands. Length of blank pipe is site specific and varies from place to
place. Diameter and material of the blank casing will be same as that used for the slotted
casing. Provisional quantity of blank casing for different capacity tube wells is taken at 20 ft.
Bail Plug is a 10 ft long blank pipe and is placed at the bottom of the well. It is provided with
a plug at the bottom.
Apart from the above stated components, the following are also parts of the tube wells:
Gravel shrouding;
Cement-slurry seal; and
Centralizers.
Centralizers: These are devises to keep the well casing, during installation, in the center of
the bore hole.
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Table OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-34 -Grain Size Distribution of the Recommended Gravel
Pack
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Figure OPTIONS TO CONTROL WATER LOGGING-32 Layout Plan for Extension of existing
drainage system
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Hakra Branch canal (HBC) to be concrete lined in the water logged reach
Under this option, 4” thick concrete lining has to be laid on side slope 1:1.5.
Redesigning of Hakra Branch Canal L-section by improving hydraulic parameters i.e.
velocity and surface roughness Manning ‘n’ 0.016.
Mechanical part of HBC i.e. gates of cross regulator(s) and head regulator(s) need to
be rehabilitated or replaced as per physical condition observed during condition
survey.
HBC pass through water logged area, therefore enormous quantum of dewatering
required thus continuous pumping imperative and essential for laying concrete lining.
After completion of lining proper monitoring to protect the lining from pore pressure is
very important. Therefore it is necessary to take special care for the lining
maintenance. For doing that Weep holes can been constructed in bed as well as on
slopes of the lined channel therefore, proper fund for this operation is required and
special vigilant team is to be deputed for this assignment.
Lining will only be helpful for future reduction in seepage from Hakra branch canal
but present conditions cannot be addressed, especially in the low lying areas of the
command area.
Left and right Parallel drains move along Hakra branch Canal, from RD 165+000 to
260+000 on left side of HB canal and RD 200+000 to 270+000 on right side of HB
canal.
At Hakra tail, right parallel drain outfalls into Old hakra river while right parallel drain
siphon through Hakra Branch canal at RD 275+000 and outfall into the Hakra Left
drain at RD 25+000.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
Advantage of this option is that it will cater canal seepage effectively but on the other
hand, it’s not suitable for reclaiming lower lying areas in canal command area. This
deficiency renders it to be a non suitable option.
These drains can effectively drain out seepage in command area on both Left and
right side of Hakra branch Canal, from RD 165+000 to 260+000 on left side of HB
canal and RD 200+000 to 270+000 on right side of HB canal.
At Hakra tail, right parallel drain outfalls into Old hakra river while right parallel drain
siphon through Hakra Branch canal at RD 275+000 and outfall into the Hakra Left
drain at RD 25+000.
Advantage of this option is that it will cater some canal seepage and on the other
hand, it can reclaim majority of waterlogged command area.
Like option 2, this will also be having problems with the siphon.
The land along Hakra canal on left side after RD 260+000 are not having water
logging issues. Similarly the land along Hakra canal on right side is also in a fairly
good condition from RD 270 and onwards. From thereon, the drain is acting only as a
carrier drain and not meant for lnd reclamation. Therefore, the farmers of these areas
resisted the proposal of an un-necessary carrier drain and requested to prepare
some suitable option. This lead the Consultants to go for the next option.
This option is very similar to option-3 in its layout, the only difference is that it outfalls
in the Hakra canal.
The left interceptor as well as command area drains join together and then get a
lifted outfall in to the Hakra canal at RD 260+000.
Similarly, right interceptor as well as command area drains join together and then get
a lifted outfall in to the Hakra canal at RD 270+000.
This option avoids the complexity of siphon as well as the social issues to construct a
25 RD of a huge size carrier drain.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
Addition of Tubewells on the drains in command area, including 7-R, 8-R, 9-R and
Left Sub Drain will prove even better to provide an early relief as well as prove it to
be sustainable solution.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
Comparison of Options
Option - 1 Option - 2 Option - 3 Option - 4
Construction of Surface
Construction of Surface
Interceptor drains, parallel
Construction of Surface Interceptor drains, parallel to
Lining of Hakra branch canal to HB canal and
Consideration Interceptor drains HB canal and
(RD.165+000 up to Tail RD surface/seepage drains in
parallel to HB canal with surface/seepage drains in
285+920) with drainage system the command area with
outfall in old Hakra river the command area with
under lining lifted outfall in Hakra
bed combined outfall in old
Canal + Tubewells in
Hakra River
Command
Technically Feasible but Complex Feasible Feasible Feasible
Reclamation Process Slow Not very Effective Slow Fast; due to Tubewells
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
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m. Lining of 2Ldisty
Existing 2Ldisty of Hakra Branch Canal is proposed to be lined to reclaim the
command area of 2L. It will be 21,438 ft long with design discharge of
19.11cusec.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
n. Lining of 3L disty
Existing 3L disty of Hakra Branch Canal is proposed to be lined to reclaim the
command area of 3L. It will be 13,900ft long with design discharge of
9.68cusec.
o. Lining of 4L disty
Existing 4L disty of Hakra Branch Canal is proposed to be lined to reclaim the
command area of 4L. It will be 10,594 ft long with design discharge of
10.54cusec.
p. Mechanical Works
Total 43 tube wells of 2.0 cusec design capacity each, are proposed to be
installed within the Project area. Distribution of proposed tubewells is
given below.
15 No. Tube wells along Hakra Left Sub Drain
3 No. Tube wells along 1-L of Hakra Left Sub Drain
6 No. Tube wells along 7-R Drain
4 No. Tube wells along 8-R Drain
15 No. Tube wells along 9-R Drain
For the proper disposal of water into Hakra Branch Canal, 4 No. pumping
stations are proposed.
Pumping station No.1is proposed at RD 26+770 of Hakra Branch
Canal with 30 cusec total capacity, having a pumping unit of 10 cusec
and 20 cusec each.
Pumping station No.2 is proposed at RD 42+660 of Hakra Branch
Canal with 30 cusec total capacity, having a pumping unit of 10 cusec
and 20 cusec each.
Pumping station No.3 is proposed at RD 260+000 of Hakra Branch
Canal with 100 cusec total capacity, having 4 pumping units of 20
cusec and 2 pumping units of 10 cusec each.
Pumping station No.4 is proposed at RD 260+510 of Hakra Branch
Canal with 110 cusec total capacity, having 5 pumping units of 20
cusec each and 1 pumping unit of 10 cusec.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
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Figure CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS-33 Recommended Option-4; Construction of Surface Interceptor Drain and Surface
drains in the command area with Tubewells
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal
6.1 GENERAL
The Project area comprises of severely waterlogged pockets geographically lying on left side of
(in between canal and Indo-Pak border) and on the right side of the Hakra canal below 85 RD.
