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KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
ANNEXURE: 1
– Leonardo da vinchi.
Living creatures of the universe are made of five basic elements, viz., Earth,
Water, Fire, Air and Sky, Obviously, water is one of the most important elements and no
creature can survive without it. Despite having a great regard for water, we seem to have
failed to address this sector seriously. Human being could not save and conserve water
and it sources, probably because of its availability in abundance. But this irresponsible
attitude resulted in deterioration of water bodies with respect to quantity and quality both.
Now, situation has arrived when even a single drop of water matters. However. “Better
late than never", we have not realized the seriousness of this issue and initiated efforts to
overcome those problems.1
System of collection rainwater and conserving for future needs has traditionally
been practiced in India. The traditional systems were time-tested wisdom of not only
appropriate technology of Rainwater Harvesting, but also water management systems,
where conservation of water was the prime concern. Rainwater harvesting is an easy and
highly effective way to capitalize on the extreme shifts in weather patterns we are
experiencing and help alleviate the demand for water .During the rainy season that can be
used during droughts. By capturing water on a 1500 square foot roof, a family could
reduce their water bill by 50% and save 43,000 gallons of water yearly.4
In some cases, rainwater may be the only available, or economical, water source.
Rainwater harvesting systems can be simple to construct from inexpensive local
materials, and are potentially successful in most habitable locations. Roof rainwater may
not be potable and may require treatment before consumption. As rainwater rushes from
your roof it may carry pollutants, such as mercury from coal burning buildings, or bird
feces. Although some rooftop materials may produce rainwater that would be harmful to
human health as drinking water.5
There are several types of systems to harvest rainwater, ranging from very simple
home systems to complex industrial systems. Rain Water Harvesting involves a number
of different things, including storage for later consumption, or immediate use. Depending
upon the soil conditions and type of building, there can be many variations to the RWH
design. The simplest design consists of collecting the rainwater from the building roof-
top, ground level surfaces, filter it through a chamber of bricks and sand, then using a
percolation pit, and recharge the underground. Prior to this, we can fill up available wells,
baby wells and sumps with water for immediate consumption.7
A study conducted by Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai with
an aim to assess quantity usage of ground water for domestic purpose in the St Peter’s
Engineering College campus, Avadi, near Chennai, India. The study highlights that there
was an increased utilization of ground water which results in the lack of availability of
ground water to nearby areas. As a result of this study it emphasis on Artificial recharge
of rainwater through roof top harvesting methods .The study underlines that rainwater
harvesting and recharges form an important part in groundwater restoration and
management in intensely urbanized cities and townships.18
A study on purity of water in rain water harvested tanks was conducted by Water
Purification Evaluation Center, Australia. In this study, the microbiological quality of
household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks was assessed by monitoring the
numbers of Escherichia coli bacteria and enterococci from 24 households in Southeast
Queensland (SEQ), Australia. The study reveals that there was a presence of zoonotic
pathogens in the collected samples which is commonly seen in the fecal matter of
possums and birds. Among the 24 households, 63% of rainwater tank and 58% of
connected household tap water samples contained E. coli .Similarly, 92% of rainwater
tanks and 83% of samples also contained enterococci. Thus the study concluded that there
is a need of regular cleaning of roofs and gutters, along with pruning of overhanging tree
branches, might also prove effective in reducing animal fecal contamination of rainwater
tanks and hence increases the purity of harvested rain water.24
6.7 HYPOTHESES
H1: there will be significant difference in the level of knowledge on rain water
harvesting among housewives in selected urban community in Bangalore.
H2: there will be significant association between pre test level of knowledge and
selected demographic variables of house wives in selected urban community in
Bangalore
6.8 ASSUMPTIONS
6.9 DELIMITATIONS
The data will be collected from 150 housewives of selected urban community at
Bangalore.
7.2.3 Variables
Attribute variables
It includes age, religion, education, leisure time, activities, family, own or rent
house, number of children, family size, land area income etc.
Inclusion criteria
The Housewives
Exclusive criteria
The Housewives
Yes, the investigator will collect information using structured questionnaire and
distribute information booklet on rainwater harvesting to housewives in selected
urban community in Bangalore.
Yes, ethical clearance will be obtained from research committee and informed
consent will be obtained from the housewives. Privacy, Confidentiality and
anonymity will be guarded. Scientific objectivity of the study will be maintained
with honesty and impartiality.
8. REFERENCES
13. The Hindu "Rain Water Harvesting in Tamil Nadu increase water level by 50%".
Hindu.com. 2009-01-31.
http://www.hindu.com/pp/2009/01/31/stories/2009013150010100.htm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting.
14. B sitaram shetty National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management
Nov. 2006, Nagpur,
http://portal.unesco.org/geography/es/files/6192/11690988833Accepted_Papers_-
_2.pdf/Accepted%2BPapers%2B-%2B2.pdf.
16. Kirlinger FN. Foundation of Behavioral Research, 2nd ed. London: McMillan
Company;
http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/365837.Foundations_of_Behavioral_Research.
17. Alam R, Munna G, Chowdhury MA, Sarkar MS, Ahmed M, Rahman MT, Jesmin F,
Toimoor MA. Feasibility study of rainwater harvesting system in Sylhet City. Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Shah Jalal University of Science and Technology,
Sylhet, Bangladesh 2012 Jan; 184(1):573-80. Epub 2011 Mar 18. rakib
.env@yahoo.com.
18. Sayana BM, Arunbabu L, Mahesh Kumar, S. Ravichandran K. Karunakaran.
Groundwater responses to artificial recharge of rainwater in Chennai, India. Indian
J.Sci.Technol. 2010 Feb; 3(2) :132-36 Information
http://www.indiatogether.org/environment/water/model.htmExchange Pvt. Ltd.
22. Varghese J, Jaya DS. Drinking water quality assessment of rain water harvested in
ferrocement tanks in Alappuzha District, Kerala (India). 2008 Apr. Department of
Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, P.O. Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala-695 581. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19295094
23.Mendez CB, Klenzendorf JB, Afshar BR, Simmons MT, Barrett ME, Kinney KA,
Kirisits MJ. The effect of roofing material on the quality of harvested rainwater
Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of
Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1786, Austin, TX 78712, USA in 2011 Feb.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.com.
24. Evans CA, Coombes PJ, Dunstan RH, Water purification programs, Institute of Water
Resources and Water Supply, Hamburg University, June 2012.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
10. REMARKS OF THE GUIDE: This is a relevant study as it will help the
housewives in doing rain water
harvesting in their houses.
11. NAME AND DESIGNATION
OF: