INTRODUCTION

Refrigeration is the process of lowering the temperature of a substance below that of its surroundings.
Refrigeration system accounts for a significant portion of the energy consumption in many manufacturing industries,
agricultural & horticultural sectors and commercial buildings. Refrigeration and air conditioning systems cover a
wide variety of cooling applications, using both standard and custom-made equipment. One commonly used
applications are process cooling by chilled refrigerant.

The chiller is the main component of a cooling system. The chiller centralizes three heat exchanging cycles:
the refrigeration cycle, the chilled water process, and cooling water process. The chiller creates chilled water in a
centralized building location that can be distributed for water usage and air conditioning purposes. The chiller is an
all-in-one system that operates under the vapor compression cycle, using refrigerants as the working fluid.

The vapor compression refrigeration cycle involves four main components in the chiller: a compressor, a
condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator. Refrigerant enters the compressor, which raises the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant. After the refrigerant exits the compressor, it is superheated within the pipes. The
refrigerant is then run through the condenser, which is essentially a heat exchanger, where heat is rejected from the
refrigerant to heat a separate flow of water. The heated water is then sent to the cooling tower to be cooled. The
refrigerant remains at the same pressure through the heat exchanger but exits at a lower temperature and then flows
through an expansion valve that lowers the pressure of the refrigerant causing it to evaporate. When liquids
evaporate, they draw in heat from the surrounding atmosphere. Consider a drop of water on the surface of your skin;
it feels cold because as it evaporates it is drawing heat from your skin. Similarly, when the refrigerant evaporates, it
draws heat from the warmer water in the evaporator, which cools the water. When the refrigerant evaporates it loses
pressure but then regains it in the compressor thus repeating the refrigeration cycle.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This project aims to design a chiller plant with dimension of _______DESIGN DIMENSIONS_________.
This involves the application of the basic theory of refrigeration and factors that affect the cooling load of a certain
building. The wall, flooring, and ceiling with ________ STANDARD INSULATION FOR CHILLER_________.
The ambient temperature is considered to be ______ while the chiller’s inside temperature is ______. The ground
temperature is estimated to be _____. ___PRODUCT/LOAD TO BE USED_____ with a mass of ______ is placed
for refrigeration process, with the working substance of refrigeration ______REFRIGERANT TO BE USED_____.

Total refrigeration load is determined by adding the individual load such as transmission, infiltration,
internal and product load (IF ANY). Transmission load are the heat gain in the exterior covering of the cold room
such as walls, doors, ceiling and flooring. The total transmission load is dependent on the room area, thickness of
wall, temperature difference between outside and inside of room and thermal conductivity of the material used in
building construction. The volume of air exchange affect the total infiltration load coming from the open space of
doors. Internal loads such as load from the occupants, electrical and mechanical equipment and lighting are also
included in the total load. The total heat that should be removed in the product is also calculated and included in the
total refrigeration load. The summation of the load is equal to the refrigerating capacity of the chiller and express in
tons of refrigeration.

Equipment sizing is one of the important coverage of the study, for this aims for researchers to be
knowledgeable enough in the various type of refrigeration equipment such as evaporator, condenser, compressor and
expansion valve. The main objectives of the project are to calculate the size of the said equipment and to determine
the loads for the application of the actual refrigeration system in chiller.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms were defined in order to further understand the study.

 AIR CONDITIONING: Indoor space cooling is known as air conditioning. Air conditioning
systems typically consist of a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. These parts work
together, along with refrigerant, to bring hot outdoor air into a building, cool it, and pump it throughout the
structure or to specific rooms.

 CHILLER: Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and machinery in a
variety of industries. A chiller removes heat from the process water and transfers it to air via a heat
exchanger. Using the refrigeration cycle, water chillers are able to cool the water to below ambient
temperature.

 COMPRESSOR: it is a device used to increase the pressure of compressible fluid, either gas or vapour.

 CONDENSER: Condenser is the device that transfers heat out of the refrigeration system to cooling medium
either air, water or combination of both.

 COOLING LOAD: Several factors contribute to the level of heat in a building: solar radiation, electrical
equipment, artificial lighting, and, of course, occupants. These factors are calculated to determine how
much heat an HVAC/R system must remove. Collectively they are known as the cooling load.

 EXPANSION VALVE: it reduces the pressure of the refrigerant so that low temperature will be attained. It
also regulates the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator.

 EVAPORATOR: An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance
such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas form of the
targeted substance in that process.

 REFRIGERATION: it is the process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions.