Administratively, the area falls within two Tehsils Haroonabad and Fort Abbas of Bahawalnagar
District. All water logged pockets (project area) are mainly the low-lying areas and have brought
a large chunk of areas out of cultivation thus causing economic losses and deprivation of local
farming community. There is a controversy regarding the source of water-logging among locals.
A part of the farming community believes that the water logging is being caused by the
groundwater intrusion from Indian side of the boarder whereas rest of the population debates
that main source is seepage of Hakra canal. The severity of water-logging problem also directly
linked with the intensity and frequency of monsoon rains as the problem escalates with heavy
and frequent rains. For example, the floods of 2010 and heavy rainfall in August 2011 raised
the water table and severely affected the areas in depression of the district including the project
area. It also increased the overall area under influence of water logging. The other reasons
reported by the locals and official of Irrigation and Agriculture Departments; include the poor
conditions of existing drains, sandy soils with high percolation losses, and inability of
groundwater use for crop production due to highly ground water salinity etc. Present drainage
system in the project areas thus needs improvements related to construction of new drains,
rehabilitation of existing drains, installation of new tubewells in low-lying areas enhancing the
present intensity and capacity of tubewells (if feasible) and installation of pumping stations to lift
and dispose off drained water into drains which are on high elevations than the affected areas.
While considering the water logging in the project area with agricultural stand point, the area
can be divided into various categories based upon the severity of water-logging. The rise in
water table also affects the cropping pattern and crop diversification by shifting the cultivation of
high risk crops (e.g. cotton i.e. high risk crop due to water sensitivity) to low risk crops (e.g. rice
less sensitive to water). All such issues have been considered while studying the project area as
described in the following.
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water logging without cropping) (ii) moderately effected (Category-II water logging with some
cropping with low yields and under threat of failure, and; (iii) slightly effected (Category-III water
logging with normal cropping but under potential threat of water-logging if conditions persists in
near future). It is, however, highlighted that part of the category-III areas may shift to Category-II
areas and Category-II into Category-I in the case of floods and heavy rains in future and thus
can increase the gravity of the problem. It is, therefore, quite difficult to draw well defined
boundaries between severely; moderately and slightly effected water logged areas and
accurately work out the area under each category. Keeping in view the aforementioned
situation, consultants used the revenue records for last six cropping seasons, GIS maps
covering groundwater zones and field survey (for collection and verification of available
information) to make estimations on the extent of the area affected by water logging under each
category. Extent and Impacts of each aforementioned category on the agriculture have been
summarized in the Table-1 (Annex-E).
Table AGRICULTURE STUDIES (OF RECOMMENDE PLAN)-35 Classification of Command Area with
respect to Impact of Water logging
Fraction of
Water
Water logging CCA
logging Existing Land Use
Classification (acres)
Extent
Category I Severely Mostly the area is abandoned and has turned to 15600
affected with a culture-able waste land, Some areas may be
water logging brought under cultivation but risks of crop failure
predominate.
Category II Moderately Crops can be grown but remain under risk of 24840
affected with failure and exhibit extremely low yields (10- 25
water logging percent less) if crops grown successfully.
Category III Slightly/Margi Crop can be grown successfully but exhibit 12560
nally affected yields slightly lower (05-10%) than the average
with water of the adjacent areas.
logging
- GIS Studies, NESPAK 2016
- Jinswara Revenue Records for Respective Tehsils
- Field survey and farmers interviews 2016
Presently, area of category-I is severely affected with water logging and thus has created water
saturation in the root zone that reduces the chances for successful crop production to minimum.
Most of the project area of this category is abandoned. Only Kallar Grass, being hygrophyte,
can be grown successfully in this area but this practice is not very common in project area. In
the project areas of Category-II, water logging allows the crop production to some extent with
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reduced yields. Mostly wheat, cotton, rice and fodders are grown in such areas but these crops
exhibit low yields as compared to adjacent areas of category-III water-logging. In the project
areas where water depth lies beneath acceptable range (Category-III) crops especially the
wheat, cotton, fodders and rice are grown successfully and production levels are almost at par
with crops grown in the adjacent areas.
The Gross Catchment Area (CA) under investigation arrives at 58893 acres. It is assumed that
10% of this area is unavailable for cultivation being occupied by dwellings, roads and irrigation
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infrastructure etc. Thus the net catchment area 53000 acres (90% of Gross area) would be
reclaimed by the proposed interventions. About 15600 acres is worst affected and lies barren
because of shallow water tables depth. The moderately and marginally affected areas account
for 24840 and 12560 acres, respectively. The patchy and stunted plants growth with significant
low yields is the conspicuous feature of moderate areas. The poor germination compels farmers
to use more seed rate than normal. The area remains at a risk, particularly due to rainfall that
may cause partial to complete damages of the crops depending upon the precipitation intensity,
water table depth and type of soil. Detail information for existing land use based on the
information collected from the project area is presented in Table-1 (Annex-E).
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production targets. Therefore, present condition will assist in increasing the pace of
development and achieving in time production targets. The details are given in Table-4
(Annex-E)
The data analysis depicts that the major crops grown during Rabi season are Wheat and
Fodders (Lucern and Berseem), the area under other crops like winter oilseeds and vegetables
(mostly cabbage) is non-significant. The Kharif season crops include cotton, rice and Kharif
fodder (mostly sorghum). Some area is under cultivation of millets, maize and summer
vegetables (Tinda). Among perennials sugarcane and orchards occupy a few acres of field area.
Swanki grass on few acres particularly on the areas where water logging hazard and sodicity is
high can also be observed. The computed existing cropping pattern and intensities are given in
Table-5 (Annex-E). The existing annual cropping intensity of the project area is worked-out as
105.6 percent while the perennials i.e. Sugarcane and orchards have been counted twice.
Intensities of 47.8 percent during Kharif, 55.3 percent during Rabi and 1.3 percent for perennials
cropping have been worked out for the Project area. The cropping pattern constitutes
specifically wheat (49.1%); cotton (31.0%); fodders (10.9%), oilseeds (1.5%), sugarcane (1.1%,
counting once); and orchards (0.2%, counting once).
The discussion during the survey of project area during October, 2016 shows that yields
particularly for orchards, fiber and grain crops are lower than average yields mainly due to water
logging menace. The estimates regarding the agricultural yields per acre and crop productions
for exiting crops in the area are provided in Table-6 (Annex-E). The exiting yields for wheat,
cotton, rice, Kharif fodders, Rabi fodders, orchards and sugarcane are estimated as 1128, 827,
717, 4361, 10497, 4000, and 21336 Kg/acre, respectively. The existing crop productions have
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been estimated by multiplying yields with areas of respective crops and are given in Table-7
(Annex-E).
Farm mechanization is one of the most important aspects of improved farm technology and
helps in achieving higher efficiency in agriculture operations. Mechanical means save time and
cost as compared with manual or animal driven implements. In the project area preparatory
tillage and seed bed preparations are done mostly with the help of tractor which are easily
available on hire basis from private owners in the Project area. In the areas with moderate
water logging conditions, two to three times rotavators are used to pulverize and make the soil
conducive for seed germination especially in case of wheat and cotton. The level of existing
farm mechanization is given in Table-20 (Annex-E).
