Some basic concept of chemistry

Introduction
Matter: Anything that occupied space and has a mass is called matter. It exist in three states viz. solid,
liquid and gas.

Nature of matter: It exist in three states viz. solid, liquid and gas.

Solids have definite shape (rigid), definite volume and particles vibrate around fixed axes.

Liquids have no definite shape (takes the shape of its container), definite volume and particles are free to
move over each other, but are still attracted to each other.

Gases have no definite shape (takes the shape of its container), no definite volume, particles move in
random motion with little or no attraction to each other and highly compressible

Classification of matter

Matter

Mixtures Pure substances

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Elements Compounds

mixtures mixtures

Properties of matter:

Physical properties: physical properties are those properties which can be measured or observed without
changing any composition or identity of substance. Ex. Density, melting point, boiling point etc.
Chemical properties: chemical property is a characteristic or behavior of a substance that may be
observed when it undergoes a chemical change or reaction. Ex. Oxidation, toxicity etc.

Scientific notation:

Scientific notation is a way of writing very large or very small numbers. A number is written in scientific
notation when a number between 1 and 10 is multiplied by a power of 10.

Example: 0.0055 is written 5.5 × 10-3, 700 written as 7 × 102

Significant figures:

The term significant figures refers to the number of important single digits (0 through 9 inclusive) in the
coefficient of an expression in scientific notation.

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value and Precision refers
to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other.

Significant Figure Rules:

 Non-zero digits are always significant.

 Any zeros between two significant digits are significant.
 A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion only are significant

Laws of chemical combination

Law of conservation of mass:
It states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. That means in any reaction total mass of the
reactants equal to total mass of products.
Total mass of the reactants = Total mass of the products + mass of unreacted reactants.
Law of definite proportion:
It states that a given compound always contains exactly same proportion of elements by weight. In case of
isotopes, the ratio is not fixed.
Law of multiple proportion:
According to this law, if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Example: Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two compounds, namely, water and hydrogen
peroxide.
Gay-Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes:
 When gases combined or produced in a chemical reaction, they do so in a simple ratio by volume
provided all the gases are at same temperature and pressure.
Avogadro law:
Avogadro proposed that equal volume of gases at the same temperature and pressure should contain equal
number of molecules.

Example 1: The percentage of copper and oxygen in samples of CuO obtained by different methods
were found to be the same. This illustrates the law of
A) Constant proportions
B) Conservation of mass
C) Multiple proportions
D) Reciprocal proportions

Ans. (A)

Example 2. Two samples of lead oxide were separately reduced to metallic lead by heating in a
current of hydrogen. The weight of lead from one oxide was half the weight of lead obtained from
the other oxide. The data illustrates.
A) Law of reciprocal proportions
B) Law of constant proportions
C) Law of multiple proportions
D) Law of equivalent proportions
Ans. (C)

Example 3. Calculate the volume in litres of 20 g hydrogen gas at STP.

Solution

No. of moles of hydrogen gas = Mass / Molecular mass

= 20 gm / 2 gm = 10 mole

Volume of hydrogen gas at STP = 10 × 22.4 lt.

(At STP volume = 22.4 litre)

DALTON ATOMIC THEORY:

 Matter is made up of very small indivisible particles called atoms.

 All the atoms of a given element are identical in all respect i.e. mass, shape, size, etc.
 Atoms cannot be created or destroyed by any chemical process.
 Atoms of different elements are different in nature.

Mole
Atoms and molecules are too small to count. To solve this problem their numbers are expressed in terms
of Avogadro’s number (NA = 6.023 1023). Mole is the number equal to Avogadro’s number.
A mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many atoms, molecules, ions, electrons or
any other elementary y entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 gm. The number of atoms in 12
gm of is called Avogadro’s number.

Atomic mass:
Atomic mass of an element can be defined as the number which indicates how many times the mass of
one atom of the element is heavier in comparison to 1 /12th part of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12.
Atomic mass = [mass of an atom of an element] / 1/12 [mass of an atom of carbon-12]
= mass of an atom in amu / 1 amu

One atomic mass unit (amu):

The quantity [1/12 × (mass of an atom of C–12)] is known as atomic mass unit.
The actual mass of one atom of C-12 = 1.9924 × 10–26 kg

 1 amu = 1.9924  1026 / 12

= 1.66 × 10–27 kg = 1.66 × 10–24 gm = 1 / NA gm

Gram atomic mass:

The gram atomic mass can be defined as the mass of 1 mole atoms of an element.
e.g., Mass of one oxygen atom = 16 amu = 16 / NA gm.
Mass of NA oxygen atom = (16 / NA) × NA = 16 gram
Average atomic mass: The average atomic mass of an element is the sum of the masses of its isotopes,
each multiplied by its natural abundance.

Formula mass:
Formula mass of any compound is equal to the sum of mass of each elements present in that compound.
Ex. Formula mass of NaCl = atomic mass of Na + atomic mass of Cl

Molecular mass:
The Molecular mass is the number which indicates how many times one molecule of a substance is
heavier in comparison to 1/ 12th of the mass of one atom of C-12.
Molecular mass = mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu) / 1 amu

Molar mass: The mass of one mole of substance in grams is called its molar mass.

Method to calculate moles

The number of moles of a substance can be calculated by various methods means depending on data
available, as follows.

 Number of moles of molecules

 Mass of substance
 Number of moles of gases (Standard molar volume at STP = 22.4 lit)
 Number of moles of particles e.g. atoms, molecules ions etc.
 Number of particles
Examples:
Question 1: Calculate the mass of one atom of silver.
Solution:
1 mole of Ag atoms = 108 g
& 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms
So, 6.022 x 1023 atoms of silver have mass = 108
Mass of one atom of silver = 108 / 6.022 x 1023
Mass of one atom of silver = 1.78 x 1022 g
Question 2: Calculate the number of molecules present in 34.20 grams of cane sugar (C12H22O11).
Solution:
1 mole of C12H22O11 = 342 amu
6.022 x 1023 molecules = 342 amu (because 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles)
Now, 342 g of cane sugar contain 6.022 x 1023 molecules.
So, 34.2 g of cane sugar will contain = 6.022 x 1022 molecules
Question 3: number of moles in 392 grams of sulhpuric acid.
Solution:
1 mole of H2SO4 = 98 amu
So, number of moles in 392 g of H2SO4
= 392 / 98 = 4 moles of H2SO4
Question 4: how much volume will be occupied by 2 moles of CO2 gas at STP?
Solution:
At STP: pressure (P) = 1 atm, Temperature (T) = 298.15 Kelvin
Volume of gas (V) = 22.4 Litre which is equivalent to 1 mole,
Therefore 2 mole of CO2 will occupied 22.4 x 2 = 44.8 litre volume.
Question 5: How many molecules of O2 are present in 5.6 litres of O2 at 1 atm and 273 K?
Solution:
No. of molecules / NA = V (l) at 1 atm and 273 K / 22.4
No. of molecules / NA = 5.6 / 22.4 = 1 /4
No. of molecules = (1 / 4) x (NA = 6.023 x 1023) = 1.505 x 1023

