1.

Delamination type chip formation (Type I): This type of chip formation occurs for 0 degree
fiber orientation and positive rake angles. As the tool advances into a work piece, the peeled
layer acts like a cantilever beam as it slides up the rake face. The bending causes a fracture
well ahead of the cutting edge (perpendicular to the fiber orientation) and forms continuous
distinct chip segment. The fractured chip (which remained on the work piece material)
returns back to its original shape as the bending initially is elastic.
2. Fiber buckling chip formation (Type II): Occurs when using negative rake angle tools for
0 degree fiber orientation. As the tool moves through the work piece, it causes the fiber to
experience in-plane shear and fracture at matrix-fiber interface. In addition, the fibers
experience compressive loading as the tool moves along the work piece which causes the
fiber to buckle. The buckling initiates cracks within the vicinity of cutting edge which are
perpendicular to the cutting direction and forms small discontinuous chips.
3. Fiber cutting type chip formation (Type III): This type of chip formation occurs when the
fiber orientation angle is between 0 to 90 degrees for all rake angles. The fractures to
produce the chips are due to compression-induced shear stress across the fiber axis, and
interlaminar shear stress along the fiber-matrix interface as the tool travels along the work
piece.
4. Type IV; this occurs due to the increase in interlaminar shear which causes the chip to
fracture along the fiber-matrix interface.
5. Type V: the tool edge compresses against the fiber which causes the fiber it to bend
elastically. The compressive stresses causes fractures just below the primary shear plane
resulting in long but discontinuous chips.

Tool wear:
” after cutting also accelerates tool wear rate since greater contact area (hence increasing friction)
is caused between flank face and machined surface. In terms of cutting parameters, cutting speed
has the greatest impact on tool wear, followed by feed rate and depth of cut (lower depth cut usually
increases the wear rate) [fig

Turning force:
Oscillation of force is produced due to the repeating interaction of tool with fiber and polymer
matrix (both materials produces different magnitude of forces).

While the periodicity are caused due to the periodic changes of fiber orientation (since the work
piece is continuously rotating) relative to the cutting speed vector

Drill force:
1. Thrust: This happens due to the heat produced in the cutting process usually softens the
matrix, and reduction in flexural rigidity of the material as the depth of hole increases).
 2. Torque: but tends to increase rapidly as the cutting lip is engaged in the process [fig 12].
As the drill is taken out the work piece, the thrust force reduces zero while the torque
reaches a low value (as the cutting lips are still engaged).

Tool temperature:
1. Speed: This happens due to the increase in friction processes which only provides the tool
little time to dissipate the heat through it.
2. With regards to feed rate, the tool temperature was significantly affected by the depth of
cut and cutting speed. Cutting shallow holes with high feed rate and low cutting speed
resulted in low tool temperatures since the high feed rate actually reduced the cutting time.
For deeper holes, high cutting speed and feed rate leads to increase in tool temperature
since deeper hole and higher cutting speeds provides greater friction (which overrides the
high feed rate effect).