The farm interviews in the project area reveal that existing seed rates for various crops are
almost more than normal areas. The more seed rate may be attributed to low germination rate
because of water logging. Most often, fertilizers are applied to all crops. Majority of farmers are
applying chemical sprays particularly to cotton, wheat, rice and vegetables to protect the crops
from weeds, and chewing & sucking insects. Herbicides are applied in wheat and cotton crops.
Livestock rearing is good source of income; hence Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is produced on
their own farms. The farmers split fields into patches and apply it to one patch one year, the next
year to other patch. In this way limited FYM is applied periodically to whole lands to nurture the
soil with organic matter. It is, however, observed that all farm inputs are easily available in the
project area and there is no shortage of any of these inputs although purchasing power of
farmers is low. Table-20 (Annex-E) depicts existing use of farm inputs in the Project area.
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which is not paid and resultantly can be considered as an income to the farmers. The details
regarding per acre labour requirement for each crop are shown in Table-20 (Annex-E).
The existing cropping pattern and intensities will be affected, but however, the crop yields have
been assumed constant as reported under “Without” project conditions. The same conclusion
was arrived at during the interviews with the farmers. Moreover, agriculture development
situation in the Project area reveals that farmers will make no significant progress due to said
limitation. It may be assumed that only a minor and insignificant increase will take place in farm
inputs i.e. fertilizer applications, seed rates, tillage operations, plant protection measures and
labour requirements mainly due to slight change in faming pattern and adaptation of crop
varieties resistant to water logging conditions. So keeping in mind this context, it has been
assumed that the level of inputs per acre would remain unchanged under “Without” Project
scenario as per existing levels.
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Proposed cropping intensities have been worked-out by bringing 15600 acres culturable waste
(due to water logging, as mentioned earlier as category-I) under cultivation. The cropped area
for the existing cultivated area will also enhance as the risk for water logging for category-II will
be minimized.
The proposed cropping pattern and intensities for the Project Area under “With” project condition
are presented in Table-13 (Annex-E). The ultimate cropping intensity of 160.0 percent will be
attained within a period of 05 years after the completion of the project interventions. Under the
ultimate condition, the cropping pattern will constitute wheat (72.8%), cotton (47.6%), rice
(12.7%), sugarcane (1.5%, counting once), orchards (0.6%, counting once) and fodders
(17.2%). It is anticipated that an increase of 70.7 % cropping intensity (perennials counting
twice) will be observed with the implementation of project.
In development of cropping pattern and Intensity for the Project area, following agricultural
factors have been given due consideration:
Wheat
- Wheat is the leading crop for the existing cropping pattern and intensities.
- Farmers are well equipped regarding modernized production technology skills for
wheat.
- Staple food crop for the local population and an important source for subsistence
- Wheat is the major and high return cereal crop in Rabi cropping season
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Cotton
- Cotton occupies significant area for the existing cropping pattern and intensities.
- Farmers are well equipped regarding modernized production technology
- Important source for export earnings
- Cotton is the major and high return cereal crop in Kharif cropping season
- Better price and marketing incentive is available
- Technical know-how and agriculture facilities are available for production of cotton
crop.
- Cropping calendar and growing period fits in the proposed cropping pattern and crop
rotations.
Fodder
- The project soils are suitable for cultivation of all kinds of Kharif and Rabi fodder
such as millets, berseem, and lucern.
- Majority of the farmers are rearing livestock and grow fodders for their feeding.
- Farmers are already well aware about the cultivation and production of fodders
techniques.
- The green fodder can easily be disposed off locally as well as in the nearby towns
market.
Rice
- An important waterlogging ameliorative crop
- Farmers are well familiar with its production technology
- Second staple food after wheat for the local population and an important source for
export earnings
- Better price and marketing incentive is available due to government procurement and
support price policies.
- Prevailing agro-climatic and soil conditions favour the growing and production of rice.
- Fits easily in prevailing cropping calendar and crop rotations.
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Sugarcane
- Sugarcane is part of existing cropping pattern
- Farmers are well equipped regarding modernized production technology skills
- Marketing opportunities are available as significant number of sugar mills is
functional.
- Cropping calendar and growing period permits the crop to be a part of proposed
cropping pattern and crop rotations.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal
7.1 GENERAL
The proposed Project aims at Reclaiming Agriculture Land Affected due to Water Logging in
district Bahawalnagar. The area falls under two tehsils namely; Haroonabad and Fort Abbas.
The district Bahawalnagar consists of fertile lands and valuable infrastructure which contributes
a large towards the domestic production of country.
Economic cost- benefit analysis has been performed to assess the benefits from the investment
done in the development. The analysis has been done with a view to determine whether a
project has contributed significantly to the development of the economy and whether its
contribution has been significant enough to justify the expenditure of the resources, it has
utilized. The investment justification for this purpose relied on the returns generated and
meeting the selected criteria of Internal Rate of Return (IRR).
The major objective of the economic analysis was to assess the future flow of incremental agro-
economic benefits of the proposed project resulting from direct investment.
1. Economic Analysis
2. Financial Analysis
Economic evaluation of the project has been decided on the basis of the results obtained by the
application of the efficiency criterion of public investment using the “Discounted Cash Flow”
technique. The technique is extensively being used by Planning Commission of Pakistan and
the multilateral donor agencies like World Bank and Asian Development Bank etc.
Three indicators have been considered for economic analysis based on economic cash flow
comprising economic benefits and economic costs for the entire life of the concerned project.
These indicators are:
The Net Present Value (NPV) which is the difference between the discounted total benefits
and cost;
The Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR), which is the discount rate that zeroes out the
NPV or, the interest rate that makes the net present value of all cash flows equal to zero;
The Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio), which is the ratio of the present value (PV) of benefits
over the PV of costs over the lifetime of the project.
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The sensitivity analysis for these economic indicators had been carried out to assess the impact
of increase in project cost, decrease in benefits/revenue, delay in construction of project etc.
and also probable combinations of these items.
Economic parameter such as Discount Rate, Standard Conversion Factor, valuation of labor,
border prices, project life etc would be defined to calculate project economic benefits. The
economic parameters are detailed below:
B- Exchange Rate Exchange rate, for working out parity prices, has been taken as average rate
for a US Dollar in October, 2016 (1US$= 104.598 PK Rs) and the same has been adopted for use
by the analysis.
C- Rate of Discount
In Pakistan, the marginal productivity of capital lies between 10 and 12 percent. The opportunity
cost of capital has thus been taken as 12% for economic appraisal, as used by Planning
Commission of Pakistan and other multilateral agencies for appraising such projects.