Percentage composition:
Percent composition is the percent by mass of each element present in a compound.
Example 1: find the percentage composition of hydrogen atom in NH3 compound (molecular mass
of NH3 is 17 amu)?
Solution:

Mass % of H in NH3 = (Mass of H in 1 mole of NH3/ Mass of 1mole of NH3) 100

Mass % of H in NH3 = (3 / 17)× 100 = 17.65 %
Empirical and molecular formula:
Molecular formula
The molecular formula is the formula derived from molecules and is representative of the total number of
individual atoms present in a molecule of a compound.

Empirical formula
The empirical formula is the simplest formula for a compound which is defined as the ratio of subscripts of
smallest possible whole number of the elements present in the formula. It is also known as the simplest
formula.
The molecular formula is an integral multiple of the empirical formula. i.e.
Molecular formula = empirical formula × n
Where, n = molecular formula mass / empirical formula mass

Example 1: The empirical formula of Boron Hydride is BH3. Calculate molecular formula when the
measured mass of the compound is 27.66?
Solution:
The atomic mass is given by = B + 3(H) = 10.81 + 3(1) = 13.81u
But, the measured molecular mass for Boron is given as 27.66u
By using the expression, Molecular formula = n × empirical formula
n = molecular formula/empirical formula = 27.66 / 13.81 = 2
Putting value of n = 2 in the empirical formula we get molecular formula as
Molecular formula = 2(BH3) = B2H6.

Chemical reaction:
It is the process in which two or more than two substances interact with each other where old bonds are
broken and new bonds are formed.

Chemical Equation:

All chemical reaction are represented by chemical equations by using chemical formula of reactants and
products. Qualitatively a chemical equation simply describes what the reactants and products are. However,
from a balanced chemical equation we can get lot of quantitative information. Mainly the molar ratio in
which reactants combine and the molar ratio in which products are formed.
Attributes of a balanced chemical reaction:

(a) It contains an equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of equation.

(b) It should follow law of charge conservation on either side.

(c) Physical states of all the reagents should be included in brackets.

(d) All reagents should be written in their standard molecular forms (not as atoms)

(e) The coefficients give the relative molar ratios of each reagent.

Example 1: Three mole of Na2CO3 is reacted with 6 moles of HCl solution. Find the volume of CO2
gas produced at STP. The reaction is Na2CO3 + 2 HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Solution:

From the reaction: Na2CO3 + 2 HCl  2 NaCl + CO2+ H2O

Given moles 3 mole 6 mole

Given mole ratio 1 : 2

Stoichiometric coefficient ratio 1: 2

Here, given moles of reactant are in stoichiometric coefficient ratio therefore none reactant left over.

Now use Mole-mole analysis to calculate volume of CO2 produced at STP

1 Moles of Na2CO3 / 1 = 1 Mole of CO2 Produced / 1

Moles of CO2 produced = 3

Volume of CO2 produced at STP = 3 × 22.4 L = 67.2 L

Limiting reagent:
The reactant which is consumed first and limits the amount of product formed in the reaction is called
limiting reagent. Limiting reagent is present in least stoichiometric amount and therefore, controls amount
of product. The remaining or left out reactant is called the excess reagent.

How to find limiting reagent:

Step: Divide the given moles of reactant by the respective stoichiometric coefficient of that reactant.
Step: I see for which reactant this division come out to be minimum. The reactant having minimum value
is limiting reagent for you.

Reactions in Solutions:
A mixture of two or more substances can be a solution. We can also say that solution is a homogeneous
mixture of two or more substances. “Homogeneous means uniform throughout”. Thus a homogeneous
mixture, i.e., a solution, will have uniform composition throughout.

Properties of a solution:

 A solution is clear and transparent. For example, a solution of sodium chloride in water is clear and
transparent.
 The solute in a solution does not settle down even after the solution is kept undisturbed for some
time.

Concentration terms:
The concentration of solution or the amount of substance present n its given volume can be expressed in
following ways:

1. Mass percent
2. Mole fraction
3. Molarity
4. Molality
5. PPM (part per million)
6. Normality

i) Mass percent:

% weight by weight (w/w): It is given as mass of solute present in per 100 gm of solution.

i.e. % w/w = (mass of solute in gm / mass of solution in gm) 100

% weight by volume (w/v): It is given as mass of solute present in per 100 ml of solution.

i.e., % w/v = (mass of solute in gm / volume of solution in ml) 100

ii) Mole fraction:

It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles of the solution. If
a substance ‘A’ dissolves in substance ‘B’ and their number of moles are nA and nB respectively; then the
mole fraction of A and B are:

Mole fraction of A = nA / (nA + nB)

Mole fraction of B = nB / (nA+ nB)

iii) Molarity:

It is defined as the number of moles of the solute in 1 litre of the solution. It is denoted by ‘M’

Molarity (M) = no. of moles of solute / volume of solution in litre.

Example 1: 149 gm of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 10 Lt of an aqueous solution.

Determine the molarity of the solution (K = 39, Cl = 35.5)

Solution:

Molecular mass of KCl = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 gm

 Moles of KCl = given mass / molecular mass = 149 gm / 74.5 gm = 2

 Molarity of the solution = moles of solute / volume of solution in litre = 2 / 10 = 0.2 M

iv) Molality:

It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent. It is denoted by ‘m’.

