Solid Mechanics

Newton’s laws
•
 Newton’s laws
•
 Continuum Mechanics
• Extend Newton’s Laws to Continuum
– Continuum
– Deformation of a continuum.
– Strain
– Stress
– Differential Equation of Equilibrium
– Continuum Energy
– Beam Applications
 Continuum Mechanics
• Strain / Strain Energy
Continuum Mechanics
 Continuum Mechanics
• Failure Criteria!
 Continuum Mechanics
• Stresses and Deformation of Objects
Continuum Mechanics
 Continuum Mechanics
• Newton's Equations of motion on a continuum
• Strategies for solution
 Continuum Mechanics
• Stress, Strain and their
relationships
• Stress failure criteria
1. Mathematical Preliminaries
Sets
 Sets

“Element of”
 Sets

“Subset of”
 Sets

Definition of sets:
 Some fixed sets
• Natural numbers:
 Some fixed sets
• Natural numbers:
• Integers:
 Some fixed sets
• Natural numbers:
• Integers:
• Rational numbers:
 Some fixed sets
• Natural numbers:
• Integers:
• Rational numbers:
• Real Numbers:
 Intervals
•

•
 “for all”
“exists”
“exists and unique”

•
•
•
 Test your logic
•

True or False:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
 Ordered Pairs
•
 Ordered Pairs

•
•
Defining Functions
Defining Functions
 Defining Functions
• and let’s say

• Here is how to properly define :

such that
• Or
 Equivalence
• Statement 1 Statement 2
• Statement 1 Statement 2
• Statement 1 Statement 2

•
•
•
 Vectors and Matrices
•
 Vectors and Matrices
•

is the th component of
 Vectors and Matrices
•
 Vectors and Matrices
•

is the component on the row and

column of
 Kronecker Delta

and

Therefore
 Alternator

Therefore
•
•
•
Activity 2
 What is

• Natural numbers:
• Integers:
• Rational numbers:
• What about
 Is enough?
• Around 500 BC, it was discovered that not all
lengths can be measured using

0 1 2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_2
 What is
• No simple definition
• Intuitively: is the mathematical
representation of the continuous line

Image from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number
 Properties of
• is closed under addition

• is closed under multiplication by

• has a “zero” element or neutral element of

addition

• In , every element has an inverse element of

addition (negative element)
 Extension to and
• The 2D plane, the 3D space, and the n-
dimensional space all inherit the properties of

– Closed under addition

– Closed under multiplication by a scalar
– All have zero element
– Each element has an inverse element of addition
 Injective map
• Let . is injective or one-to-one if:

Alternatively, such that

 Injective map
• Let . is injective or one-to-one if:

Example 1:

which assigns every student his/her

unique ID is injective!
 Surjective map
• Let . is surjective or onto if:
such that
 Surjective map
• Let . is surjective or onto if:
such that

Example 1:

that assigns a gender to every student

is surjective
 Bijective map
• Let . is bijective or invertible if is
both injective and surjective. In that case
such that or
Activity 4
2.1 Linear Vector Spaces
•
1. Commutativity
2. Associativity
3. Distributivity of vector addition over scalar multiplication
4. Distributivity of scalar addition over scalar multiplication
5. Compatibility of scalar multiplication and field multiplication
6. Identity element of addition
7. Inverse element of addition
8. Identity element of scalar multiplication
 Linear Vector Space
• Additional properties:

• Proof:
 Linear Vector Space
• Additional properties!
•
•

•
 2.1.1.2 Subspace
• Let is called a “subspace” of if it is
closed under addition and multiplication by a
scalar.
 2.1.1.3 Linear Independence
• Let . is called a
linearly independent set of vectors if:
Linearly Independent Set of Vectors
• Example 1:

•
 Activity 1:State whether the set in each of the following is linearly
dependent or linearly independent:

• where

• where

• where

• where

• where

• where
 2.1.1.4 Basis and Dimensions
• A subset of a linear vector space is called
a basis set if it is a set of linearly independent
vectors such that can be expressed
as a linear combination of the elements of .
• The dimension is the number of vectors in
2.1.1.4 Basis and Dimensions
 http://sameradeeb.srv.ualberta.ca/linear-algebra/linear-vector-
spaces/basic-definitions/#basis-and-dimensions4

• Can where form a basis set in ?

If so, how can you express the vector in terms of and

• Can where form a basis set in ?

If so, how can you express the vector in terms of and

• Can where form a basis set in

? If so, how can you express the vector in terms of
and
• Can where form a basis set in ?
If so, how can you express the vector in terms of and
 Euclidean Norm
• :

•
 Euclidean Distance
•

•
• Let then:

Therefore:
• Let then:

Let , and are orthogonal

(perpendicular) if
 Activity 3: Euclidean Norm
,
• Consider with Euclidian norm. How many
vectors have norm = 1? Give two examples.
• Consider with Euclidian norm. How many
vectors have norm = 2? Give two examples.
• Consider with Euclidian norm. How many
vectors have norm = 0? Give two examples.
 Activity 4: Euclidean Distance

• Consider with Euclidean distance. How many

vectors have distance between them = 1? Give two
examples.
• Consider with Euclidean distance. How many
vectors have distance between them = 2? Give two
examples.
• Consider with Euclidean distance. How many
vectors have distance between them = 0? Give two
examples.
 Activity 5: The properties of the
function: “Euclidian dot product”
• Consider with Euclidian dot product. Find three
vectors perpendicular to

• Consider with Euclidian dot product. Find three

vectors perpendicular to

• Consider with Euclidian dot product. Describe the

set of vectors that is perpendicular to
 2.1.3. Euclidean Vector Spaces
• These are finite dimensional vector spaces
equipped with the Euclidean norm, the
Euclidean metric, and the Euclidean dot
product!
 2.1.3.1 Orthonormal Basis (ONB)
• is a basis set for ,
is called orthonormal if its vectors are
orthogonal to each other and each has a norm
of 1.
 2.1.3.1 Orthonormal Basis (ONB)
• is a basis set for ,
is called orthonormal if its vectors are
orthogonal to each other and each has a norm
of 1.
• In this case
 2.1.3.2 Orthogonal Projection
• Let . Let . The orthogonal
projection of onto is defined as the vector

And
 Orthogonal Projection Activity
• Activity 2: Use the tool: http://sameradeeb.srv.ualberta.ca/linear-
algebra/linear-vector-spaces/euclidean-vector-spaces/#orthogonal-
projection2

• Let . Find the orthogonal projection of on and find

the orthogonal projection of on .
 2.1.3.3 Cross Product in
• with the properties
:
Set
 2.1.3.3 Cross Product in
• with the properties
:
Set
2.1.3.3 Cross Product in
2.1.3.3 Cross Product in
2.1.3.3 Cross Product in
2.1.3.3 Cross Product in
2.1.3.3 Cross Product in
2.1.3.3 Cross Product in
2.1.3.3 Cross Product in