Standard Conversion Factor (SCF), which represents the ratio of prices of all goods within the
economy with respective international prices. The SCF is mainly influenced by the trade policies
of the Government. The general distortion between international and domestic prices is caused
by import/export duties, taxes and tariffs, subsidies and other price distortions to trade. The
value of this general conversion factor has been estimated on the basis of statistics covering
imports, exports, taxes and subsidies. The standard conversion factor has been used in shadow
pricing. The most general conversion factor used for converting market prices into economic
prices is the standard conversion factor (SCF) which represents the ratio of prices of all goods
within the economy to their international prices. The SCF is mainly influenced by the trade
policies of the government. It is approximated by the weighted average of import and export
tariff, with subsidies excluded. The weights used are based on the magnitude of imports and
exports in the total trade during the subject years.
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SCF = M + X
(M+Tm) + (X-Tx)
Table-1.1 (Annex-D) shows the yearly data used to calculate the SCF for the fiscal years 2010-
11 to 2014-15. An average of five years is taken to allow for annual fluctuations in trade and
taxes. The value of SCF thus worked out is 0. 908.This however, only considers distortions to
domestic prices of traded goods caused by tariffs. International trading is a federal subject and
SCF of the country is applicable for province of Punjab also.
Specific conversion factors are required for the adjustment of various non-traded inputs included
in the project costs. Specific Conversion Factor for Cement has been derived from Basha
Diamer Dam, study prepared by WAPDA in 2004. Based on the actual data on various
components of costs, the specific conversion factors have been worked out by computing ratio
of economic costs to financial costs. Specific Conversion values as determined in the Basha
Diamer Dam Project Feasibility Report for Portland cement and Sulphate Resistant cement are
0.56 and 0.64, respectively. These values have been averaged as 0.61 and have been used in
economic analysis. The specific conversion factor has been taken as 0.88 for Steel. These
conversion factors have been adopted for the detailed feasibility analysis.
B- Valuation of Labor
All inputs are to be charged to the project at their opportunity cost (i.e. their marginal productivity
in their alternative use), expressed in world prices or their equivalent. This applies to the
economic services of all income recipients such as unskilled and skilled labour. The cost
analysis for unskilled labour, a major non-traded factor of production, is described in the
following paragraphs:
Unskilled
At full employment level, it would be normal to charge the project full market cost of the
employed labour. However, in Pakistan there is good reason to believe that not all market
wages reflect opportunity cost because there is a noticeable underemployment. The wages
prevailing in the `organized sector’ of the economy are determined to a considerable degree by
institutional factors which make them artificially high. Because of this factor, the shadow wage
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ratio (SWR) for unskilled labour (the opportunity cost of employing additional unskilled labour in
terms of output foregone elsewhere in the economy) is to be taken to be less than the market
wage at which it is employed.
Outside any organized sector, wages are more closely influenced by local market forces than by
institutional factors. Therefore, wages may be taken to be an acceptably close reflection of
opportunity cost at market prices. The valuation of labour costs in these less `organized’ and
more being `an informal’ enterprise in the economy, is reflecting more closely the marginal
productivity of unskilled labour.
In order to calculate Shadow Wage Rate (SWR) for unskilled labour, data regarding market
wage rates prevailing in the organized urban centres for unskilled workers as compared with
those daily rates paid to agricultural labour in the unorganized rural sector (taken from the
Monthly Statistical Bulletin published by the Federal Bureau of Statistics) has been taken and
adjusted for payment in kind which is usually one meal. Taking the casual labour rate as the
marginal productivity of unskilled labour, is then adjusted by the SCF and expressed as a ratio
of the organized wage rates, to give a SWR for unskilled labour of 0.75. The same has been
used for the analysis purpose.
Skilled Labour
The general rule for valuation of domestic skilled labour (including managerial and professional
staff) is to take the domestic market rate for such labour and to adjust it only by the SCF. This
approach holds on the grounds that such labour, being scarce, can usually command an
equivalent income in other activities, so the market wage reflects its marginal productivity in
alternative use.
In Pakistan, there is currently little unemployment of skilled workers. Therefore, the market for
skilled workers would seem to be more or less in equilibrium and as such valued at its domestic
market rate.
Border prices of tradable commodities like wheat, rice, seed cotton and sugarcane were
computed based on latest available World Bank Commodity Price Data. Border prices of major
input i.e. chemical fertilizers have also been calculated on this basis. Necessary adjustments
have been made to account for transport and handling between port and market as well as from
market to the farm gate. The detailed calculation of border prices is given in Table-1.2 to Table-
1.8. (Annex-D).
Those commodities for which Pakistan does not enter international trade, wholesale prices
prevailing in major commodity markets of project area (Bahawalnagar) during respective
harvesting periods has been collected and adjusted to the farm gate by deducting marketing
costs between the farm and the market. Marketing costs include packing, transportation,
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loading/unloading, commission charges etc. To convert into economic prices, these prices were
further adjusted by applying SCF. The summary of economic and financial prices for agriculture
inputs and outputs is given in Table-1.10 (Annex-D).
Project life or service life of the project is dependent upon the useful life of its diverse
components. Civil works will entail a different service life compared with earthwork and others
items like machinery. A project utilization period of 30 years (after development) has been
assumed.
For analysis, this future enhanced crop production (with Project situation) has been compared
with “without project” production levels to get the “incremental crop production” due to
implementation of the project. The incremental crop production expressed in monetary terms
over the economic life of the project has been taken to represent the project agro-economic
benefit.
In order to measure these benefits, Crop budgets (in economic prices) per acre giving estimate
of crop gross production value, gross production expenses and crop gross margins under
without and with project conditions have been prepared for all the major crops of the area on the
basis of agronomic and field data. Gross production value, production expenses, gross margin
and net production value at economic prices under without and with project situations have
been detailed in Tables 1.11 to 1.16 and Tables 1.17 to 1.22 (Annex-D). The incremental crop
benefits have been also computed in Table 1.22 (Annex-D) which shows significant impact of
the project on agriculture benefits attributable from the project.
The cost of the project has been converted into economic cost. The converted economic cost is
Rs. 1102.04 Million without price contingencies. The distribution of economic cost phases by
50% in first year and 50% in second year. The annual O & M (after development) has been
taken as 25.67 Million in economic terms. The economic cost is presented in Table 1.25 (Annex-
D).
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2605.44
Net Present Value (Rs. Millions)
3.03:1
B/ C Ratio
28.65
EIRR (Percent)
The EIRR is above the economic opportunity cost of capital (12%), thus this shows that project
is economically viable.
The sensitivity analysis is given in Table-1.23 (Annex-D) and the results are shown in Table below:
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A review of the sensitivity test results indicates that EIRR is robust. The investment in the
project remains economically feasible even under the adverse conditions.
For analysis, this future enhanced crop production (with Project situation) has been compared
with “without project” production levels to get the “incremental crop production” due to
implementation of the project. The incremental crop production expressed in financial terms
over the life of the project has been taken to represent the project agro-financial benefit.