Molality (m) = no. moles of solute / mass of solvent in kg

Example: 225 gm of an aqueous solution contains 5 gm of urea. What is the concentration of the
solution in terms of molality? (Mol. wt. of urea = 60)

Solution:

Mass of urea = 5 gm

Molecular mass of urea = 60

Number of moles of urea = 5 / 60 = 0.083

Mass of solvent = (255 - 5) = 250 gm

 Molality of the solution = (umber of moles of solute / Mass of solvent in gram) × 1000

Molality of the solution = 250 0.083 × 1000= 0.332 m.

v) Part per million (PPM): It is defined as the number of parts of the solute present in every 1
million parts of the solution. PPM can both be in terms of mass or in terms of moles.

PPMA = (mass of A / Total mass)  10 6= mass fraction × 10 6

vi) Normality: normality is defined as the number of mole equivalents per liter of solution.

Normality = number of mole equivalents /1 L of solution.

Molarity of dilution:

Before dilution after dilution

M1 V 1 = M2 V2

Molarity of mixing:

M1 V1 + M2 V2 + M3 V3 = MR (V1 + V2 + V3) MR = resultant molarity

Solved examples:
Q.1 Naturally occurring chlorine is 75.53% Cl35 which has an atomic mass of 34.969 amu and
24.47% Cl37 which has a mass of 36.966 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine-

(A) 35.5 amu (B) 36.5 amu (C) 71 amu (D) 72 amu

Ans. (A)

Sol. Average atomic mass = (% of I isotope  its atomic mass + % of II isotopes  its atomic mass) /100

Average atomic mass = (75.53 34 969 + 24.47  36.96) /100 = 35.5 amu.

Q.2 How many carbon atoms are present in 0.35 mole of C6H12O6 –

(A) 6.023 × 1023 carbon atoms (B) 1.26 × 1023 carbon atoms

(C) 1.26 × 1024 carbon atoms (D) 6.023 × 1024 carbon atoms
Ans. (C)

Sol.

 1 mole of C6H12O6 has = 6 NA atoms of C

 0.35 mole of C6H12O6 has = 6 × 0.35 NA atoms of C

= 2.1 NA atoms = 2.1 × 6.022 × 1023 = 1.26 × 1024 carbon atoms

Q.3 Calculate the mass in gm of 2NA molecules of CO2 –

(A) 22 gm (B) 44 gm (C) 88 gm (D) None of these.

Ans. (C)

Sol.

Because NA molecules of CO2 has molecular mass = 44 gm

 2NA molecules of CO2 has molecular mass = 44 × 2 = 88 gm.

Q.4 How many years it would take to spend Avogadro's number of rupees at the rate of 1 million
rupees in one second –

(A) 19.098 × 1019 years (B) 19.098 years (C) 19.098 × 109 years (D) None of these

Ans. (C)

Sol. because 106 rupees are spent in 1sec.

 6.022  1023 rupees are spent in = (6.022  1023 1) / 106 sec

= (6.022  1023 1) / 106  60  60  24 365 = 19.098 × 109 year

Q.5 Calculate the number of Cl– and Ca+2 ions in 222 g anhydrous CaCl2.

(A) 2NA ions of Ca+2 4 N ions of Cl– (B) 2NA ions of Cl– & 4N ions of Ca+2

(C) 1NA ions of Ca+2 & 1N ions of Cl– (D) none of these.

Ans. (A)

Sol.

mol. wt. of CaCl2 = 111 g

Therefore, 111 g CaCl2 has = NA ions of Ca+2

 222g of CaCl2 has (NA  222) / 111 = 2NA ions of Ca+2

Also, because 111 g CaCl2 has = 2 NA ions of Cl–

 222 g CaCl2 has = (2 NA  222) / 111 ions of Cl– = 4 NA ions of Cl–

Q. 6 What is the molecular mass of a substance, each molecule of which contains 9 carbon atoms, 13
hydrogen atoms and 2.33 × 10–23 g of other component?

Ans. 135.04

Sol. The molecule has C, H and other component.

Mass of 9 C atoms = 12 × 9 = 108 amu, Mass of 13 H atoms = 13 × 1 = 13 amu

And Mass of other component = (2.33 10-23 / 1.66  10-24) = 14.04 amu

 Total mass of one molecule = 108 + 13 + 14.04 = 135.04 amu

 Mol. mass of substance = 135.04

Q.7 The density of O2 at 0ºC and 1 atm is 1.429g / litre. The molar volume of gas is –

(A) 22.4 lit. (B) 11.2 lit (C) 33.6 lit (D) 5.6 lit.

Ans. (A)

Sol. 1.429 gm of O2 gas occupies volume = 1 litre.

 32 gm of O2 gas occupies = 32 / 1.429 = 22.4 litre/mol

Q.8 how many g of S are required to produce 10 moles and 10g of H2 SO4 respectively?

Ans. 320 g, 3.265 g

Sol. 1 mole of H2 SO4 has = 32g S

 10 mole of H2 SO4 has = 32 × 10 = 320 g S

Also, 98g of H2 SO4 has = 32 g S

 10 g of H2 SO4 has = (32 × 10)/98 = 3.265 g S

Q.9 P and Q are two elements which form P2Q3 and PQ2 molecules. If 0.15 mole of P2Q3 and PQ2
weighs 15.9 g and 9.3g, respectively, what are atomic mass of P and Q?
Ans. P = 26, Q = 18

Sol. Let at. Mass of P and Q be a and b respectively,

 Mol. mass of P2Q3 = 2a + 3b and Mol. mass of PQ2 = a + 2b

 (2a + 3b) × 0.15 = 15.9

And (a + 2b) × 0.15 = 9.3

a = 26, b = 18

Atomic mass of P = 26

Atomic mass of Q = 18

BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE:

1. Calculate the molecular mass of the following:

(i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iii) CH4

2. What will be the mass of one C-12 atom in g?

3. How much copper can be obtained from 200 gm of CuSO4?

4. Calculate the number of atoms in three moles of ethane (C2H6)?

5. If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of
water vapor would be produced?

6. Calculate the mass percent of each elements present in sodium hydroxide?

Type (II): Short Answer Type Questions: [02 Marks]

6. Calculate the mass per cent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).

7. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% dioxygen by
mass.

