Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NIM: 1601542029
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS
UNIVERSITY OF UDAYANA
2018 – 2019
1. Background of the Study
wishes, command, and to tell truth and lies. It can also be used to express and
with each other to build relation and share feeling. In order for people to achieve
also be mediated such as when electronic technology is used for speech and text.
When people converse with each other, they want their conversation to run
smoothly. In order for the conversation to run smoothly there must be a mutual
response from one another; if they do not give a suitable response to the previous
when people say something without actually meaning it by saying something else,
or nothing at all. People can mean something without saying it, they can get their
most people understand what is being implied by the speaker even though the
speaker do not explicitly tell what they really mean. Furthermore, this kind of
phenomenon happen in our everyday life. For example, when a student is late to
class the teacher will ask what time is it, and the student will reply with the reason
why he/she comes late and not with the actual time. This shows how people said
something but implying something else, in the case of the teacher, he/she is not
asking about the time but why the student comes late? Why does he/she not come
on time, thus by saying what time is it he/she means to say “this is already over my
class time, why are you late?”. That is why the student answer with the reason why
he/she is late. Isn’t interesting to see how the student actually understand what is
implied by the teacher? And give a suitable answer to the question? This kind of
not follow the rule of conversation. The rule of conversation is a set of rules which
not following the rule. This kind of exploitation is known as flouting, and this kind
make a joke using sarcasm irony, etc which richen the conversation flow.
Ngomongin novel Thus, from this background the paper will focused on the
flouting maxim that occurred in the movie/novel as the most interesting implicature
thing or do not say anything at all. By doing this they are consciously or
unconsciously want the hearer to get what they want to say. However, to understand
about the implied meaning the hearer must know the contextual situation and
what they actually mean to the hearer, they must blatantly exploit the maxim of
conversation which is proposed by Grice. Thus, in this paper the writer will ask
1. What kind of the flouting maxim occurred in Tom Harris’s novel The Silence of
the Lamb?
2. What is the implicit meaning of flouting maxims which are produced by the
3. Why flouting maxim occur in Tom Harris’s novel entitled The Silence of the
lamb?
give answer to the subject matter after being observed, in this paper the subject
matter is the flouting maxim that occur between the character in Silence of the
Lamb, also the implicit meaning and the reason why flouting maxim occur in there.
2. To figure out the implicit meaning in the flouting maxim in Tom Harris
3. To figure out the reason why flouting maxim occur in Tom Harris ‘s novel
4. Scope of Discussion
The focus of this writing is to answer the problem in this paper. Thus, there
are limitation in this paper. The theory that chiefly used is the conversational Maxim
and flouting maxim proposed by Paul Grice. Jelasin tentang apa itu conversational
maxim and flouting
Moreover, this paper also going to use the theory from Leech about meaning to
support the analysis. The focus on this paper is to explain the flouting maxim that
occur in Tom Harris’s novel entitled The Silence Lamb also the implicate meaning
and the reason why it happens.
Contoh jika membahas implicature, limit the theoretical framework apa yang
Ada primary ada secondary, jelaskan data yang kamu pakai apa, dari siapa
The data that are going to be used in this paper is a primary data taken from
the literary work from Tom Harris which is a novel entitled The Silence of the
Lamb which is adapted into a thriller horror movie, and one of the most
Documentation
2. Data apa yang ingin kamu kumpulkan? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang
mana?
catatan (atau apalah jelaskan secara detail) untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang
mana
technique recording
5.4 Presenting dengan data qualitative, data qualitative dengan deskripsi. Data
This part of study concern with the review of two undergraduate theses and
one international or national journal which is related to the topic of this paper.
Moreover, these materials are needed to develop a deeper understanding about the
related topic, which as a result will further our comprehension and give a vivid
understanding about the topic. The first undergraduate thesis that will be reviewed
is Flouting Maxims in The Movie How to Train Your Dragon 2 written by Evitayani
(2016), The second thesis is Flouting of Grice’s Maxim’s in The Age of Adaline
Movie written by Lestari (2017), and the national journal that will be reviewed is
(2015).
