I.

Atomic Concepts
(3.1a) The modern model of the atom has evolved over a long period of time through the work of many scientists. Who are
they and what are they responsible for?

(3.1b) What is each atom composed of?

(3.1c) What subatomic particles are contained in the nucleus?

(3.1d) What are the charges of the protons, neutron and electrons, respectively?

(3.1e) What can be said about the number of protons versus the number of electrons in a neutral atom?

(3.1f) What is the mass of a proton? An electron? A neutron? How do they all compare to one another?

(3.1h) In the wave-mechanical model (electron cloud model), where are the electrons found?

(3.1i) What determines how much energy each electron in an atom has?

(3.1j) When an electron in an atom gains a specific amount of energy, is the electron at a higher energy state (excited state)
or at a lower energy state (ground state)?

(3.1k) When an electron returns from a higher energy state to a lower energy state, is energy emitted or absorbed? How can
this energy can be used?

(3.1l) What are the outermost electrons in an atom called? Do these affect the chemical properties or the physical properties
of an element?

(3.1m) What is the definition of an isotope? What particles are the same and what particles are different?

(3.1n) How do we find the average atomic mass of an element?

II. Periodic Table

(3.1y) What determines the physical and chemical properties of an element?

(3.1y) How are the elements on the Periodic Table arranged?

(3.1g) What number (protons, neutrons or electrons) in an atom identifies the element? What is this number labeled as?

(3.1v) What are the four categories that elements can be classified as on the Periodic Table?
(3.1w) Elements can be differentiated by their physical properties. What are some physical properties that elements can have?

(3.1x) Elements can be differentiated by chemical properties. What is a chemical property?

(5.2f) What differences do O2 and O3 present?

(3.1z) For Groups 1, 2, and 13-18 on the Periodic Table, elements within the same group (vertical column) have what in
common?

(3.1aa) As you go down a group, how does the atomic radius, ionic radius, electronegativity, first ionization energy, and
metallic/nonmetallic properties differ?

(3.1bb) As you go across the same period, how does the atomic radius, ionic radius, electronegativity, first ionization energy,
and metallic/nonmetallic properties differ?

III. Moles/Stoichiometry

(3.1cc) What is a compound? Can a chemical compound can be broken down by chemical means? How do we represent a
chemical compound ?

(3.1ee) What are the three types of chemical formulas?

(3.3d) What is the empirical formula of a compound? What is the molecular formula of a compound?

(3.3a) In all chemical reactions there is a conservation of what?

(3.3c) A balanced chemical equation represents conservation of what particles? What do the coefficients in a balanced
chemical equation represent?

(3.3e) What is the formula mass (gram formula mass) of a substance?

(3.3f) How do we calculate the percent composition by mass? What reference table should be used and what equation?

(3.2b) What are the 4 (four) types of chemical reactions?

 IV. Chemical Bonding
(3.1dd) Compounds can be differentiated by their chemical and physical properties. True or False?

(5.2g) What are the two major categories of compounds?

(5.2a) In an ionic bond, what happens to the valence electrons to allow chemical bonds to be formed?

In a covalent bond, what happens to the valence electrons to allow chemical bonds to be formed?

In a metallic bond, how do we characterize the valence electrons within that metal?

(5.2e) In a multiple covalent bond, what happens to the electrons?

(5.2l) Molecular polarity can be determined by the shape of the molecule and the distribution of charge.
How can you tell nonpolar molecules apart from polar molecules?

What are the diatomic molecules?

(5.2c) When an atom gains one or more electrons, what charge does it become? What happens to the radius when electrons
are gained?

When an atom loses one or more electrons, what charge does it become? What happens to the radius when electrons
are lost?

(5.2i) When a bond is broken, is energy absorbed or released? When a bond is formed, is energy absorbed or released?

(5.2b) How do atoms attain a stable valence electron configuration? What is special about noble gases and the number of
valence electrons?

(5.2n) Physical properties of substances can be explained in terms of chemical bonds and intermolecular forces. What are
some of these properties?

(5.2d) What do Electron-dot diagrams (Lewis structures) represent?

(5.2j) What is the definition of Electronegativity? What table can these values be found on?

(5.2k) How can electronegativity be used to assess the polarity of a bond (whether a bond is polar or nonpolar)?

(5.2h) What is an ionic compound made up of? What is a molecular (covalent) compound made up of? What type of
bonding do polyatomic ions have?
 V. Physical Behavior of Matter
(3.1q) What can matter be classified as?

(3.1kk) What are the three phases of matter?

(3.1r) What is a pure substance? What does it involve?

(3.1u) What is the definition of an element and how do they differ from compounds?

(3.1s) What is the definition of mixtures? What two categories of mixtures are there and how would you describe them?

(3.1t) Are mixtures made by physical means or chemical means?

(3.1nn) What differences in properties permit physical separation of the components of the mixtures?

(3.1oo) What is the definition of a solution? A solute? A solvent?

What is the definition of solubility?

What is solubility dependent on?

How can you determine whether an ion is soluble or insoluble?

On Reference Table G, when is a solution a) saturated; b) unsaturated; and c) super-saturated?

(3.1pp) How can the concentration of a solution be expressed? (4 ways mathematically)

(3.1qq) What docolligative properties do to the boiling point and to the freezing point of the solvent?

(4.1a) What are some forms of energy?

(4.2a) What is the definition of heat? How does heat flow?

(4.2b) What is the definition of temperature? Is it a form of energy?

When heat is absorbed or released in a reaction, how can we measure that amount of heat? What equation can be used
to solve for heat change in heating or cooling curves?
(3.4a) The concept of an ideal gas is a model to explain the behavior of gases. Under what conditions is a real gas most
likely to act like an ideal gas?

