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of CMM configurations and size for specific tasks depends on several factors such as accuracy
requirement, operation modes, size of the workpiece, and loading requirement.
Common applications of CMM system include dimensional measurement, angularity or
orientation measurement, profile measurement, depth mapping, shaft measurement, digitizing,
reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. However, virtual combination of these functionalities
in an environment in enhancing efficient parts manufacturing as well as inspection processes has
generated research gaps in engineering metrology.
1.3 Significant of the Research
Virtual Coordinate Measuring Machine (VCMM) would simulate significant aspects of CMM
characteristics and typically facilitate the inspection planning on CMMs. It will help in evaluating
the measurement uncertainty associated with the CMM inspection. Consequently, the design and
development of universal interchangeable machine components and toolings used in the petroleum
and other related industries would be made to precisions and easily accessible for training purpose.
2.0 Aims and Objectives
While the overall aim of this research is to design, develop and evaluate Advanced Virtual
Coordinate Measuring Machine (AVCMM) system that can generally improve the performance of
CMM measurements, the distinct objectives include:
To critically review the current state of CMM related researches with respect to inspection
planning and uncertainty evaluation, focusing on the development of VCMMs.
To establish methodology and to propose a sound architecture for the VCMM-CAD/CAM
metrology system.
To design the AVCMM system and its important component.
To implement a prototype of the proposed AVCMM system, using data obtained from
experiments, CAD and finite element analysis (FEA).
To validate the implemented AVCMM prototype with experiments.
2.1 Literature Review
Modern CMMs are of CNC type and can be driven automatically from the CMM program.
Following features became common in modern CMMs: crash protection, offline programming,
CAD model import capability, temperature and error compensations, etc. [2-6]. Most designs of
CMM are based on a Cartesian coordinate system, i.e. three mutually orthogonal axes, due to the
simplicity and universality of such an arrangement.
Danuta et al. [1] presented an approach to automate the process of fixturing planning for CMM
inspection in the context of automatic manufacturing system environment. A modular,
configurable fixture system was established which is suitable for not only measuring process but
also automated fixturing planning.
Klodian [5] developed a generic algorithm for CAD-directed CMM inspection planning, based on
the modified ray tracing technique which uses B-Rep (boundary representation) data from any
geometric modelling systems. The concept is to establish an imaginary ray between start point and
target point, and if intersection with workpiece is encountered then an optimal detour path must
be created to avoid collision between probe and workpiece.
PTDF PIN: 8092761469614704 SANUSI, Olawale Monsur: PhD Proposal
Wang et al. [9] presented an automatic inspection planning method utilizing computer vision. They
established a vision guided CMM by attaching a camera to CMM probe. When the camera moves
along with the probe, it captures images of the workpiece from different positions, hence constructs
a stereo vision system. These images are then processed by using symmetric multi-baseline
matching to acquire 3D edge characters, based on which the inspection planning is then conducted.
Salah [6] conducted a research to compare uncertainties from different evaluation methods of form
errors, namely the least square method and the genetic algorithm-based method. The computation
uncertainties to flatness and roundness were taken as examples in the research, and the results led
to two conclusions: the differences between uncertainties from the two evaluation methods were
very small but the least square method was considered better because the genetic algorithm-based
method was a little unstable; and the uncertainties to the form errors were mostly affected by CMM
sampling hence the measurement strategies are very important.
3.0 Research Methodology
Materials- Probes, linear/rotary encoders, transducers, interferometers, probe holder, corundum,
sensors, actuators, composite, CAD and CAM, NX, etc.
Conceptual Design- Since the surfaces are always more or less rotationally symmetric, or an off-
axis part of such a surface, a cylindrical coordinate measuring machine setup is desired which
scans a non-contact probe over the surface to be measured. The probe is therefore to be mounted
on a rotation axis, which would be mounted on translation stages R and Z. This motion system
will position the probe with respect to the workpiece surface.