Train Your Dragon 2 composed by Evitayani (2016). The data used in the thesis
were taken from an animation movie entitled How to Train Your Dragon 2, which
is a sequel to the previous movie with the same title. The research method used in
this thesis are divided into methods and techniques of collecting data, method and
techniques of analyzing data, and method and techniques of presenting data. For
the method and technique of collecting data, the thesis used documentation method
recording. Moreover, qualitative research method and descriptive analyzed are the
method that applied in analyzing process. For the techniques of analyzing data the
author conducted some steps which are (i) classifying the utterance found in the
that disobey the maxim of conversation, (ii) analyzing the corpus data using Grice’s
theory of flouting maxim which is supported with theory about flouting maxim
from Levinson. Furthermore, the method and technique of presenting data were
In this thesis, the author explains about types of the maxims that are flouted
in the movie and the reason for the occurrence of flouting maxim. The author stated
that in the data all of the flouting maxim can be found namely flouting of maxim of
a particular case where two maxims are flouted were found in the data. The maxims
that clashed with each other according to the data were maxim of quality and maxim
of quantity. Furthermore, she said stated that the most flouted maxim is the maxim
of quantity because one of the main characters in the movie tend to gave a long
explanation which is unnecessary, and explained something which is way out off
the topic. The second most flouted maxim is the maxim of relevance because some
characters in the movie choose do not have much time to talk about the topic of
interest or they do not want to talk about it. In addition, she also stated the least
flouted maxim is the maxim of manner as it is only occurred when there were some
author used the theory from Paul Grice about maxim of conversation and flouting
maxim, as well as the theory from Levinson to support her analysis. The theory
used by the author is also used in this paper, however besides these theory about
maxims of conversation and flouting maxim from Grice and Levinson, theory of
meaning from Leech and additional theory from Paul Grice’s about conversation
of Adaline Movie written by Lestari (2017). The data used in this thesis were taken
from the utterance between the character in the movie entitled The Age of Adaline.
This movie is a 2015 American movie, which is a fantasy movie about a woman
that stops aging at the age of 29 after an accident befall her. The format of the
research method used in this thesis are the same as previous thesis, however the
method and technique of presenting data were left out. The method for collecting
data in this thesis were documentation method with note taking as the technique. In
addition, the author lists the steps to collecting data namely watching the movie,
find the transcription of the utterance, and listing down the utterance which related
to flouting maxim. Moreover, the method of analyzing data used in this thesis were
descriptive qualitative method, along with descriptive analyzing. The process of the
analyzing the data were started with (i) identifying the utterance in conversation
that can be classified as flouting maxim, (ii) describing the context of situation in
the movie where the utterance take place, (iii) analyzing the reason why the data is
considered as flouting maxim, (iv) lastly, analyzing the implicit meaning of flouting
maxim.
In this thesis the author explained about the types of maxim being flouted
in the utterance between the character, as well as finding out the implicit meaning
of the flouting maxim which were produced by the character in the movie. The
finding of this study showed that all conversational maxims had been flouted in the
data. Moreover, the most flouted maxim where quantity maxim, and maxim of
manner were the least flouted maxims. She also stated that there were some reasons
that encourage the speaker to flout the maxim which resulted in an implicit meaning
namely: (i) the speakers try to explain about something by giving too much
information in hope that the hearer will understand the topic better, (ii) the speakers
want to expect something which means that they act and say more words to show
something, (iii) the speakers want to convince the addressee, (iv) the speakers want
to hide or cover something, (v) the speakers want to avoid certain subject which is
the topic present into a new topic. Furthermore, the author used the theory from
Paul Grice about maxim of conversation and flouting maxim, as well as the theory
about conversational implicature. The theory used by the author is also used in this
paper, however besides these theory about maxims of conversation, flouting maxim
and conversational implicature from Grice theory of meaning from Leech and
additional theory from Levinson about meaning are used to support this paper.
national journal is reviewed as well. The national journal is Vision, in which the
particular journal related to the topic was written by Asri (2015) entitled An
http://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/vision/article/download/1592/1170. The
between the teacher and the students. The data used in this journal were taken from
the utterance in dialogue of a teacher and her student during EFL teaching and
learning program. This study was conducted in 2013. This journal used qualitative
approach, and content analysis as the research design. The primary instrument used
in collecting the data were the writer himself along with document analysis.