8. How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4)?

9. Write a note on Avogadro number and mole?

10. What do you mean by significant figures?

11. How many significant figures are present in the following?

(i) 0.0025 (ii) 208 (iii) 5005 (iv) 126,000 (v) 500.0 (vi) 2.0034

12. Round up the following up to three significant figures:

(i) 34.216 (ii) 10.4107 (iii) 0.04597 (iv) 2808.

Type (III): Long Answer Type Questions: [03 Marks]

13. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar aqueous
solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g / moL.

14. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL
ñ1 and the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69%.

15. What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L-1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water
to make a final volume up to 2L?

16. Express the following in the scientific notation:

(i) 0.0048 (ii) 234,000 (iii) 8008 (iv) 500.0 (v) 6.0012

17. Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms?

(i) 1 g Au (s) (ii) 1 g Na (s) (iii) 1 g Li (s) (iv) 1 g of Cl2 (g)

Q.18 what is the empirical formula of a compound 0.2801 gm of which gave on complete combustion
0.9482 gm of carbon dioxide and 0.1939 gm of water?

Q.19 The density of a solution containing 13% by mass of sulphuric acid is 1.09 g/mL. Calculate the
molarity of the solution.

Q.20 The mole fraction of CH 3OH in an aqueous solution is 0.02 and its density is 0.994 g cm–3.
Determine its molarity and molality.

Q.21. The density of a solution containing 40% by mass of HCl is 1.2 g/mL. Calculate the molarity of the
solution.

Q.22 A mixture of ethanol and water contains 54% water by mass. Calculate the mole fraction of alcohol
in this solution.

Q.23 15 g of methyl alcohol is present in 100 mL of solution. If density of solution is 0.90 g mL–1.
Calculate the mass percentage of methyl alcohol in solution

Type (IV): Very Long Answer Type Questions: [05 Marks]

Q.24. define the laws of chemical combination and explain them.

Q.25 Calculate the molarity of the following solutions:

(a) 4g of caustic soda is dissolved in 200 mL of the solution.

(b) 5.3 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in 100 mL of solution

(c) 0.365 g of pure HCl gas is dissolved in 50 mL of solution.

Q.26 Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when (i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt
in air. (ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen. (iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of
dioxygen.

Q.27 if the density of methanol is 0.793 kg / L, what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M
solution?

Q.28 Pressure is determined as force per unit area of the surface. The SI unit of pressure, pascal is as
shown below: 1Pa = 1N m-2 If mass of air at sea level is 1034 g cm-2 , calculate the pressure in pascal.

Q.29. a sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl3,
supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass). (i) Express this
in percent by mass. (ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.

JEE LEVEL EXERCISE

EXERCISE-01:
Q.1 All samples of carbon dioxide contain carbon and oxygen in the mass ratio of 3 : 8. This is in
agreement with the law of:
(A) Conservation of mass (B) constant proportion
(C) Multiple proportions (D) gaseous volumes

Q2. 3g of a hydrocarbon on combustion in excess of oxygen produces 8.8 g of CO2 and 5.4 g of H2O. The
data illustrates the law of:

(A) conservation of mass (B) multiple proportions (C) constant proportions (D) none of these

Q3. The volume of 1 mol of a gas at standard temperature and pressure is:
(A) 11.2 litres (B) 22.4 litres (C) 100 litres (D) none of these

Q.4 Atomic mass of an element is:

(A) Actual mass of one atom of the element

(B) Relative mass of an atom of the element

(C) Average relative mass of different atoms of the element

(D) Always a whole number

Q5. Which is heaviest:

(A) 25 g of Hg (B) 2 mole of H2O (C) 2 mole of CO2 (D) 4 g-atom of O
Q.6 which of the following contains the greatest number of atoms?
(A) 1.0 g of butane (C4H10) (B) 1.0 g of nitrogen (N2) (C) 1.0 g of silver (Ag) (D) 1.0 g of water
(H2O)

Q7. Under the same conditions, two gases have the same number of molecules. They must

(A) Be noble gases (B) have equal volumes

(C) Have a volume of 22.4 dm3 each (D) have an equal number of atoms

Q8. How many moles of potassium chlorate need to be heated to produce 11.2 litre oxygen at N.T.P.?

(A) 1 /2 mole (B) 1 / 3 mole (C) 1 / 4 mole (D) 2 / 3 mole

Q.9 how many moles of magnesium phosphate Mg3 (PO4)2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms:

(A) 0.02 (B) 3.125 ×10–2 (C) 1.25 ×10–2 (D) 2.5 × 10–2

Q10. If the percentage of water of crystallization in MgSO4 .x H2 O is 13%. What is the value of x:

(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 7

Q11. The percentage by mole of NO2 in a mixture of NO2 (g) and NO (g) having average molecular mass
34 is:

(A) 25% (B) 20% (C) 40% (D) 75%

Q12.The empirical formula of a compound of molecular mass 120 is CH2 O. The molecular formula of
the compound is:

(A) C2H4O2 (B) C4H8O4 (C) C3H6O3 (D) all of these

Q13.An iodized salt contains 0.5 % of NaI. A person consumes 3 gm of salt every day. The number of
iodide ions going into his body every day is:

(A) 10–4 (B) 6.02 ×10–4 (C) 6.02 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1023

Q14.The number of carbon atoms present in a signature, if a signature written by carbon pencil weights
1.2 × 10–3 g is
(A) 12.04 × 1020 (B) 6.02 × 1019 (C) 3.01 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1020

Q15. 16 g of SOx occupies 5.6 litre at STP. Assuming ideal gas nature, the value of x is:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
Q12. Which is/are correct statements about 1.7 gm of NH3

(A) It contain 0.3 mol H - atom (B) it contain 2.408  10 23 atoms

(C) Mass % of hydrogen is 17.65% (D) It contains 0.3 mol N- atom

Q13. Cortisone is a molecular substance containing 21 atoms of carbon per molecule. The mass
percentage of carbon in cortisone is 69.98%. Its molar mass is:

(A) 176.5 (B) 252.2 (C) 287.6 (D) 360.1

Q14. 12 g of alkaline earth metal gives 14.8 g of its nitride. Atomic weight of metal is –

(A) 12 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 14.8

Q15. For the reaction 2P + Q  R, 8 mole of P and excess of Q will produce:

(A) 8 mole of R (B) 5 mole of R (C) 4 mole of R (D) 13 mole of R

Q16. If 1.5 moles of oxygen combine with Al to form Al2O3, the weight of Al used in the reaction is:

(A) 27 g (B) 40.5 g (C) 54g (D) 81 g

Q18. For the reaction 2P + Q  R, 8 mole of P and 5 mole of Q will produce

(A) 8 mole of R (B) 5 mole of R (C) 4 mole of R (D) 13 mole of R

Q19. How many mole of Zn (FeS2) can be made from 2 mole zinc, 3 mole iron and 5 mole Sulphur.

