TOPIC 2 :

STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLOW IN PIPELINES

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To apply energy equation in pipes
2. To analyse of flow and piping systems including pipe in series and
pipes in parallel by applying energy equations
3. To analyse pipe systems consist numerous pipes connected in a
complex manner with general entry and withdrawal points by using
Quantity Balance Method
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 TOPIC 2 : ANALYSIS OF STEADY
FLOW IN PIPELINE
2.1 Introduction and general approach
2.2 Incompressible flow through pipes
2.3 Flow through pipes in series
2.4 Flow through pipes in parallel
2.5 Flow through branching pipes
2.6 Pipe networks
2.7 Quantity Balance Method

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 LECTURE 2.3
ANALYSIS OF STEADY FLOW
IN PIPELINE

Flow through pipes in series

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INTRODUCTION
 Pipes in series
– pipes of different diameter are connected end to end to
form a pipeline
 Total energy loss or pressure loss over the whole pipeline will be
the sum of each pipe losses plus any separation losses that might
occur at;
– The junction
– Entrance
– Exit
 EXAMPLE 2.2
Two reservoirs A and C as shown in figure below are
connected by a pipeline 150mm diameter over the first part
AB which is 15m long, and a 200mm diameter pipe for BC,
the remaining 30m length. The entrance and exit are sharp-
edged and the change in cross section at B is sudden. The
friction factor for both pipes is 0.015. The difference in level
between point A and C is 15m. Compute (a)all the head
losses that occur, giving an expression for each and (b) total
discharge in m3/s.

B
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 C

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 C

of head

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 C

of head

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 C

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 EXERCISE

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15 9/9/2014
 TOPIC 2 : ANALYSIS OF STEADY
FLOW IN PIPELINE
2.1 Introduction and general approach
2.2 Incompressible flow through pipes
2.3 Flow through pipes in series
2.4 Flow through pipes in parallel
2.5 Flow through branching pipes
2.6 Pipe networks
2.7 Quantity Balance Method

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 LECTURE 2.4
ANALYSIS OF STEADY FLOW
IN PIPELINE

Flow through pipes in parallel

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INTRODUCTION
 EXAMPLE 2.3

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 SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2.3

a) Pipe 1 loses
i. Loss at entrance to pipe AB. This is a separation loss and since
the entrance is sharp, the value of K is 0.5
Loss of head at entry
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 ii. Loss of head due to friction in AB is hf1

iii. Loss of head at exit in which K value is 1.0 gives hexit

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  Since the two pipes are parallel, each pipe can be dealt with
separately. The steady flow energy equation between points A
and B gives
 For Pipe 1

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  Since pA = pB = 0 (atmospheric pressure) and
vA = vB = almost negligible = 0
 Simplified the previous equation

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  The discharge through Pipe 1 is

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  For Pipe 2, the losses are the same

+
2

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  Since pA = pB = 0 (atmospheric pressure) and
vA = vB = almost negligible = 0
 Simplified the previous equation

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  The discharge through Pipe 2 is

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 b) If the two pipes are replaced by a single pipe which conveys
the same total flow therefore discharge through the single
pipe of diameter d is

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  Applying steady flow energy equation between A and B

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  Since pA = pB = 0 (atmospheric pressure) and
vA = vB = almost negligible = 0
 Simplified the previous equation

Eqn 1

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  But,

Eqn 2

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  Put eqn. 2 into 1, hence

 Solving by successive approximation, the diameter required is

d = 85mm
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 EXERCISE

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 V1=1.92m/s, Q1=0.06m3/s
V1=1.91m/s,Q1=0.06m3/s
V2=2.35m/s, Q2=0.167m3/s
V2= 2.34m/s, Q2=0.165m3/s
D=330mm
D=0.34m

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 a) To find velocity & discharge for pipe1 and 2 & total discharge
 For pipe 1

1 1 1 1
1

 For pipe 2

+
2

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  Since pA = pB = 0 (atmospheric pressure) and
vA = vB = almost negligible = 0
 Simplified the previous equation

b) To find new d for a single new pipe if it is used to replace

both old pipes

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  Since pA = pB = 0 (atmospheric pressure) and
vA = vB = almost negligible = 0
 Simplified the previous equation to get 1st expression
 Use v=Q/A to get 2nd expression