When measuring a free-form product, the surface will depart from rotational symmetry. To avoid
dynamically following the surface with the large R and Z stages, the optical probe should have an
axial range of 5 mm. This way a free-form surface can be scanned swiftly with minimal dynamics
in the system because the R and Z stages and the ψ-axis can be stationary. The machine will further
incorporate an intermediate body on which a product is to be mounted. This intermediate body
reproducibly interfaces to the spindle of the measurement machine as well as to other
manufacturing machine spindles, to provide quick measurement of a product without the need for
re-alignment on the machines. The proposed work flow chart of the AVCMM is attached as Figure
1. The position of each axis is to be measured by the corresponding laser interferometer. The
reflection mirrors and of X- and Y-interferometers are fixed on two of the lateral sides of Y-stage.
The main mechanical assembly of the targeted CMM is to be located in a thermostatic chamber
isolated on an anti-vibration base.
Architecture- Direct linking of 3D CAD definition and its tolerances to the CMM. The
infrastructure and volume of data storage and configuration control is reduced by this interface.
When the factory is able to use the 3D data directly in a realtime graphics enabled metrology
platform, the opportunity for reduced drawing interpretation errors [6].
AVCMM is to be programmed in the CAD/CAE environment using Unigraphics software (NX);
other CAM softwares would be integrated as well. This would be based on the experimental
observations of CMM-CAD system and the data generated therefrom.
PTDF PIN: 8092761469614704 SANUSI, Olawale Monsur: PhD Proposal
of CMM configurations and size for specific tasks depends on several factors such as accuracy
requirement, operation modes, size of the workpiece, and loading requirement.
Common applications of CMM system include dimensional measurement, angularity or
orientation measurement, profile measurement, depth mapping, shaft measurement, digitizing,
reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. However, virtual combination of these functionalities
in an environment in enhancing efficient parts manufacturing as well as inspection processes has
generated research gaps in engineering metrology.
1.3 Significant of the Research
Virtual Coordinate Measuring Machine (VCMM) would simulate significant aspects of CMM
characteristics and typically facilitate the inspection planning on CMMs. It will help in evaluating
the measurement uncertainty associated with the CMM inspection. Consequently, the design and
development of universal interchangeable machine components and toolings used in the petroleum
and other related industries would be made to precisions and easily accessible for training purpose.
2.0 Aims and Objectives
While the overall aim of this research is to design, develop and evaluate Advanced Virtual
Coordinate Measuring Machine (AVCMM) system that can generally improve the performance of
CMM measurements, the distinct objectives include:
To critically review the current state of CMM related researches with respect to inspection
planning and uncertainty evaluation, focusing on the development of VCMMs.
To establish methodology and to propose a sound architecture for the VCMM-CAD/CAM
metrology system.
To design the AVCMM system and its important component.
To implement a prototype of the proposed AVCMM system, using data obtained from
experiments, CAD and finite element analysis (FEA).
To validate the implemented AVCMM prototype with experiments.
2.1 Literature Review
Modern CMMs are of CNC type and can be driven automatically from the CMM program.
Following features became common in modern CMMs: crash protection, offline programming,
CAD model import capability, temperature and error compensations, etc. [2-6]. Most designs of
CMM are based on a Cartesian coordinate system, i.e. three mutually orthogonal axes, due to the
simplicity and universality of such an arrangement.
Danuta et al. [1] presented an approach to automate the process of fixturing planning for CMM
inspection in the context of automatic manufacturing system environment. A modular,
configurable fixture system was established which is suitable for not only measuring process but
also automated fixturing planning.
Klodian [5] developed a generic algorithm for CAD-directed CMM inspection planning, based on
the modified ray tracing technique which uses B-Rep (boundary representation) data from any
geometric modelling systems. The concept is to establish an imaginary ray between start point and
target point, and if intersection with workpiece is encountered then an optimal detour path must
be created to avoid collision between probe and workpiece.
PTDF PIN: 8092761469614704 SANUSI, Olawale Monsur: PhD Proposal
Wang et al. [9] presented an automatic inspection planning method utilizing computer vision. They
established a vision guided CMM by attaching a camera to CMM probe. When the camera moves
along with the probe, it captures images of the workpiece from different positions, hence constructs
a stereo vision system. These images are then processed by using symmetric multi-baseline
matching to acquire 3D edge characters, based on which the inspection planning is then conducted.