Moreover, the author listed some ways in which the data were collected such as: (i)
using observation method, (ii) recording), (iii) transcribing the utterances, (iv)
sorting the utterances where the flouting occurred, (v) enlisting this utterance based
on the type of maxim being flouted, and (vi) arranging the obtainable data
reduction, (ii) data display, (iii) data analysis), (iv) conclusion drawing. In the
findings the author stated that there were six flouting maxim that can be found in
the dialogue between the teacher and student during the learning process. Out of
357 data from the utterance only 2 percent of data considered as flouting maxim,
thus the author claimed that the student often flouted the maxim of quantity, quality,
and manner, in addition he added that the reason why the speaker flouts the maxim
order to give proper response toward teacher utterances based on speaker or the
teacher utterance. As a matter of fact, the theory used in this journal were the theory
maxim which is the same theory with the previous thesis. Speaking of the theory
used here, this paper also used the same theory with some additional theory about
relation with this paper since they all analyzed the maxim which appeared in the
conversation using Grice’s theory about maxim. However, this paper is quite
different with the aforementioned paper as this analysis is more detailed in terms of
beside determining the maxims which is floated, this paper also will analyze the
reason for such occurrence, and why such occurrence happened from the
6.2 Concept
The concepts that are used in this proposal are proposed by experts in
linguistic, pragmatic, and philosophy. The concepts are divided into seven concepts
which are related to this topic in order to help the process in understanding this
Conversation is a major activity in social life (Allen and Guy, 1978: 11).
Conversation is not only seen as a product between speakers and speakers who seek
to exchange information or convey messages from one another. At the same time,
procedures, methods, and resources tied to the context in which the conversation is
taking place (Hutchby and Woofit, 1998: 1). The context in conversation is defined
speakers interpret the meaning of speech and the interplay of behavior between
than just what the words mean, it is an additional conveyed meaning. He further
explained that implicature are primary examples of more being communicated than
is said, but in order for them to be interpreted some basic cooperative principle must
this possibility. She added that even though there are different types of implicature,
however the term of implicature mainly associated with a particular type, namely
Moreover, Allan (2012:55) explained implicature in Grice’s view as one can mean
What one implicates by saying something generally not implied by what one says.
That is why Grice used the verb “implicate” rather than “imply” and the neologism
sentence which is meant without being part of what is strictly said. He further said
that this definition is derived via Grice’s (1975, 1989) cooperative principle, and its
the use of language, such as the widespread agreement that communicators should
required, at the sage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the
talk exchange in which you are engaged” It can be assumed from this that it is
assumed that both the speaker and the listener should be cooperative while
arching assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. On the other hand, Leech
become the complement and rescue CP from serious trouble. Furthermore, Yule
cooperate with each other and give expected amount of information which is
provided in conversation, this cooperation between both the speaker and listeners
Under the assumption that some general principle (CP) is acceptable, Grice
(1975:45-46) distinguished four categories under one another of which will fall into
more specific maxim and sub maxim which in general will yield results in
accordance with CP. He borrowed the names from Kant and called these categories
provided. It means that the speaker tries to be informative yet do not give unneeded
to be provided. It means that the speaker tries to be truthful, and do not give false
information, especially one without evidence. The speaker also tries to give
evidence to support their claim. Thirdly, the maxim of Relation is where the speaker
tries to be relevant and appropriate within the context. The speaker tries to not speak
about irrelevant matter. Lastly, the maxim of Manner, related to not what is said but
rather to how what is said to be said. It means that the speaker tries to give a clear
fail to fulfil the maxim. On the assumption that the speaker is able to fulfil the
opting out, and is not in view of the blatancy of his performance, trying to mislead,
the hearer is faced with a minor problem. He considered this as a maxim being
implicature that come about by overtly and blatantly not following some maxim, in
termed the context of situation, the social context of a text which allowed for
meaning to be exchanged.
1. The field of discourse is the general sense of what a text is about and refers to
'what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place'. This
aspect is comparable to Bakhtin's sphere of communication.