(A) 2 mole (B) 3 mole (C) 4 mole (D) 5 mole

Q20. Equal weight of 'X' (At. wt. = 36) and 'Y' (At. wt. = 24) are reacted to form the compound X2Y3.
Then:

(A) X is the limiting reagent

(B) Y is the limiting reagent

(C) No reactant is left over and mass of X2Y3 formed is double the mass of ‘X’ taken

(D) None of these

Q21. 0.5 mole of H2SO4 is mixed with 0.2 mole of Ca (OH) 2. The maximum number of moles of CaSO4
formed is:
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.4 (D) 1.5

Q22. The mass of 70% H2SO4 required for neutralization of 1 mole of NaOH.

(A) 49 gm (B) 98 gm (C) 70 gm (D) 34.3 gm

Q23. 500 mL of a glucose solution contains 6.02 × 10 22 molecules. The concentration of the solution is
(A) 0.1 M (B) 1.0 M (C) 0.2 M (D) 2.0 M

Q24. Equal moles of H2O and NaCl are present in a solution. Hence, molality of NaCl solution is:

(A) 0.55 (B) 55.5 (C) 1.00 (D) 0.18

Q25. Mole fraction of ‘A’ in H2O is 0.2. The molality of ‘A’ in H2O is:

(A) 13.9 (B) 15.5 (C) 14.5 (D) 16.8

Q26. What is the molarity of H2SO4 solution that has a density of 1.84 g/cc and contains 98% by mass of
H2SO4? (Given atomic mass of S = 32)

(A) 4.18 M (B) 8.14 M (C) 18.4 M (D) 18 M

Q27. The molarity of the solution containing 2.8 %( mass / volume) solution of KOH is: (Given atomic
mass of K = 39) is:

(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.5 M (C) 0.2 M (D) 1 M

Q28. The density of liquid (mol. wt. = 70) is 1.2 g mL–1. If 2 mL of liquid contains 35 drops, the number
of molecules of liquid in one drop are:

(A) (2.1 /3.5) × N A (B) (1 / 35) × N A (C) (2.1 / 352) × N A (D) 1.2 N A

Q29. A 15 mL sample of 0.20 M MgCl2 is added to 45 mL of 0.40 M AlCl3, What is the molarity of Cl–
ions in the final solution:

(A) 1.0 M (B) 0.60 M (C) 0.35 M (D) 0.30 M

Q30. The molality of a 1 L solution with x % H2SO4 is 9. The weight of solvent present in the solution is
910 grams. The value of x is:

(A) 90 (B) 80.3 (C) 30.38 (D) 46.87

Q31. 500 mL of a glucose solution contains 6.02 × 1022 molecules. The concentration of the solution is:

(A) 0.1 M (B) 1.0 M (C) 0.2 M (D) 2.0 M

Q32. The molarity of the solution containing 2.8% mass-volume solution of KOH/(Given atomic mass of
K = 39) is:
(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.5 M (C) 0.2 M (D) 1 M

EXERCISE-02

Q.1 An alloy of gold and silver contains 38.5% silver by mass and has a density of 14.6 g.mL–1. What is
the molar concentration of silver in this alloy?

(A) 52.1 mol.L–1 (B) 45.6 mol.L–1 (C) 3.57 mol.L–1 (D) 2.64 mol.L–1

Q.2 A solution containing 12.0% sodium hydroxide by mass has a density of 1.131 g/mL. What volume
of this solution contains 5.00 mol of NaOH:

(A) 0.0240 L (B) 1.67 L (C) 1.47 L (D) 1.00 L

Q.3 An aqueous solution of concentrated hydro bromic acid contains 48% HBr by mass. If the density of
the solution is 1.50 g / mL, what is its concentration?

(A) 11.4 mol/L (B) 8.9 mol/L (C) 5.9 mol/L (D) 18.5 mol/L

Q. 4 an antifreeze mixture consists of 40% ethylene glycol (C2 H6 O2) by weight in aqueous solution. If
the density of this solution is 1.05 g/mL, what is the molar concentration?

(A) 6.77 M (B) 6.45 M (C) 0.017 M (D) 16.9 M

Q.5 what is the molality m, of methanol in a solution prepared by dissolving 160 g of methanol, CH3OH,
in 200.0 g of water:

(A) 1.0 m (B) 5.0 m (C) 10.0 m (D) 25.0 m

Q.6 XeF6 fluorinates I2 to IF7 and liberates Xenon (g). 210 mmol of XeF6 can yield a maximum of __
mmol of lF7:

(A) 420 (B) 180 (C) 210 (D) 245

Q.7 a 10 gram sample of natural gas containing CH4 and C2H4 was burnt in excess of oxygen to give 29.0
grams of CO2 and some water. How many grams of water are formed?

(A) 9.42 g (B) 18.81 g (C) 11.42 g (D) 15.31 g

Q.8 50 g of ZnS are strongly heated in air to effect partial oxidation and the resultant mass weighed 44 g.
What is the ratio of ZnO to ZnS in the resultant mixture?

(A) 13.5: 30.5 (B) 27: 12.58 (C) 27: 15.31 (D) 30.52:13.48

Q.9 the % loss in weight after heating a pure sample of potassium chlorate (M. wt. 122.5) will be:
(A) 12.25 (B) 24.50 (C) 39.17 (D) 49.0

Q.10 In a gaseous reaction of the type aA + bB  cC + dD, which is wrong:

(A) A litre of a combines with b litre of B to give C & D

(B) A mole of a combines with b mole of B to give C & D

(C) A g of a combines with b g litre of B to give C & D

(D) A molecules of a combines with b molecule of B to give C & D

Q.11 The simplest formula of a compound containing 50% of element X (atomic mass = 10) and 50% of
the element Y (atomic mass = 20) by weight is:

(A) XY (B) X2Y (C) XY2 (D) X2 Y3

Q.12 The sodium salt of methyl orange has 7% sodium. What is the minimum molecular weight of the
compound?