In order to measure these benefits, Crop budgets (in financial prices) per acre giving estimate of
crop gross production value, gross production expenses and crop gross margins under without
and with project conditions have been prepared for all the major crops of the area on the basis
of agronomic and field data. Gross production value, production expenses, gross margin and
net production value at financial prices under without and with project situations have been
detailed in Tables 1.26 to 1.31 and Tables 1.32 to 1.37 (Annex-D). The incremental financial
crop benefits have been also computed in Table 1.37 (Annex-D), which shows significant impact
of the project on agriculture benefits attributable from the project.
Total cost of the said project has been estimated as Rs. 1242.50 million with all works excluding
price contingencies. The distribution of economic cost phases by 50% in first year and 50% in
second year. The annual O & M (after development) has been taken as 28.55 Million in financial
terms. The financial cost is presented in Table 1.24 (Annex-D).
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2587.41
Net Present Value (Rs. Millions)
2.79:1
B/ C Ratio
27.04
FIRR (Percent)
The FIRR is above the economic opportunity cost of capital (12%), thus this shows that project
is economically viable.
27.04
Base Case
Sensitivity Analysis:
10 percent decrease in project benefits 25.16
A review of the sensitivity test results indicates that FIRR is robust. The investment in the project
remains economically feasible even under the adverse conditions.
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8.1 GENERAL
Pakistan's agriculture largely suffers due to water logging and salinity in cultivable land.
Pakistan has been acknowledged for having a well-knit irrigation system. No doubt, the
irrigation system has helped to increase agricultural production, but has also created
problems of water-logging and salinity. Millions of acres of farm land in the country have
been destroyed due to water logging and salinity problem and needed to be tackled by
finding ways to make saline and water- logged soils cultivable to reduce poverty by
increasing agriculture production. Pakistan is striving hard to control water logging and
salinity and has directed tremendous financial resources toward drainage infrastructure
development.
Bahawalnagar
Minchanabad
Chishtian
Haroonabad
Fortabbas
According to the 1998 census, the total population of the district was 2061447 persons. Out
of male population was 51.78% and female 48.22% while, sex ratio calculated as107.4
percent. Average household size in the District was 6.7. The average annual growth rate of
the district was 2.41 percent (1981-1998).
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Figure SOCIAL SURVEY (OF RECOMMENDE PLAN)-34 Location Map of the Project area
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In the district, there are many places of worth seeing. Historical forts in tehsil Fort Abbas , Wild
Life Park , Sutlej Park in the city , Haider Stadium , National Park in Dodhla Jungle in Fort
Abbas Area , River Sutlej Near Bahawalnagar city.
According to the national census of 1998, the predominant first language in the district was
Punjabi, spoken by 94.6% of the population, followed by Urdu at 3.7% and Saraiki at 1.2%.
There is a long list of the causes of water logging and salinity, some significant are enlisted
here. These are;
Uncontrolled seepage of water from Hakra Branch Canal and distributaries that raised
underground water table.
Use of flood irrigation practices
Poor management of the existing drainage system.
The Hakra Canal was designed with a capacity of 2,900 cusec originates from Jalwala
headworks, along the canal shows that water logging and salinity have affected a large number
of the agriculture land, housing and commercial structures. The water table has risen even to
ground surface due to which agricultural productivity of the land has been reduced to 40% of
potential. Water logging problem in this area has become so severe that the local inhabitants
prefer to migrate from this area as they are not even finding fodder for their livestock. The main
source of income in this area is agriculture and livestock, both have suffered badly. As a result,
there is an adverse impact on the socio-economic condition of the people.
Local inhabitants of the area are making hue and cry over the abhorrently reduced yield of their
agriculture land owing to aggravated water logging problem. Issue is being highlighted in print
and electronic media from time to time since long. The inhabitants also have highlighted their
problem their local representatives the government functionaries.
This area in width of 6-10 km on the left side of Hakra Canal up to Indian border is very
important from strategic point of view as there are sensitive defense installations in the area.
Remedial measures are essential for reclamation of water logged area as it is not a requirement
of public, but is also important from defense point of view of the country.
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The detail of the proposed drains has provided in the chapter “Recommended Plan” which
includes the construction of following drains.
Table SOCIAL SURVEY (OF RECOMMENDE PLAN)-36 Details of Proposed Drains
8.7.1 Methodology
The information regarding socio-economic condition of project area was collected through the
field survey. During the survey, group discussions were also held and possible impacts of the
project were discussed. The findings are presented in the following sections.
Assessment of land acquisition and resettlement impacts within Right of Way (ROW) of the
proposed drains was also carried out.
To assess the socio-economic aspects of the project, five villages were randomly selected
covering the project area. The detail of sample villages is provided in Table 8-2 and location is
shown in Figure 8-2.
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Location of the
Sr. No. Village Name District Tehsils
Project Area
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Numbers)
Total Total
Sr. No. Village Name Male Female
Households Population
Bakhu Shah
1 100 7,00 350 350
2 Korian Wali 1,000 7000 3,360 3,640
3 Chak -156-HB/3L 400 3,000 1,500 1,500
4 Chak -196-HB 600 4,500 2,250 2,250
5 Chak -206-9-R 250 2,000 980 10,020
Overall 2,350 16,500 8,440 17,760
Average family size 7.56
Source: Group discussions during field survey January, 2017
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Jutt, Watto, Joia, Dhoodhi, Awan and Jhanjh were in majority in the Project area. The 100
percent of the population of these villages was Muslim.
Under ground water is hard water. Hard water is used for washing and bathing purpose. The
hard water creates skin problems.
The survey findings reveal that the quality of the ground water was poor and unfit for health. The
data indicates that 60 percent inhabitants of surveyed villages (Korian Wali, 156-HB/3L and
Chak -106-9-R) have the facility of water supplies for their drinking purpose, while in 40 percent
(Bakhu Shah and Chak -156-HB/3L) source of drinking water were hand pumps. Mostly hand
pumps installed along the banks of the Hakra Branch where the quality of the ground water was
better as compared to other parts of the project area. Water supply schemes installed by the
Government along the HBC to provide better quality of water for drinking purpose and now
being operated by the local communities on self-help basis.
During the survey, it was observed that sewerage system was available in 80 percent of
surveyed villages. Facility of metalled roads was available for 100%, public transport facility for
20% of the inhabitants. The survey reveals that facility of electricity was available in all selected
villages while 60% villages had the facility of water supply. The detail of availability of social
amenities has been described in the Table 8-4.
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Civic Facilities
Sr. Name of Metalled
No. Settlement Water Sewerage Public
Electricity Road
supply System Transport
Access
1 Bakhu Shah - - √ √ -
2 Korian Wali - √ √ √ √
3 Chak -156-HB/3L √ √ √ √ -
4 Chak -196-HB √ √ √ √ -
5 Chak -206-9-R √ √ √ √ -
Total 60 % 80% 100% 100% 20%
During the field survey, group discussions were held with the local communities. It was
observed that most of the conflicts in the project area are insignificant, i.e. theft of animals or
quarrels among youngsters which are mutually resolved within the caste at local level.