 Put 2nd expression into 1st expression

 Solving by successive approximation, the diameter, d is
obtained
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 PIPE IN SERIES & PARALLEL
Determine the discharge in each pipe for the
pipeline system below. The difference in elevation
between the reservoirs is 8m. Take f as 0.012. The
entry and exit of the reservoir is sharp.
d1 = 600mm L1= 4km
d2 = 300mm L2=3km
d3 = 250mm L3=3km
V1=0.2211m/s, v2=0.5417m/s, v3=0.4948m/s
Q1=0.063m3/s, Q2=0.038m3/s, Q3=0.024m3/s

38 9/9/2014
 TOPIC 2 :
STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLOW IN PIPELINES

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To apply energy equation in pipes
2. To analyse of flow and piping systems including pipe in series and
pipes in parallel by applying energy equations
3. To analyse pipe systems consist numerous pipes connected in a
complex manner with general entry and withdrawal points by using
Quantity Balance Method
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 PIPE SYSTEM
 Branching of pipes

Q1 Q3
 Pipe Networks a b c

d e f

g h i
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  Pipe system can be solved by:
1. Analytical method (Trial and error)
2. Hardy Cross Method
 Quantity Balance Method
[Branching of pipes]
 Head Balance Method [Pipe Networks]
(not in syllabus)

41 9/9/2014
 TOPIC 2 : ANALYSIS OF STEADY
FLOW IN PIPELINE
2.1 Introduction and general approach
2.2 Incompressible flow through pipes
2.3 Flow through pipes in series
2.4 Flow through pipes in parallel
2.5 Flow through branching pipes
2.6 Pipe networks
2.7 Quantity Balance Method

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 LECTURE 2.5
ANALYSIS OF STEADY FLOW
IN PIPELINE

Flow through branching pipes

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INTRODUCTION
 Branching pipes consist of one or more pipes that separate into
two or more pipes
 The basic principles that must be satisfied are:
a) Continuity - at any junction
the total mass flow rate = the total mass flow
towards the junction rate away from it
b) There can be only one head value at any point
c) The energy equation must be satisfied for each pipe
  Figure below shows a simple branching pipe system where
there are three tanks connected by three pipes that join at D.

HGL

Datum
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  Actual direction of flow depends on
– The tank pressures and elevation
– Diameters, length and kinds of pipe

 Darcy Weisbach equation must be satisfied

for each pipe and continuity equation also
must be satisfied

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  It takes the form that the
flow into the junction, D = the flow out the junction
 Flow must be out of the highest reservoir and into the
lowest
 Therefore, continuity equation can be applied

or

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  If the elevation of hydraulic grade line (HGL) at
the junction is above the elevation of the intermediate
reservoir flow is into of it
 But if the HGL at D is below the intermediate
reservoir flow is out of it
 General problem associated with branching pipes:
To find the flow rate in each pipe

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 EXAMPLE 2.4 – Analytical Method

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 HGL

Datum

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 SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2.4
I. Apply the steady flow energy eqn. between A and B
 Total Head Loss = Friction loss pipe 1+ Friction loss pipe 2
 pA = pB = Atmospheric Pressure = 0

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 Substituting ZA-ZB = 15m, f= 0.015, L1= 150m,
d1= 100mm, L2= 80m, d2= 75mm

0.075
15 Eqn 1

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 II. Similarly, for flow from A to C,

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  Substituting ZA-ZC = 25m, f= 0.015, L1= 150m,
d1= 100mm, L3= 50m, d3= 50mm

25

25 Eqn 2

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 III. For continuity of flow at junction D,
the flow in of the junction = the flow out of the junction
 Flow through AD = Flow through DB + Flow through DC

Eqn 3
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  From eqn. 1,

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  From eqn. 2,

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  Substituting eqn. 1 and eqn. 2 into eqn. 3

1.368 m/s

1.402 m/s
2.317 m/s

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 EXERCISE
 The figure below shows three reservoir s connected by three
different pipes. Determine the discharge and velocity in each
pipe. Assume that f is 0.012. Given that ZA=150m, ZB=80m
and ZC=20m.

d1 = 300mm, L1 =2.5km
d2 =200mm, L2 =1.5km
d3 =200mm, L3 =1.5km

Answer:
v1=1.48m/s, v2=1.18m/s, v3=2.16m/s
Q1=0.105m3/s, Q2=0.037m3/s, Q3= 0.068m3/s
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 HGL

Datum

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