(A) 420 (B) 375 (C) 329 (D) 295

Q.13 In the preceding problem, if the compound contains 12.8% nitrogen 9.8% Sulphur how many
nitrogen and Sulphur atoms are present per atom of sodium:

(A) 2 and 1 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 1 and 2 (D) 3 and 1

Q.14 For an infinitely dilute aqueous solution molality will be equal to:

(A) Formality (B) molarity (C) mole fraction (D) ppm

Q.15 Molarity of H2 SO4 is 18 M. Its density is 1.8 g/cm3, hence molality is:

(A) 18 (B) 100 (C) 36 (D) 500

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
Q1. Assume that the nucleus of the F atom is a sphere of radius 5 × 10 -13 cm. Calculate the density of
matter in F nucleus.
Q2. Calculate the amount of H2 SO4 produced (in g) when 40 ml H2O (d = 0.9 gm/ml) reacts with 50 l
SO3 at 1 atm. and 300 K, according to the following reaction?
H2O + SO3 ---------------> H2 SO4
Q3. What total volume, in litre at 600°C and 1 atm, could be formed by the decomposition of 16 gm of
NH4NO3? Reaction: 2 NH4NO3  2N2 + O2 + 4H2O (g).
Q4. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contains these elements in the respective ratio 9:1:3:5.
Calculate the empirical formula. If the molecular weight is 108, what is its molecular formula?

Q5. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contains these elements in the respective ratio 9:1:3:5.
Calculate the empirical formula. If the molecular weight is 108, what is its molecular formula?
Q6. A plant virus is found to consist of uniform cylindrical particles of 150 Å in diameter and 5000 Å
long. The specific volume of the virus is 0.75 cm3 /g. If the virus is considered to be a single particle, find
its molecular weight.
Q7. In a gravimetric determination of P, an aqueous solution of dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4 ñ is
treated with a mixture of ammonium and magnesium ions to precipitate magnesium ammonium
phosphate, Mg(NH4)PO4 . 6H2O. this is heated and decomposed to magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg2P2O7,
which is weighed. A solution of H2PO4 ñ yielded 1.054 g of Mg2P2O7. What weight of NaH2PO4 was
present originally? (Na = 23, H = 1 , P = 31 , O = 16 , Mg = 24).

TRUE / FALSE
1. Two elements always combine together in a fixed ratio by weight.
2. There is no difference between one mole and one gram molecule.
3. Equal volumes of different gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal
number of atoms.
4. Empirical formula represents the actual number of atoms present in a molecule of the substance.
5. A balanced equation contains equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. 6.
Mass of reactants is always equal to the mass of the products.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Law of conservation of mass was put forward by....................
2. The formation SO2 and SO3 illustrates the law of....................
3. The number of atoms present in one molecule of an elementary substance is called it’s....................
4. The mass of an atom of carbon is....................
5. The reactant which reacts completely in a reaction is called....................

COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS

Comprehension # 1 342 g of 20% by mass of Ba(OH)2 solution (sp. gr. 0.57) is reacted with 200 mL of
2 M HNO3 according to given balanced reaction:

Ba (OH) 2 + 2HNO3 ---------------> (NO3) 2 + 2H2O

1. The nature of the final solution is:

(A) Acidic (B) neutral (C) basic (D) can't say

2. Find the molarity of the ion in resulting solution by which nature of the above solution is identified, is

(A) 0.5 M (B) 0.8 M (C) 0.4 M (D) 1 M

Comprehension # 2 Calcium lactate is used in the food and beverage industries. It has also been used
medicinally for treatment of various allergies, for treatment of muscular leg cramps, and as an antidote for
a variety of poisons, including lead, arsenicals and carbon tetrachloride. A 0.8274 g sample of anhydrous
calcium lactate is found by analysis to contain 0.2732 g of C, 0.0382 g H, 0.1520 g Ca and 0.3640 g O.
Each mole of calcium lactate is found to contain one mole of calcium ions. Calcium lactate can be
crystallized from water as pentahydrate salt.

1. Simplest formula of the calcium lactate is:

(A) CaO6C6H10 (B) CaO3C3H5 (C) CaO2C3H3 (D) CaO2C3H5

2. Formula weight of calcium lactate is:

(A) 129 g mole–1 (B) 111 g mol–1 (C) 218 g mol–1 (D) 113 g mol–1

3. How many grams of calcium lactate pentahydrate would be recovered from 1 g of anhydrous salt?

(A) 1.41 g (B) 1.00 g (C) 1.27 g (D) 1.51 g

Previous year questions:

IIT JEE previous year questions:

Q1. How many moles of electron weigh one kilogram: [JEE-2002]

(A) 6.023 × 1023 (B) (1/ 9.108) × 10 31 (C) (6.023 / 9.108) × 10 54 (D) (1 / (9.108 6.023 10) × 10 8

Q2. Which has maximum number of atoms: [JEE-2003]

(A) 24 g of C (12) (B) 56 g of Fe (56) (C) 27 g of Al (27) (D) 108 g Ag (108)

Q3. Calculate the molarity of pure water using its density to be 1000 kg m-3. [JEE’2003]

Q4. One gm of charcoal absorbs 100 ml 0.5 M CH3COOH to form a monolayer, and thereby the molarity
of CH3COOH reduces to 0.49. Calculate the surface area of the charcoal adsorbed by each molecule of
acetic acid. Surface area of charcoal = 3.01 × 102 m2 /gm. [JEE'2003]
Q5. Calculate the amount of calcium oxide required when it reacts with 852 g of P4O10. [JEE 2005]

Q6. Reaction of Br 2 with Na2CO3 in aqueous solution gives sodium bromide and sodium bromate with
evolution of CO2 gas. The number of sodium bromide molecules involved in the balanced chemical
equation is [JEE 2011, 4/180]

Q7. Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The
molarity of the solution is: [JEE 2011]

(A) 1.78 M (B) 2.00 M (C) 2.05 M (D) 2.22 M

Q8. 29.2% (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 g mL-1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g
mol-1. The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl is: [JEE
2012,]

Q9. The volume (in ml) of 0.1 MAgNO3 required for complete precipitation of chloride ions present in 30
ml of 0.01 M solution of [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2 , as silver chloride is close to [JEE 2011]

10. 2% (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 g mL-1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g
mol-1. The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl is:

Paragraph for Question [JEE 2012]

Bleaching powder and bleach solution are produced on a large scale and used in several house hold
products. The effectiveness of bleach solution is often measured by Iodometry.

