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INTRODUCTION
The short circuit test is carried out to verify the integrity for stresses, primarily
mechanical, developed when short circuit current flows through the transformer.
The tests must be carried out on a new transformer ready for service.
Routine tests must be conducted on the transformer prior to the short circuit
test. There are many agreed, different ways of calculating the short circuit
withstand capability of Power Transformers. But for distribution transformers,
for the combinations of the type of windings we are using (i.e., Rectangular
copper / Round wire, Rectangular copper / Rectangular copper), there are no
agreed standard methods.
Even though the high voltage winding is symmetrically placed with respect to
the low voltage winding, for calculations certain asymmetry is assumed, which
in reality is not true. By the very nature of this assumed asymmetry, the
calculated figures are purely hypothetical and since the stresses are lower even
at this assumed asymmetry, they will be much lower under practical conditions.
All electrical systems are susceptible to short circuits and the abnormal current
levels they create. These currents can produce considerable thermal and
mechanical stresses in electrical distribution equipment.
KVA Rating 2500 ( Single Ratio )
Flux 8.04376 C Wb
LV Turns 14
HV Turns +5 % 646
2 X 15 Turns = 30
Normal 616
2 X 15 Turns = 30
-5% 586
No Load Losses 1900 Watts 1800 Watts 1900 Watts 1800 Watts
Max. Max.
Load Losses 18100 Watts 16250 Watts 4600 Watts 4065 Watts
Max. Max.
Total Losses 20000 Watts 18050 Watts* 6500 Watts 5865 Watts
LV ID 268 mm
LV ----------------
3.9 X 1.6
Spiral (12
Bunches
1777.14 in
Parallel)
0.1 mm
Sq.mm
Radial =
Enamel 23.3
∂ = 1.876
Covering Axial =
A/Sq.mm 8.46
CTC
2.
52.91 0.4mm
Sq.mm DPC
∂ = 1.43 Covering
A/sq.mm 3 in
Parallel
% R = 0.69 %
Isc = √2 (1 +e –ΠR/X)x(Iph / Ez )
where,
HOOP STRESS
The radial forces produced by the axial leakage field act outwards on the outer
winding tending to stretch the winding conductor, producing a tensile stress
(also called as hoop stress). The Hoop stress for the HV and the LV windings
are calculated.
where,
For HV Winding
For LV Winding
For HV Winding
2 π (ni)2 Dw
h * 1011
= (586)2 X (1619.7)2
For LV Winding
2 π (ni)2 Dw
h * 1011
= (586)2 X (1619.7)2
The spacers are inserted to provide the necessary strength to the winding against
the radial forces. Every conductor has radial oil flow due to the use of radial
spacers for conductor support.
where,
The inner winding experiences radial forces acting inwards tending to collapse
or crush it, producing a compressive stress. Due to the fringing of the leakage
field at the ends of the windings, the axial component of the field reduces
resulting into smaller radial forces in these regions.
where,
Hw - Winding Height
All dimensions in Meters
The internal compressive forces on the winding was found to be
where,
Isc = 1619.7
N = 586
X/Hg........ Assumed asymmetry is........0.015 (1.5%)
8
Fa = 3.3 MT
where,
where,
For HV Winding
where:
A = {106000/ (11.132 X 2)}-1; A = 426.8
This value of 144.4°C is below the permissible 250°C as per IEC 60076-5.
Hence the cross sectional area of winding is sufficient as regards the short
circuit.
For LV Winding
where:
A = {106000/ (142 X 2)}-1; A = 269.4
This value of 140.3°C is below the permissible 250°C as per IEC 60076-5.
Hence the cross sectional area of winding is sufficient as regards the short
circuit.
10
CONCLUSION
All thermal and dynamic mechanical stresses occurring during short-circuits are
within VERY SAFE limits.
SINCE THE ABOVE STRESSES ARE EXTREMELY LOWER THAN THE PERMITTED
VALUES, THIS TRANSFORMER SHOULD HAVE PASSED THE SHORT-CIRCUIT
TEST VERY SMOOTHLY.
References :
Prepared By...E.R.Ravikumar
Date...............14th July 2018