 REFRIGERANT: Refrigerants are chemicals that serve as the working fluid for refrigerators, air
conditioners, and heat pumps. Their main property is the ability to change from a liquid to a gas at low
temperatures. They assist in the heat transfer process.
REFRIGERANT

Several refrigerants may be used in refrigeration systems such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ammonia,
hydrocarbons (propane, ethane, ethylene, etc.), carbon dioxide, air (in the air-conditioning of aircraft), and even
water (in applications above the freezing point). For refrigeration system of a chiller, the standard refrigerant used is
Trichlorofluoromethane, also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11.

Refrigerant R-11 is considered to be safe refrigerant as it is nonflammable and non-explosive. It can be

used in the applications where the refrigeration load ranges from 150 to 2000 tons along with the centrifugal
compressor. R-11 refrigerant is also used as the solvent and the secondary refrigerant. Refrigerant R11 is
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). Among all the refrigerants commonly used for the refrigeration and air conditioning
applications, R11 has the highest potential to cause the depletion of the ozone layer from the upper layers of the
atmosphere and the greenhouse effect. This is mainly because three atoms of chlorine present in the R11 compound.
Since R11 has highest potential to cause the depletion of ozone layer, as per the Montreal Protocol, R-11 is now
being replaced by other environment friendly refrigerants, of which the most common is R-123.

However, R-123 or other refrigerant is not advisable to replace R-11 for a chiller, because if it happens, it is
also required to replace the seals, gaskets, bushings and diaphragm of the chillers. In case of the hermetic
compressors, it is also important to change the motor, and improvement in the efficiency of the other compressors
may be required. For retrofitting the R-11 equipment improvement in the efficiency of the heat exchangers,
replacement of the expansion valve and the improvement of the controls are also required.

TABLES 1.1

REFRIGERANT DATA

REFRIGERANT R-11
EMPERICAL FORMULA CCl3F
CHEMICAL NAME trichlorofluoromethane
PHYSICAL STATE liquid. [colorless liquid or gas with a chlorinated solvent
odor which is detectable >20 % by volume]
MELTING POINT -111°C (-167.8°F)
BOILING POINT 23.7°C (74.7°F)
EVAPORATION RATE 19.4 (butyl acetate = 1)
VAPOR PRESSURE @ 70ºF (21.1ºC) 12.3 psia ( 85 kPa)
VAPOR DENSITY 4.7 (Air = 1)
SPECIFIC VOLUME (ft3 /lb) 2.5907
3
GAS DENSITY (lb/ ft ) 0.386
REFERENCE: https://www.airgas.com/msds/001052.pdf
INSERT GRAPH AND TABLE OF R-11 HERE!

CARL SULIBET/ JHODISON OMLAS ASSIGNED HERE (FOR NOW! xD)

Search nyo kung anong graph and table for R-11, yung parang sa tulad nung ginagamit natin.
Then attach here!
CONDENSING PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

GROUP 1 ASSIGNED HERE (CONDENSER)

 Pollah Cabuyao
 Pionilla Alexia

Search for standard temperature and pressure used for chiller. Mga design conditions. For
example ang temperature dapat ay hindi lalamas sa gantong temperature o pressure, mga ganun.
Then i-attached nyo rin dito yung reference ng pinagkuhanan nyo.

Then kapag nasearch na nina jhod o carl yung table, tabulized the data needed for
condenser, parang yung ginawa natin sa quiz!
EVAPORATING PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

GROUP 2 ASSIGNED HERE (EVAPORATOR)

 Kaneyama, Shira
 Zarsuelo, Joana

Search for standard temperature and pressure used for chiller. Mga design conditions. For
example ang temperature dapat ay hindi lalamas sa gantong temperature o pressure, mga ganun.
Then i-attached nyo rin dito yung reference ng pinagkuhanan nyo.

Then kapag nasearch na nina jhod o carl yung table, tabulized the data needed for
condenser, parang yung ginawa natin sa quiz!
INSULATION DESIGN

Since bandang huli pa ata ang compressor haha GROUP 3 ASSIGN HERE!

 Ewican, Alyssa Mae

 Eclavea, Chester
 Manalo, Kohleen

Search for the standard insulation of a chiller. Explain the insulation description (bakit yun daw
ang gagamitin?). Tabulized na thickness, thermal conductivity, etc. (same lang nung ginawa
natin nung term paper sa heat transfer) Then attach your reference below the table.

FOR NOW YUN MUNA! HINTAYIN KO YUNG REPLY NYO HANGGANG 10 PM!
THANKS! HEHE