11. 25 mL of household bleach solution was mixed with 30 mL of 0.50 M KI and 10 mL of 4N acetic
acid. In the titration of the liberated iodine, 48 mL of 0.25 N Na2S2O3was used to reach the end point. The
molarity of the household bleach solution is

(A) 0.48 M (B) 0.96 M (C) 0.24 M (D) 0.024 M

12. A compound H2X with molar weight of 80 g is dissolved in a solvent having density of 0.4 g ml–1.
Assuming no change in volume upon dissolution, the molality of a 3.2 molar solution is: [JEE 2014]

13. The mole fraction of a solute in a solution is 0.1. At 298 K, molarity of this solution is the same as its
molality. Density of this solution at 298 K is 2.0 g cm–3. The ratio of the molecular weights of the solute
and solvent, solute solvent (MWsolute / MWsolvent) is: [JEE 2016]

14. To measure the quantity of MnCl2 dissolved in an aqueous solution, it was completely converted to
KMnO4 using the reaction, MnCl2 + K2S2O8 + H2O  KMnO4 + H2SO4 + HCl (equation not balanced).
Few drops of concentrated HCl were added to this solution and gently warmed. Further, oxalic acid (225
mg) was added in portions till the colour of the permanganate ion disappeared. The quantity of MnCl2 (in
mg) present in the initial solution is _________.
(Atomic weights in g mol–1: Mn = 55, Cl = 35.5) [JEE 2018]
JEE main previous year questions:
1. Number of atoms in 560g of Fe (atomic mass 56g mol-1) is: [AIEEE 2002]

(1) Twice that of 70g N (2) Half that of 20g H (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these

2. In an organic compound of molar mass 108 g mol-1 C, H and N atoms are present in 9: 1: 3.5 by
weight. Molecular formula can be: [AIEEE 2002]

(1) C6H8N2 (2) C7H10N (3) C5H6N3 (4) C4H18N3

3. Which of the following concentration factor is affected by change in temperature? [AIEEE 2002]

(1) Molarity (2) Molality (3) Mole fraction (4) Weight fraction

4. 6.02 × 10 20 molecules of urea are present in 100 ml of its solution. The concentration of urea solution
is –

(1) 0.001 M (2) 0.01 M (3) 0.02 M (4) 0.1 M [AIEEE 2004]

5. How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3 (PO4) 2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?

(1) 0.02 (2) 3.125 × 10 -2 (3) 1.25 × 10 -2 (4) 2.5 × 10 -2 [AIEEE-2006]

6. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 g/ml. The molality of the solution is:

(1) 1.14 mol kg-1 (2) 3.28 mol kg-1 (3) 2. mol kg-1 (4) 0.44 mol kg-1 [AIEEE-2006]

7. The density (in g mL-1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29% (H2SO4 molar mass = 98 g
molñ1) by mass will be: [AIEEE-2007]

(1) 1.22 (2) 1.45 (3) 1.64 (4) 1.88

8. A 5.2 Molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is supplied. What is the mole fraction of
methyl alcohol in the solution? [AIEEE-2011]

(1) 0.100 (2) 0.190 (3) 0.086 (4) 0.050

9. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. mass = 60 u) in 1000 g of water is
1.15 g/mL. The molarity of this solution is: [AIEEE-2012]

(1) 0.50 M (2) 1.78 M (3) 1.02 M (4) 2.05 M

10. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL of 0.5 (M) HCl with 250 mL of 2 (M) HCl
will be: [JEE MAIN-2013]
(1) 1.00 M (2) 1.75 M (3) 0.975 M (4) 0.875 M

11. A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO2. The empirical
formula of the hydrocarbon is: [JEE MAIN-2013]

(1) C3H4 (2) C6H5 (3) C7H8 (4) C2H4

12. For the estimation of nitrogen, 1.4 g of organic compound was digested by Kjeldahl method and the
evolved ammonia was absorbed in 60 mL of M / 10 Sulphuric acid. The unreacted acid required 20 ml of
M / 10 sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization. The percentage of nitrogen in the compound is:

(1) 3% (3) 5% (3) 6% (4) 10% [JEE MAIN-2014]

13. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of
number of their molecule is:

(1) 1: 8 (2) 3 : 16 (3) 1 : 4 (4) 7 : 32 [JEE MAIN-2014]

14. 3 g of activated charcoal was added to 50 mL of acetic acid solution (0.06 N) in a flask. After an hour
it was filtered and the strength of the filtrate was found to be 0.042 N. The amount of acetic acid adsorbed
(per gram of charcoal) is:

(1) 18 mg (2) 36 mg (3) 42 mg (4) 54 mg [JEE MAIN-2015]

15. In Carius method of estimation of halogens, 250 mg of an organic compound gave 141 mg of AgBr.
The percentage of bromine in the compound is: (at. mass Ag = 108; Br = 80)

(1) 24 (2) 36 (3) 48 (4) 60 [JEE MAIN-2015]

16. 1 gram of a carbonate (M2CO3) on treatment with excess HCl produces 0.01186 mole of CO2. The
molar mass of M2CO3 in g mol1 is:

(1) 84.3 (2) 118.6 (3) 11.86 (4) 1186 [JEE MAIN-2017]

17. The ratio of mass percent of C and H of an organic compound (CXHYOZ) is 6: 1. If one molecule of
the above compound (CXHYOZ) contains half as much oxygen as required to burn one molecule of
compound CXHY completely to CO2 and H2O. The empirical formula of compound (CXHYOZ) is:

(1) C3H6O3 (2) C2H4O (3) C3H4O2 (4) C2H4O3 [JEE MAIN-2018]
NEET and AIIMS Previous year questions