Salah [6] conducted a research to compare uncertainties from different evaluation methods of form
errors, namely the least square method and the genetic algorithm-based method. The computation
uncertainties to flatness and roundness were taken as examples in the research, and the results led
to two conclusions: the differences between uncertainties from the two evaluation methods were
very small but the least square method was considered better because the genetic algorithm-based
method was a little unstable; and the uncertainties to the form errors were mostly affected by CMM
sampling hence the measurement strategies are very important.
3.0 Research Methodology
Materials- Probes, linear/rotary encoders, transducers, interferometers, probe holder, corundum,
sensors, actuators, composite, CAD and CAM, NX, etc.
Conceptual Design- Since the surfaces are always more or less rotationally symmetric, or an off-
axis part of such a surface, a cylindrical coordinate measuring machine setup is desired which
scans a non-contact probe over the surface to be measured. The probe is therefore to be mounted
on a rotation axis, which would be mounted on translation stages R and Z. This motion system
will position the probe with respect to the workpiece surface.
When measuring a free-form product, the surface will depart from rotational symmetry. To avoid
dynamically following the surface with the large R and Z stages, the optical probe should have an
axial range of 5 mm. This way a free-form surface can be scanned swiftly with minimal dynamics
in the system because the R and Z stages and the ψ-axis can be stationary. The machine will further
incorporate an intermediate body on which a product is to be mounted. This intermediate body
reproducibly interfaces to the spindle of the measurement machine as well as to other
manufacturing machine spindles, to provide quick measurement of a product without the need for
re-alignment on the machines. The proposed work flow chart of the AVCMM is attached as Figure
1. The position of each axis is to be measured by the corresponding laser interferometer. The
reflection mirrors and of X- and Y-interferometers are fixed on two of the lateral sides of Y-stage.
The main mechanical assembly of the targeted CMM is to be located in a thermostatic chamber
isolated on an anti-vibration base.
Architecture- Direct linking of 3D CAD definition and its tolerances to the CMM. The
infrastructure and volume of data storage and configuration control is reduced by this interface.
When the factory is able to use the 3D data directly in a realtime graphics enabled metrology
platform, the opportunity for reduced drawing interpretation errors [6].
AVCMM is to be programmed in the CAD/CAE environment using Unigraphics software (NX);
other CAM softwares would be integrated as well. This would be based on the experimental
observations of CMM-CAD system and the data generated therefrom.
PTDF PIN: 8092761469614704 SANUSI, Olawale Monsur: PhD Proposal
of CMM configurations and size for specific tasks depends on several factors such as accuracy
requirement, operation modes, size of the workpiece, and loading requirement.
Common applications of CMM system include dimensional measurement, angularity or
orientation measurement, profile measurement, depth mapping, shaft measurement, digitizing,
reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. However, virtual combination of these functionalities
in an environment in enhancing efficient parts manufacturing as well as inspection processes has
generated research gaps in engineering metrology.
1.3 Significant of the Research
Virtual Coordinate Measuring Machine (VCMM) would simulate significant aspects of CMM
characteristics and typically facilitate the inspection planning on CMMs. It will help in evaluating
the measurement uncertainty associated with the CMM inspection. Consequently, the design and
development of universal interchangeable machine components and toolings used in the petroleum
and other related industries would be made to precisions and easily accessible for training purpose.
2.0 Aims and Objectives
While the overall aim of this research is to design, develop and evaluate Advanced Virtual
Coordinate Measuring Machine (AVCMM) system that can generally improve the performance of
CMM measurements, the distinct objectives include:
To critically review the current state of CMM related researches with respect to inspection
planning and uncertainty evaluation, focusing on the development of VCMMs.
To establish methodology and to propose a sound architecture for the VCMM-CAD/CAM
metrology system.
To design the AVCMM system and its important component.