Sometimes, the conflicts not resolved by the parties are referred to the police or court of justice.
To provide key project information to the stakeholders and to solicit their views on the
project and its potential or perceived impacts,
To identify problems and needs,
To collaborate in problem solving,
To develop and maintain communication links between the project proponents and
stakeholders,
To ensure that views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated into the project
design and implementation with the objectives of reducing, offsetting the negative
impacts and enhancing benefits of the proposed project,
To create a sense of ownership among the stakeholders regarding the project.
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To increase public confidence about the proponents, reviewers and decision makers
and
To ensure the transparency in all the project activities.
During survey, the community members and their representatives were consulted in the project
area to introduce the project formally to local community and to obtain their views on the
proposed project. To attain the maximum information, various focus discussions were carried
out with local communities.
Figure SOCIAL SURVEY (OF RECOMMENDE PLAN)-35 A view of discussion with Field
Officer – PIDA
To cover whole Project areas, Focused Group Discussions: were held at different five villages
(Bakhu Shah, Korian Wali, Chak-156-HB/3L, 196 –HB and Chak-206-9R), where general
community members and their representative participated. Gender Specialist also conducted
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meeting with women of the area in the same villages and discussed social issues owing to
water logging problem in the area.
Participants were explained about the proposed project and benefits of the project. Responses
and suggestions given by the local communities about the proposed project were noted.
During FGDs, main issues highlighted by the local people are summarized below:
The area has been experiencing water logging problem since long, but last few years water
logged area has been increased even a little rain causes a serious problem in certain areas.
Due to seepage from Hakra Canal and distribution network the water level has risen.
Most of the time during the monsoon, the ground water level of the area remains higher
than the normal conditions. It creates an unhealthy environmental situation and causes
inconvenience to the residents of the area, including damages to the infrastructure, loss of
crops, business and spreading of diseases.
Livestock is the second source of income of the people in the project area, but is facing
shortage and quality of fodder.
There are not sufficient drains in the area results in water logging.
As a result of water logging, current and potential agricultural land is shrinking
tremendously.
Unemployment in agriculture sector is also increasing.
Local people are shifting their families from the project area to adjoining cities to find labour
and employment opportunities.
The Quality of the ground water is poor and the local communities facing shortage of
drinking water and contaminated water caused the waterborne diseases.
The question was asked about providing, free of cost land for the construction of new drains. It
was observed that the people of the project area were reluctant to provide free land even it has
been waterlogged.
Farmers and local representatives participated in the group discussion and they were happy to
learn about the proposed project. They were explained about the design of the project. The
people of the project area shown great interest in discussions and raised many questions about
the alignments of proposed drains and implementation of the project. The villages and number
of participants of FGDs are provided in Table 8-5.
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view of group discussion at Bakhu Shah Village view of meeting at Korian Wali Village
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structures. Farmers of the area are unable to cultivate their land due to standing water in the
field; even sometime access to the land is not possible.
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Waterlogged soil provides excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes, hence causes malaria.
Furthermore, humidity in the area is very high that causes skin related problems like skin
allergy, etc. Moreover, foul odor of the stagnant water is also a source of air pollution that has a
bad impact on the nearby residents. In rainy season, the situation becomes much worse and
some people even migrated from the project area.
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In the rural society, female plays important role in managing the household from domestic
chores to work in the fields and taking care of the livestock as well. Rural-women are major
contributors in various sub-sectors of the rural economy; crop production, livestock rearing,
cottage industry and household & family maintenance activities, such as fetching water, fuel
wood collection and fodder for livestock, food preparation & preservation and caring for children.
Most of their work and labour does not carry weight, unrecognized and unappreciated. Keeping
in view the important role of the female in the household as well as in the society, gender
consultations were also conducted in five villages to record the views of the females regarding
proposed intervention.
Gender specialist conducted meetings at five different locations in the project area to extract
their miserable condition due to water logging and to create awareness about the project. The
women of the area were keenly interested in the consultations and provided valuable
information. They included housewives, students, as far as education is concerned; the majority
of them were illiterate. Most of them belonged to poor families living in small houses.
Agriculture and livestock were the major source of their earnings, but agriculture was badly
affected from water logging, their lands have become barren. Because of this household income
badly affected which directly linked their health and education and living conditions.
Focus group discussions with females revealed the majority of women were participating
in household activities and children caring. To support their families’ women of the area
are also participating in income generation activities, i.e. agricultural Labor, livestock
rearing while, very small percentages of women is involved in stitching and tailoring. In
social obligation women take part and there is no representation of women in political
and business activities.
It was found that no NGO was working in the Project areas. Health facilities were too far
from their houses. Similarly higher education facilities were not available in villages.
Colleges are located near the city areas due to the long distance and lack of transport
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facilities; girls cannot reach to the educational institutions. Poverty is the main factor in
achieving the high level of education.
In Project area, the education level of women was low, but there was a healthy and
emerging trend of girl education. Women are semi-dependent to take decisions
regarding education, health, number of children and economic self-sufficiency. The
employment ration of women in government department was very low, only a few were
serving in education and health sectors.
During the focus group discussion, it was observed that there was no gender based
violence prevailed among the targeted community.
The collected data revealed that the most pressing needs of women were the availability
of proper health, education facilities in the area.
Women are semi-dependent to take decisions regarding education, health, number of
children and economic self-sufficiency.
Out of total participants in focus group discussion, only 33 percent were literate and
remaining 67 percent were illiterate. Literacy level of the female participants in focus
group discussion is shown in Figure 8.7.
Figure SOCIAL SURVEY (OF RECOMMENDE PLAN)-39 Literacy levels of Female participants
The majorly of participants was involved in household activities and child caring and their
involvement in income generation activities was very significant. Women of the area
participate in cotton picking harvesting the rice crop and managing livestock, but their
activities related to the agriculture are decreasing owing to increase in water logged area
because agricultural land is decreasing owning to water logging. Income of the
decreased and women of the area facing difficulties to meet the household expenditure.
Participants in Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) 93 percent were housewife, only 1
percent was working in education sector and remaining 6 percent were students.
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During the focus group discussion it was observed that there was no gender based
violence prevailed among the targeted community. There was no representation of
women in political activities. Females wanted more educational health facilities in the
rural area. They also demanded community based training/ vocational centres and
transport facilities. Pictorial view of Gender Group Discussions is given in Figure 8-8.
They were happy to know about the project because they were expecting restoration of the
agricultural activities in the area. The details of female participants are provided in Table 8-6.
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The people of this area have appealed to Government of the Punjab for immediate remedial
measures to solve the problem so that people of this area get permanent relief from the
destruction of water logging and salinity. Following main benefits of the proposed Project are
expected:
The proposed project would lower the groundwater table at levels which would facilitate
agricultural development and would prevent soil salinization.
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The project will result in increasing the value of land within and surrounding the project
area.