2. The tenor of discourse is concerned with the participants, their relationship, their
3. The mode of discourse focuses on what the language is being ask to do - its
function - the way it is organized, the medium (print, spoken, and so on) and also
'the rhetorical mode, what is being achieved by the text in terms of such categories
as persuasive, expository, didactic, and the like' (Halliday and Hasan 1985: 12).
a textual event. Moreover, these elements then interact with each other and limit the
choice of form (Zhang in Prativi 2012:13). Based on this definition it can be said
related to various texts. Certain situational context asks for certain text and in return
certain text creates certain context. In the process of communication, the meaning
relevance to the topic of study. The theory that will be mainly used is the theory
proposed by Grice (1975) and this theory will be used to solve the problems which
and clear description, the theory of flouting the maxim which is proposed by
Levinson (1983) also will be used to explain about Grice’s flouting maxim. Beside
the theory from Grice and Levinson, there are also theory about conversational
implicature proposed by Grice and theory from Leech about meaning in semantic
phrase, with a specific goal in mind. Regardless of the motive or awareness, Grice
1) Maxim of Quantity
issues; and there may also be an indirect effect, in that the hearers
may be, there is perhaps a different reason for doubt about the
This maxim means that when a speaker asks something, the listener should
girl going to go out and her father asked her “where are you going to?”, then the
girl should answer with “I am going to the mall”. The girl in this example does not
give any more explanation about her ‘hangout’ except if her father asked again.
Another example for this is an analogy, which if you are assisting me to finish a
puzzle, I expect you to give me neither more or less than is required. If for example
I asked for 4 pieces of the puzzle you should give me 4 puzzle pieces and neither 2
or 6 pieces.
It means that when the speaker asks something the listener should answer it
honestly and provide evidence if needed. For example, when the lecturer enters the
classroom and he or she starts to fill in the attendance list by calling the student’s
name one by one, the student will respond it by raising their hand honestly.
Furthermore, Grice expect that the contribution should be genuine and not spurious.
In maxim of quality, the speakers are expected to give the evidences. Some speakers
like to get hearer’s attention by saying what they believe to be through, even though
they lack of evidence. Maxim of quality has function to make sure that every
3. Maxim of Relation
Be relevant
It means that when the speakers ask something, the listener should answer
it stick to the point and relevance to the context. For example, when a mother is
cooking a cake, she does not expect her son to come and give her a good book or
even an oven cloth (though this might be appropriate contribution at later stage.)
Avoid ambiguity
Be brief
Be orderly
It means that when the speaker asks something the listener should answer it as clear
as possible and not ambiguous. For example, a woman asks her friend in restaurant.
B: I would love to eat fried rice. (the answer should not be like “I would love to eat
some rice, eggs, sauce, fried with oil). This maxim has function to avoid
Although Grice said that the maxims are important, he realized that in some
they flout their conversation, it does not mean that the communication will not be
detrimental. Then, the participant will understand the implication of the speakers
whether they know the situation or occasion. It means that the speakers have the
same thinking to imply what the speaker said based on the situation. Based on
Grice’s maxims, there are several criteria of flouting the maxims as distinguishing
The speakers flout this maxim if they give more or less information than it
is required by the situation. It means that the speaker does not explain to the point.
They usually give uninformative information. It also means that they give less
information or too much information. The examples will explain about the flouting
of maxim of quantity.
B’s answer does not fulfill the maxim of quantity. By using indefinite
article, B reuses to commit himself to whether the ring he sees is the same one that
A tells B that both of them will miss Billy and Agatha. Yet, B flouts that he/she will
miss Bill only. That’s mean that B gives uninformative by giving too little
contribution.
Firstly, the speaker flouts maxim of quality if she/he lies or says and denied
his/her information in order to make the addressee understand. The examples below
about London that is Armenia. Actually, this answer is false because London is in
First off all, the speakers flout this maxim if they make the conversation
unmatched. Usually, the participants do the wrong causality. Besides, they want to
avoid the topic; they will change the topic or avoid talking about it. This flouting
usually used to hide something. It means that the participants keep secrete or
something in order that nobody knows about it. Two examples below do not fulfill
when A asks B about ‘where’, actually B should answer the question about the
place. However, B has changed the topic of conversation. A asks B about A’s Box
of chocolates, but B answer A’s question about his/her train schedule which he/she
The speaker flouts the maxim of manner when he/she uses ambiguous
language. Besides, their utterance is to long winded or too short, obscure, etc.
spelling out the word ice cream, and tells A that B does not say the word ice cream
in front of the children before they ask their parents to buy some.