To implement a prototype of the proposed AVCMM system, using data obtained from
experiments, CAD and finite element analysis (FEA).
To validate the implemented AVCMM prototype with experiments.
2.1 Literature Review
Modern CMMs are of CNC type and can be driven automatically from the CMM program.
Following features became common in modern CMMs: crash protection, offline programming,
CAD model import capability, temperature and error compensations, etc. [2-6]. Most designs of
CMM are based on a Cartesian coordinate system, i.e. three mutually orthogonal axes, due to the
simplicity and universality of such an arrangement.
Danuta et al. [1] presented an approach to automate the process of fixturing planning for CMM
inspection in the context of automatic manufacturing system environment. A modular,
configurable fixture system was established which is suitable for not only measuring process but
also automated fixturing planning.
Klodian [5] developed a generic algorithm for CAD-directed CMM inspection planning, based on
the modified ray tracing technique which uses B-Rep (boundary representation) data from any
geometric modelling systems. The concept is to establish an imaginary ray between start point and
target point, and if intersection with workpiece is encountered then an optimal detour path must
be created to avoid collision between probe and workpiece.
PTDF PIN: 8092761469614704 SANUSI, Olawale Monsur: PhD Proposal
Wang et al. [9] presented an automatic inspection planning method utilizing computer vision. They
established a vision guided CMM by attaching a camera to CMM probe. When the camera moves
along with the probe, it captures images of the workpiece from different positions, hence constructs
a stereo vision system. These images are then processed by using symmetric multi-baseline
matching to acquire 3D edge characters, based on which the inspection planning is then conducted.
Salah [6] conducted a research to compare uncertainties from different evaluation methods of form
errors, namely the least square method and the genetic algorithm-based method. The computation
uncertainties to flatness and roundness were taken as examples in the research, and the results led
to two conclusions: the differences between uncertainties from the two evaluation methods were
very small but the least square method was considered better because the genetic algorithm-based
method was a little unstable; and the uncertainties to the form errors were mostly affected by CMM
sampling hence the measurement strategies are very important.
3.0 Research Methodology
Materials- Probes, linear/rotary encoders, transducers, interferometers, probe holder, corundum,
sensors, actuators, composite, CAD and CAM, NX, etc.
Conceptual Design- Since the surfaces are always more or less rotationally symmetric, or an off-
axis part of such a surface, a cylindrical coordinate measuring machine setup is desired which
scans a non-contact probe over the surface to be measured. The probe is therefore to be mounted
on a rotation axis, which would be mounted on translation stages R and Z. This motion system
will position the probe with respect to the workpiece surface.
When measuring a free-form product, the surface will depart from rotational symmetry. To avoid
dynamically following the surface with the large R and Z stages, the optical probe should have an
axial range of 5 mm. This way a free-form surface can be scanned swiftly with minimal dynamics
in the system because the R and Z stages and the ψ-axis can be stationary. The machine will further
incorporate an intermediate body on which a product is to be mounted. This intermediate body
reproducibly interfaces to the spindle of the measurement machine as well as to other
manufacturing machine spindles, to provide quick measurement of a product without the need for
re-alignment on the machines. The proposed work flow chart of the AVCMM is attached as Figure
1. The position of each axis is to be measured by the corresponding laser interferometer. The
reflection mirrors and of X- and Y-interferometers are fixed on two of the lateral sides of Y-stage.
The main mechanical assembly of the targeted CMM is to be located in a thermostatic chamber
isolated on an anti-vibration base.
Architecture- Direct linking of 3D CAD definition and its tolerances to the CMM. The
infrastructure and volume of data storage and configuration control is reduced by this interface.
When the factory is able to use the 3D data directly in a realtime graphics enabled metrology
platform, the opportunity for reduced drawing interpretation errors [6].
AVCMM is to be programmed in the CAD/CAE environment using Unigraphics software (NX);
other CAM softwares would be integrated as well. This would be based on the experimental
observations of CMM-CAD system and the data generated therefrom.
PTDF PIN: 8092761469614704 SANUSI, Olawale Monsur: PhD Proposal