1. How many molecules are present in one gram of hydrogen [AIIMS 1982?]
A) 6.02×1023 B) 3.01×1023 C) 2.5×1023 D) 1.5×1023
2. Which one of the following pairs of gases contains the same number of molecules [EAMCET 1987?]
A) 16 g of O2 and 14 g of N2 B) 8 g of O2 and 22 g of CO2
C) 28 g of N2 and 22 g of CO2 D) 32 g of O2 and 32 g of N2
3. The number of oxygen atoms in 4.4 g of CO2is approx. [CBSE PMT 1990]
A) 1.2×1023 B) 6×1022 C) 6×1023 D) 12×1023
4. Molarity of liquid HCl with density equal to 1.17g/cc is [CBSE PMT 2001]
A) 36.5 B) 18.25 C) 32.05 D) 4.65
5. The mass of carbon anode consumed (giving only carbon dioxide) in the production of 270 kg of
aluminum metal from bauxite by the Hall process is:
(Atomic mass: Al = 27) [CBSE AIPMT 2005]
(A) 90 kg (B) 540 kg (C) 180 kg (D) 270 kg
6. Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO4 by mass and has a density of 1.80 g.mL–1. Volume
of acid required to make 1 litre of 0.1 M H2SO4 solution is: CBSE AIPMT 2007]
(A) 5.55 mL (B) 11.1 mL (C) 16.65mL (D) 22.2 mL
7. 3 g of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 is dissolved in enough water to make 250 mL of solution. If sodium
carbonate dissociates completely, molar concentration of sodium ion, Na + and carbonate ions, CO3 2- are
respectively (Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g mol-1) [AIPMT 2010]
(1) 0.955 M and 1.910 M (2) 1.910 M and 0.955 M (3) 1.90 M and 1.910M (4) 0.477 M and 0.477M
8. The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a triatomic gas is: (NA = 6.02 × 10 23 mol-1) [AIPMT
2010]
(1) 6.026 × 10 22 (2) 1.806 × 10 23 (3) 3.600 × 10 23 (4) 1.800 × 10 22
9. Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal aqueous solution is [AIPMT 2011]
(1) 1.7700 (2) 0.1770 (3) 0.0177 (4) 0.0344

10. How many grams of concentrated nitric acid solution should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2.0 M
HNO3? The concentrated acid is 70% HNO3.
[AIPMT 2013]
(A) 45.0 g conc. HNO3 (B) 90.0 g conc. HNO3 (C) 70.0 g conc. HNO3 (D) 54.0 g conc. HNO3
11. 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL of its solution. The concentration of solution is
(A) 0.02 M (B) 0.01 M (C) 0.001 M (D) 0.1 M [AIPMT 2013]
12. 1.0 g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56 g O2 in a closed vessel. Which reactant is left in excess and
how much? (At. wt. Mg = 24; O = 16) [AIPMT 2014]
(1) Mg, 0.44 g (2) O2, 0.28 g (3) Mg, 0.16 g (4) O2, 0.16 g
13. When 22.4 litres of H (2 g) is mixed with 11.2 litres of Cl ( 2 g) , each at S.T.P., the moles of HCl (g)
formed is equal to: [AIPMT 2014]
(1) 0.5 mol of HCl (g) (2) 1.5 mol of HCl (g) (3) 1 mol of HCl (g) (4) 2 mol of HCl (g)
14. If Avogadro number NA, is changed from 6.022 × 1023 mol–1 to 6.022 × 1020 mol–1, this would change.
[AIPMT 2015]
(A) The ratio of chemical species to each other in a balanced equation
(B) The ratio of elements to each other in a compound
(C) The definition of mass in units of grams
(D) The mass of one mole of carbon
15. The number of water molecules is maximum in [AIPMT 2015]
(A) 18 gram of water (B) 18 moles of water
(C) 18 molecules of water (D) 1.8 gram of water
16. Suppose the elements X and Y combine to form two compounds XY2 and X3Y2. When 0.1 mole of
XY2 weighs 10 g and 0.05 mole of X3Y2 weighs 9 g, the atomic weights of X and Y are. [NEET 2016]
(A) 40, 30 (B) 60, 40 (C) 20, 30 A) 30, 20

17. Which of the following is dependent on temperature? [NEET 2017]

(1) Molarity (2) Mole fraction (3) Weight percentage (4) Molality

18. In which case is the number of molecules of water maximum? [NEET 2017]

(1) 18 mL of water (2) 0.18 g of water

(3) 0.00224 L of water vapours at 1 atm and 273 K (4) 10–3 mol of water

19. Volume of water needed to mix with 10 mL 10N HNO3 to get 0.1 N HNO3 is: [AIIMS 2017]

(a) 1000 mL (b) 990 mL (c) 1010 mL (d) 10 mL

ANSWER:
EXERCISE-01

1 (C) 2(D) 3(C) 4(B) 5(A) 6(C) 7(B) 8(B) 9(A) 10(B) 11(B)

12(ABC) 13(D) 14(C) 15(C) 16(C) 17(B) 18(C) 19(C) 20(C) 21(B)

22(C) 23(A) 24(A) 25(A) 26(C) 27(C) 28(B) 29(A) 30(D)

31(B) 32(B)

EXERCISE-02

1 (A) 2(C) 3(B) 4(A) 5(D) 6(B) 7(B) 8(D) 9(C) 10(C) 11(B)

12(C) 13(D) 14(B) 15(D)

TRUE/FALS E

1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T

Fill in the Blanks

1. Lavoisier 2. Multiple proportions 3. Atomicity 4. 1.99 × 10–23 g

5. Limiting reagent

COMPREHENSION 1:

1(C) 2(A)

COMPREHENSION 2:

1(A) 2(C) 3(A)

IIT JEE previous year’s questions:

1(D) 2(A) 3(55.5 mole L-1) 4(5*10-19 m2) 5(1008 g) 6[5] 7(C) 8[8 mL] 9[6]

10(8 mL) 11(C) 12(8 mL) 13(9) 14(126 mg)

JEE main previous years questions

1(3) 2(1) 3(1) 4(2) 5(2) 6(3) 7(1) 8(2) 9(4) 10(4) 11(3) 12(4)

13(4) 14(1) 15(1) 16(1) 17(3)

NEET previous years questions

1(B) 2(B) 3(A) 4(C) 5(A) 6(A) 7(2) 8(2) 9(3)

10(A) 11(B) 12(3) 13(3) 14(D) 15(B) 16(A)

17(1) 18(1) 19(B)