In addition, according to Leech, in the same utterance it can have more than
one flouting of maxims as long as the speakers gives the right reasons. Besides,
people usually have different interpretation about their communication so that their
utterance can be contained by two or more (Leech, 1983: ...). For example:
This example has two kinds of flouting those are maxim of relevance and
quantity. It contains of the flouting of maxim relevance because B does not give the
causality answer. It means B should answer some places where B has put the
chocolates. In addition, B’s answer is also flouting the maxim of quantity. B does
not explain to the point that the children were in A’s room this morning. If B follows
listeners misunderstand the message conveyed by the addressor. Yet, it does not
mean that the communication will be breakdown as long as the addressor gives a
strong reason.
gesture, picture, signals, etc. language was the main tool of communication of the
human beings. Semantics as a branch of linguistics was mainly concerned with how
the ‘meaning’ was conveyed by the linguistics system consisting of different unit
psychology, communication theory etc. Leech divided meaning into seven different
as conceptual meaning.
A. Conceptual Meaning
Leech (1981:10) said that this meaning is the most important element of every act
functioning of language. The main reason why Leech said so because conceptual
meaning has a complex and sophisticated organization of a kind which may be
Leech which seems to be the basic of all linguistic pattern, they are principle of
possesses, and also by implication negatively which is the features it does not
possess. Thus, the phonetic symbol /b/ may be explicated as representing a bundle
of contrastive features + bilabial, + voice, + stop, - nasal; the assumption for this is
can be studied in terms of contrastive features, so that the meaning of word ‘woman’
The structure principle is the principle by which larger linguistic units are
built out of smaller units, or by which we are able to analyze a sentence syntactically
into its constituent parts, moving from its immediate constituents through a
This aspect of the organization of language is often given visual display in a tree-
diagram.
structured simultaneously on more than one level. At least there are three levels
which is necessary for a full account of the linguistic competence they are
derived from one another. The aim of conceptual semantics is to provide for any
‘semantic representation’ and which shows exactly what we need to know if we are
to distinguished the meaning from all other possible sentence meanings in language
and to match that meaning with the right syntactical and phonological expression.
From this picture it can be seen that the ability to match levels operated in
one direction (A-B-C) occurred when we are decoding (listening to a sentence and
interpreting it), and the opposite direction (C-B-A) when we are encoding
(composing and speaking a sentence). Thus, from this account it will be clear that
conceptual meaning is an inextricable and essential part of what language is, such
that one can scarcely define language without referring to it, and a ‘language’ which
communicated solely by means of expletive words like Oh! AH! Oho! Alas! And
B. Connotative Meaning
virtue of what it refers to, over, and above its purely conceptual context. However,
most of the time he notion of “reference” overlaps with conceptual meaning. For
- MALE, + ADULT), then the three properties ‘human’, ‘adult’, and ‘male’ must
provide a criterion of the correct use of that word. These contrastive features,
translated into ‘real word’ terms become attributes of the referent of woman to
possess. They include not only physical characteristic such as having a womb, but
also psychological and social properties such as maternal instinct, and may extend
to features which are merely typical rather than invariable accompanied the
wearing).
an individual or a group of people or a whole society. In the past woman has been
burdened with such attributes namely frail, prone to tears, cowardly, emotional,
irrational, and inconstant. Moreover, the dominant male has been pleased to impose
sensitive, and hard-working. From this it can be seen that connotation are changed
from age to age and society to society. The evidence for it that in the past ‘non-
trouser wearing’ was the connotative for woman. Not only connotative vary through
age to age and society to society but also to some extent vary from individual to
by other communicative systems such as visual art and music. It is also relatively
stable which means it vary considerably according to culture, historical period, and
open ended in the same way as our knowledge and belief about he universe are open
ended because it is not static and changed throughout the age and society. Thus, to
sum it up when we are talking about connotation we are talking about the ‘real
world’ experience one associates with an expression when one uses or hear it.
C. Social Meaning
circumstances of its use. In part, we decode the social meaning of a text through
our recognition of different dimensions and levels of style within the same
us something about the geographical or social origin of the speaker; other features
of language tell us something about of the social relationship between the speaker
and hearer.