Due to the reclamation of water logged agriculture land there will be a positive impact on
the health of the local population.
Migration from project area to urban areas will be reduced
In addition to the above-mentioned benefits, people will get employment during the
implementation of the project and in turn the quality of life of the inhabitants of the area will
improve. Moreover, income generation opportunities in agriculture sector for women of the area
will increase. Ultimately the project will a have positive impact in the livelihoods of the local
communities.
The participatory management is fast emerging as a concept for ensuring the involvement of
different stake holders. It is more important in case of implementing projects in rural areas. For
the sustainability of the drainage system farmers of the command area of the drains should be
involved in operation and maintenance of the drains. Drainage Beneficiary Groups should be
formed with proper social mobilization, because the involvement of the beneficiaries will lead to
sustainable agriculture in the area.
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The LAA 1894 regulates the land acquisition process and enables the provincial government to
acquire private land for public purposes. Land acquisition is a provincial responsibility and
provinces have also their own province specific implementation rules like Punjab Land
Acquisition Rules, 1983. The procedure for acquiring land both by Government for public
purposes and for company has been described in the Land Acquisition Act.
When land is required for public purpose by any agency, it makes a requisition to the Secretary
Revenue and Estate of the Province who will either delegate the District Revenue Officer in
case of small land acquisition or appoint a Land Acquisition Collector when the area to be
acquired is large depends on project. Acting on the request the District Collector/Deputy
Commissioner issues a notice under Section-4 of the LAA which is the preliminary notification of
intention to acquire the land. The purpose of such notification is only to enable the authorities to
carry out a preliminary investigation for deciding whether the land intended to be acquired is
suitable for the purpose for which it is needed. The object of the service of the substance of the
notice is to afford an opportunity to the affected persons to file objections within 30 days under
Section-5 of the Act. With the issuance of this notice the executing agency is granted the
authority to enter the notified private land for surveying.
Section-5 provides for the execution agency to pay for the damages caused during the survey
work. Recital in notification under section-6 is a declaration which is conclusive evidence that
land was needed for public purpose or for company. Section-7 indicates that the Land
Commissioner shall direct the Collector/Deputy Commissioner to take order for the acquisition
of land. The Collector/Revenue Officer has then to direct that the land is required to be
physically marked out measured and planned under Section-8. Section-9 allows the
Collector/Deputy Commissioner to give notice to all affected households that the Government
intends to take possession of the land. If they have any claims for compensation then these
claims should be made to him at an appointed time, while the Section-10 delegates power to
record statements of affected persons in the land to be acquired or any part thereof as co-
proprietor, sub-proprietor, mortgagee, and tenant or otherwise. Section-11 enables the District
Collector to make inquiries into the measurements, value and claim and issue the final "award".
The award includes the land's marked area and the valuation of compensation. Collector will
then take possession and the land shall thereupon vest absolutely in the Government, free from
all encumbrances.
The acquisition process is completed with the announcement of section-16 which announces
that the land is transferred to the name of executing agency after the payments are made.
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Under Section-18 a reference to the court can be made of a dispute with regard to the area or
the quantum of the compensation or as to the apportionment of the same amongst the persons
interested. In case of urgency, the procedure will remain the same except the notice under
Section-5-A. Collector/Deputy Commissioner announces section-17 (Land acquisition for
emergency Purpose) just after the announcement of section-4 or 5. This section does not allow
the landowners to register any complain against any issue and the land is acquired immediately.
The Collector announces the section-23 award of compensation for the owners after necessary
enquiries and compensation for acquired land is determined at its market value plus 15% in
consideration of compulsory nature of the acquisition for public purposes.
Section-24 describing the factors not be considered during the determination of compensation;
first, the degree of urgency which has led to the acquisition; secondly, any disinclination of the
person to part with the land acquired; thirdly, any damage sustained by him which. If caused by
a private person. would not render such person liable to a sue; fourthly, any damage which is
likely to be caused to the land acquired, after the dale of the publication of the declaration,
under section-6, by or in consequence of the use after which it will be put; fifthly, any increase to
the value of the land acquired likely to accrue from the use of which it will be put when acquired;
sixthly, any increase to the value of the other land of the person interested likely to accrue from
the use to which the land acquired will be put; seventhly, any outlay or improvements on, or
disposal of, the land acquired, commenced, made or effected without the sanction of the
Collector after the date of the publication of the notification under section 4' sub-section (I) ; or
eight, any increase to the value of the land on account of its being put to any use which is
forbidden by law or opposed to public policy.
Section 31 provides that the LAC can, instead of awarding cash compensation in respect of any
land, make any arrangement with a person having an interest in such land, including the grant
of other lands in exchange.
Rule 5: Collector notifies that the land be acquired for the acquiring agency under section 4
of the Act (1984) and clearly states the location, dimensions and boundaries of area
to be acquired.
Rule 6: The collector submits his report to the Commissioner within sixty days from the date
of publication of the Notification under section 4.
Rule 8: The Commissioner immediately on receipt of the survey report of the Collector
forwards the same to the Board of Revenue.
Rule 10: The Commissioner issue a Notification and ensure that the description of acquired
land is mentioned under rules 5 and the Collector carefully calculated the estimated
price of the land, considering the factors laid down in sections-23 and 24 of the Act;
like average market price of land based on the one year land transaction.
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Meetings were held in different four villages (Chak-240-HL, 241-HL, 142-HL &240-HB), where
landowners and community representatives participated. Participants were explained about the
proposed project and benefits of the project. Responses and suggestions given by the local
communities about the proposed project were noted. List of participants provided below:
List of Participants
Sr. Name Father’s Name Occupation Contact No.
No.
1- CHAK-240-HL
1 Maqsood Hussain Maqbool Hussain Faming 0302-3811017
2 Mustansar Riaz Muhammad Riaz Farming 0346-7717240
3 Abid Sultan Ajmal Khan Farming 0344-4712545
4 Imdad Hussain Muhammad Anwar Farming 0342-7213286
5 Tariq Mehmood Muhammad Saeed Farming 0342-7417240
6 Umar Draz Ghulam Muhammad Farming 0348-7099119
7 Muhammad Bashir Haji Ahmed Farming 0347-3428442
8 Sher Shah Fazal Hussain Shah Farming -
9 Allah Ditta Muhammad Khan Farming 0300-7076240
10 Muhammad Abbas Muhammad Khan Farming 2300-2545240
11 Ameer Hayder Syed Mustaq Hussain Farming 0344-2381738
12 Muhammad Ali Rajab Ali Farming 0345-5329420
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List of Participants
Sr. Name Father’s Name Occupation Contact No.