What is STP and where on the Reference Tables can these values be found?
(3.4b) Kinetic molecular theory (KMT) for an ideal gas states that all gas particles
1. are in random, constant, straight-line motion.
2. are separated by great distances relative to their size; the volume of the gas particles is considered negligible.
3. have no attractive forces between them.
4. have collisions that may result in the transfer of energy between gas particles, but the total energy of the system
remains constant.

(3.4c) Kinetic molecular theory describes the relationships of pressure, volume, temperature, velocity, and frequency and
force of collisions among gas molecules. What are these relationships?

What is the Combined Gas Law? Where on the Reference Tables can we find this equation?

(3.4e) If you have equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and pressure, what should they also all contain
that’s equal?

(4.2c) The concepts of kinetic and potential energy can be used to explain physical processes that include: fusion,
solidification, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition. What are each of these physical processes?

(3.2a) What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

(4.1b) What is an exothermic reaction? What is an endothermic reaction? What Reference Table lists some of these
reactions?

(3.1jj) What determines the physical state of a substance at a given temperature and pressure?

(5.2m) What are intermolecular forces and how are they created? What is an example of a strong intermolecular force?

What is the relationship between intermolecular forces & vapor pressure? How is this illustrated on Ref. Table H?

VI. Kinetics/Equilibrium
(3.4d) What is the Collision theory?

(3.4f) What factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

(3.4h) What type of solution can reach equilibrium?

(3.4i) At equilibrium, what happens to the rate of the forward reaction versus the rate of the reverse reaction?
 What happens to the quantities of reactants and products at equilibrium?
(3.4j) LeChatelier’s principle can be used to predict the effect of stress (change in pressure, volume, concentration, and
temperature) on a system at equilibrium. What are the effects of these stresses?

(4.1c) What does a potential energy diagram represent or show us?

(4.1d) What is the heat of reaction? What does it tell us in a potential energy diagram?

(3.4g) What is a catalyst? What does it do and how is it represented on a potential energy diagram?

(3.1ll) What is Entropy?

(3.1mm) What do systems in nature tend to lead to in terms of energy and entropy?

VII. Organic Chemistry

(3.1ff) All organic compounds contain what element?

How do we name organic compounds? What reference tables can help you in naming?

(3.1gg) What are the only elements found in hydrocarbons?

Saturated hydrocarbons contain only what type of bonds?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain what type of bonding?

(3.1hh) Organic acids, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, halides, amines,
amides, and amino acids are categories of organic molecules that differ in their
structures. Where can we find these functional groups on the reference tables; what
else is this reference table good for?

(3.1ii) What are organic isomers?

(5.2e) How many pairs of electrons are shared in a single bond?

 How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double bond?

How many pairs of electrons are shared in a triple bond?

(3.2c) What are the seven types of organic reactions? Be able to identify them.
 VIII. Oxidation-Reduction
(3.2d) What is transferred in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?

(3.2e) What happens to electrons in Reduction?

(3.2f) What type of reaction(s) is written to represent reduction and oxidation reactions?
(3.2h)

(3.2g) What happens to electrons in Oxidation?

(3.3b) In a redox reaction, what can be said about the number of electrons lost versus
number of electrons gained?

How is Reference Table J used to help determine the reactivity of metals?

(3.2i) What are oxidation numbers (states)? Where can we find these numbers for the
elements?
(3.2j) What are the two types of electrochemical cells? In either electrochemical cell,
where does oxidation occur? Where does reduction occur?

(3.2k) Is a voltaic cell spontaneous or non-spontaneous? What does it convert between?

(3.2l) Is an electrolytic cell spontaneous or non-spontaneous? What does it require?

What is electrolysis?
 IX. Acids, Bases, and Salts
(3.1uu) What is the Arrhenius theory? Are Arrhenius acids and bases are electrolytes or
non-electrolytes?

(3.1rr) What is an electrolyte? What affects the ability of a solution to conduct an

electric current?

(3.1vv) What do all Arrhenius acids yield when dissolved in water? What Ref. Table lists
common acids?

(3.1ww) What do all Arrhenius bases yield when dissolved in water? What Ref. Table lists
common bases?

(3.1xx) What is neutralization? In the process of neutralization, what is formed?

(3.1zz) What is titration? How can we mathematically solve for the molarity or
volume of an acid or base?

(3.1yy) There are alternate acid-base theories. What is that theory?

(3.1ss) How can we measure the acidity of a solution?

The presence of an acids or a base can be shown by using what substances? Where
on the Reference Table are these substances?

(3.1tt)For every one unit on the pH scale, how does the hydronium (H +) ion concentration
change?
 X. Nuclear Chemistry

(3.1o) What is the stability of isotopes based on? When nuclei are unstable and
spontaneously decay, what do they emit?

Where are the symbols for these particles emitted in nuclear decay on the
Reference Tables?

(4.4a) Where on the reference table can you find the specific mode and rate of decay
(half-life) for each element?

(5.3a) What is transmutation? How can it occur?

(3.1p) When a nucleus undergoes spontaneous decay, what particles can be released? How
do these emissions differ in mass, charge, and ionizing power, and penetrating power?

(4.4b) What are the four (4) different types of nuclear reactions?

(4.4f) What are some of the benefits and risks associated with fission and fusion
reactions?

(4.4c) How do we recognize nuclear reactions?

(5.3b) Where does the energy released in a nuclear reaction (fission or fusion) come from?

(5.3c) Is the energy released during nuclear reactions much greater or much lower than
the energy released during ordinary chemical reactions?

(4.4e) What are some of the risks associated with radioactivity and the use of radioactive
isotopes?
(4.4d) What are some of the beneficial uses of radioactive isotopes?