Crystal and Davy cited in Leech (1981:14) recognized the following
within a single language. It is not surprising, perhaps that we rarely find words
which have both the same conceptual meaning and the same stylistic meaning. This
observation led people to declare that ‘true synonyms do no exist’. Moreover, the
(1) They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot.
(2) After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.
From this example, we can see that sentence (1) could be said by two criminals that
talked about the afterwards of the crime, whereas sentence (2) might be said by the
chief inspector in making his official report. Both describe the same thing, yet the
status whom utter the sentence make the meaning differ as in their common ground
local sense, social meaning can include what has been called the illocutionary force
assertion, an apology, a threat, etc. The function of utterance perform in this respect
may only be indirectly related to its conceptual meaning. The sentence I haven’t got
a knife has the form and meaning of an assertion, and yet in social reality if said to
the waiter in a restaurant it can readily take on the force of request such as ‘please
bring me a knife’.
D. Affective Meaning
through the conceptual or connotative content of the words used. Someone who is
addressed “You are a vicious tyrant and a villainous reprobate, and I hate you for
it!” is left in little doubt as to the feelings of the speaker towards him. But there are
less direct ways of disclosing our attitude than this; for example, by scaling our
Factors such as intonation and voice timbre (tone of voice) are also important here.
The impression of politeness in (1) can be reversed by a tone of biting sarcasm; and
sentence (2) can be turned into a playful remark between intimates if delivered with
about when we adopt an impolite tone to express displeasure (as in sentence 2), or
when we adopt a casual tone to express friendliness. On the other hand, there are
elements of language (mainly interjections such as like, Aha! and Yippee!) whose
main function is to express emotion and attitudes without the mediation of any other
E. Reflected Meaning
conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to
Comforter and The Holy Ghost, both referring to the Third Person of the Trinity,
and ghost. Thus, one sense of a word seems to rub off on another sense in this way
only when it has dominant suggestive power either through relative frequency and
meaning since their popularization in senses connected with the physiology of sex,
it has become increasingly difficult to use terms like intercourse, ejaculation, and
F. Collocative Meaning
of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment. Pretty and
distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur or to use
This, range may overlap each other: handsome woman and pretty woman
are both acceptable, although they suggest a different kind of attractiveness because
of the collocative associations of the two adjectives. Further examples are quasi-
synonymous verbs such as wander and stroll (cows may wonder, but may not stroll)
or tremble and quiver (one trembles with fear, but quiver with excitement). To sum
it up, it can be said that collocative meaning is simply an idiosyncratic of individual
words.
G. Thematic Meaning
often felt, for example, that an active sentence such as (1) has a different meaning
from its passive equivalent (2) although in conceptional content they seem to be the
same
values in that they suggest different contexts. The active sentence seems to answer
an implicit question “What did Mrs. Bessie Smith donate?”, while the passive
sentence seems to answer an implicit question “Who donated the first prize”. The
sentence (1) that contrast with sentence (2) suggest that we know who Mrs. Bessie
Smith is. The same truth condition however, apply to each it would be impossible
to find a situation which (1) was an accurate report while (2) was not or vice versa.
particularized implicature.
calculate the additional conveyed meaning. Moreover, Zhang (2011: 409) defined
interpret the additional meaning from that conversation. It can be seen clearly that
B for some reason only brought the bread and thus this shows that B only buy the
occurred when the conversation takes place in very specific context in which locally
recognized inferences are assumed. It is also the most common implicature that
contextual conditions and require this condition to find out the conveyed meaning
In order to make B’s response relevant, A has to draw on some assumed knowledge
that one college student in this setting expect another to have. B will spend the
evening with his parents, and time spend with parents is quiet, thus B’s are not
implicatures which are proposed by Grice and modified by Leech and Zhang. The
cancelled if they are inconsistent with (i) semantic entailment, (ii) background or
conversation implicatures that arise via the maxim of Manner. This is because the
conversational implicature are attached to the semantic content, rather than the
synonyms.
saying of what is coded, are non-coded in nature. In other words, they rely on the
saying of what is said but they are not part of what is said.
motivated rather than arbitrary. For example, if a language has ‘all’ and ‘some’ the
in hand.
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Prativi, I. (2012). An Analysis of Implicature: Flouting Maxims in The Novel
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Evitayani, N. (2016). Flouting Maxims in The Movie “How to Train Your Dragon
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