#
2- CHAK-241-HL
1 Asghar Ali Zaffar Ali Farming 0301-4314741
2 Ghulam Mustafa Noor Muhammad Farming 0344-7422241
3 Muhammad Khalid Muhammad yousaf Farming 0348-7098542
4 Rashid Mehmood Imdad Ali Farming 0346-0810834
5 Muhammad Ummar Nazeer Ahmed Farming 0343-6990305
6 Shahid Mehmood Bashir Ahmed Farming 0346-7564241
7 Muhammad Iqbal Ahmad Khan Farming 0346-8444852
8 Maqsood Ahmed Ahmed Khan Farming 0344-4641941
9 Muhammad Akhtar Noor Ahmed Farming 0345-6851141
10 Muhammad Asghar Noor Ahmed Farming 0346-7432241
11 Akbar Ali Noor Muhammad Farming 0345-7765241
12 Ghafoor Ahmed Allah Yaar Farming 0345-7042475
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List of Participants
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3-Chak -142-HL
1 Wakeel Muhammmad Mian Sajwal Farming 0308-4242785
2 Bashir Ahmed Mian Sajwal Farming -
3 Muhammd Mumtaz Ahmed Bakhsh Farming -
4 Muhammad Ashraf Muhammad Sardar Farming 0305-6699243
5 Allah Bakhsh Akbar Ali Farming -
6 Muhammad Nawaz Akbar Ali Farming 0302-4727041
7 Muhammad Bakhsh Shah Muhammad Farming 0346-8059953
List of Participants
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There is chance of water logging of land due to the passing drains in area and rise of
water table.
Impact on ground water quality
Impact on human health
Small landowners will have swear impact due to loss of land
Valuation of land required for the proposed drains
Overflow from the Ghaggra River during flood season damages the crops and other
infrastructure.
During the field visit it was observed the available bed of the Ghaggar-Hakra River being
cultivated even at the disposal site of the drain along the Indian border with Pakistan. The river
normally remains dry, but during flood season due to overflow creates hardships for the local
people and there is no capacity to store additional water in the bed of the river.
A view of cultivate land of Ghaggar-Hakra Bed near the proposed site of the drain water
Proposed alignment of the Hakra left drain from RD 284+00 runs in the arable. The livelihood of
the local farmers depends on the land and there is an Indian Border at short distance. A view of
the land has been depicted below:
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
Acquisition of the arable land can be avoided by disposing drain water in the Hakra
Branch.
The Flood Channel is off taking from RD 285+920 of the Hakra Branch and land is
available between the channel and road which should be utilized for the construction of
the new drain.
Another option is the army ditch channel which can also be utilized for the dispose of
drain eater.
Available drains at the right side of the Hakra Branch should be used for the proposed
project.
Arable land under the project impact should be properly compensated according to the
market rates if other options are not considerable.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
Water logged area is increasing which lead to social problems due to reduced employment in
agriculture. The economy status of the people downward due to this problem they move or
migrate to other areas. Unless significant measures are taken to incorporate water logging
concerns, the situation is likely to worsen in the future.
The people of this area have appealed to Government of the Punjab for immediate remedial
measures to solve the problem so that people of this area get permanent relief from the
destruction of water logging and salinity.
Due to the reclamation of water logged land, agricultural production would increase,
consequently, improve the economic and social well-being of the area of the Project area.
As a result of discussions with land owners of the tail portion of the project area and the
sustainability of the project following recommendation are made:
Acquisition of the arable land and adverse impacts of the project should be minimized
by exploring other options.
Proposed drainage system along the Hakra Branch RD 285+920 and Hakra left disty
should be lined in order to avoid risk of water logging along its alignment.
Land required for the project should be evaluated as per market rates so that the
affected landowners could purchase land of the same categories.
The participatory management is fast emerging as a concept for ensuring the involvement of
different stake holders. It is more important in case of implementing projects in rural areas. For
the sustainability of the drainage system farmers of the command area of the drains should be
involved in operation and maintenance of the drains. Drainage Beneficiary Groups should be
formed with proper social mobilization, because the involvement of the beneficiaries will lead to
sustainable agriculture in the area.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
According to Review of IEE/EIA Regulations, 2000 the project falls under category F (2) of
schedule I, i.e. “Water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection”. The PEPA, 2012 is
a superseding law and the proposed project seeks approval from Punjab EPA under the Act.
EIA Report will be submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Punjab for
approval. The report has been prepared to ensure compliance with the local legal requirement
and seek approval from Punjab EPA.
During impact assessment study, the potential environmental impacts of the project have been
identified through the use of the standard checklists, relevant guidelines, environmental
surveys, expert knowledge and experience. The impacts identified were assessed for their
significance keeping in view their likelihood, consequence, reversibility, duration, location,
timing etc. The impacts are considered at three phases, viz; Design, Construction and
Operational phase to suggest their mitigation measures. At design stage, some of the impacts
are minimized through adjustments in the project design. As regards environmental impacts
during construction and operation, these may be positive and negative, slight, moderate or
significant, an account of which is discussed below:
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
The drainage system/network may prove to be inefficient in case of poor maintenance. Keeping
this in consideration proper engineering controls at design stage as well as proper maintenance
of the system afterwards can prevent system non efficiency. Uprooting of trees will be required
for the construction of new drains. The funds are proposed to be allocated in order to make
payments to Forest Department as replenishment cost in this regard.
Ambient air quality may deteriorate locally from dust and noise pollution during the construction
phase of the project. The impact is mitigable with the control measures provided in the EIA
report.
Private land acquisition and relocation of houses and some other structures will be required for
the construction of new structures. However, these issues will be duly addressed in
resettlement plan and the overall impact of the project on socio-economic condition of the
project area will be positive. The Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) will be
prepared and submit under separate cover to address the resettlement and relocation issues of
locals. The remaining impacts associated with the construction phase will be temporary,
reversible, phased over a period of time, localized and manageable.
Recommendations for mitigation, management and monitoring measures are based on relevant
guidelines, experience and best practices. Eliminating risk by altering the scope or method of
execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures, where
possible.
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Reclamation of Water Logged Agriculture Land in Border Area along Hakra Canal Feasibility Study Report
To achieve these objectives, compliance monitoring, effects monitoring and external monitoring
are proposed. The monitoring plan provides details of the above types of monitoring including
the procedures, responsibility, timeframe and reporting requirement.
The overall estimated cost of EMP, derived from the given scope of work and previous
experience, is PKR 7.30 million. The distribution of cost is summarized in Table 9-1 as follows.
Cumulative Cost
Activities
(PKR millions)
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9.6 RECOMMENDATIONS
The deep drainage wells may prove to be inefficient in long-term. An integrated
approach of surface and bio-drainage is most suitable for combating water logging and
eventual salinity problem in the area.
Properly designed strips of suitable Eucalyptus tree specie (e.g. Eucalyptus tereticorn is
grows well in semi arid regions with alluvial sandy loam soils) on farmers’ fields and
block plantation along canals for uniform reclamation of water logged soils should be
raised for integrating bio-drainage
Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia nilotica, Tamarix troupii, Haloxylon spp should be
planted to reclaim salinity and sodicity affected areas in project area..
9.7 CONCLUSION
Summing up it can be concluded that;
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