INTRODUCTION

DC Motor

 DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.

 Two types of DC motor - brush and brushless DC - Motor.

 Brushed DC electric motor generates torque- directly from DC power

supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary

magnets (permanent or electromagnets), and rotating electrical

magnets.

 Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent- magnet or soft magnetic

core in the rotor, and stationary electrical magnets on the motor

housing

TYPES OF DC MOTORS
DC motor are of 3 types they are…..

1. DC SHUNT MOTOR
2. DC SERIES MOTOR
3. DC COMPOUND MOTOR

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 1. DC SHUNT MOTOR
 The parallel combination of two
windings is connected across a
common dc power supply. The
resistance of shunt field winding
(Rsh) is always higher than that
is armature winding.

 This is because the number of

turns for the field winding is
more than that of armature
winding.

 The cross-sectional area of the

wire used for field winding is smaller than that of the wire used for
armature winding.

Armature

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 2. D C SERIES MOTOR

 The field winding is connected in series

with the armature.
 The current passing through the series
winding is same as the armature
current.
 Therefore the series field winding has
fewer turns of thick wire than the shunt
field winding.
 Also therefore the field winding will possess a low resistance then the
armature winding.

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 3. DC COMPOUND MOTOR

The DC compound motor is a combination of the series motor and the

shunt motor. It has a series field winding that is connected in series with the
armature and a shunt field that is in parallel with the armature. The
combination of series and shunt winding allows the motor to have the torque
characteristics of the series motor and the regulated speed characteristics of
the shunt motor.

Construction of DC Motor:

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Function of each part of DC Motor: Yoke:
 It is outer cover of dc motor also called as frame.
 It provides protection to the rotating and other part of the machine from
moisture, dust etc.

Poles, and pole core:

 Poles are electromagnet, the field winding is wound over it.
 It produces the magnetic flux when the field winding is excited.

Pole shoe:
 Pole shoe is an extended part of a pole. Due to its typical shape, it
enlarges the area of the pole, so that more flux can pass through
the air gap to armature

Field winding
 The coil wound on the pole core are called field coils.
 Field coils are connected in series to form field winding.
 Current is passed through the field winding in a specific direction, to
magnetize the poles and pole shoes. Thus magnetic flux is produce in the air
gap between the pole shoe and armature.

Armature core:
Armature core is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft.
•It is provided with large number of slots all over its periphery and it is parallel
to the shaft axis.
•Armature conductors are placed in these slots.
•Armature core provides low reluctance path to the flux produced by the field
winding.

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•Material used: high permeability, low reluctance cast steel or cast iron
material is used.

Armature winding:
•Armature conductor is placed in a armature slots present on the periphery of
armature core.
•Armature conductor are interconnected to form the armature winding.
•When the armature winding is rotated using a prime mover, it cuts the
magnetic flux lines and voltage gets induced in it.
•Armature winding is connected to the external circuit (load) through the
commutator and brushes.
•Material Used: Armature winding is suppose to carry the entire load current
hence it should be made up of conducting material such as copper

Commutator:
•It is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft along with the armature core.
•It is made up of large number of wedge shaped segments of hard-drawn
copper.
•The segments are insulated from each other by thin layer of mica.
•Armature winding are tapped at various points and these tapping are
successively connected to various segments of the commutator

Function of commutator:
 It converts the ac emf generated internally into dc
 It helps to produce unidirectional torque.
Material Used:
 it is made up of copper and insulating material between the segments is
mica
Brushes:
 Current are conducted from the armature to the external load by the
carbon brushes which are held against the surface of the commutator by
springs.
Working Principle of DC Motor

An Electric DC motor is a machine which converts electric energy into

mechanical energy. The working of DC motor is based on the principle
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that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force.

The direction of mechanical force is given by Fleming’s Left-hand

Rule and its magnitude is given by F = BIL Newton.

There is no basic difference in the construction of a DC generator and

a DC motor. In fact, the same d.c. machine can be used interchangeably
as a generator or as a motor. Like generators DC motors are also
classified in to shunt-wound, series-wound and compound-wound.

DC motors are seldom used in ordinary applications because all electric

supply companies furnish alternating current.

However, for special applications such as in steel mills, mines and

electric trains, it is advantageous to convert alternating current into
direct current in order to use dc motors. The reason is that speed/torque
characteristics of d.c. motors are much more superior to that of a.c.
motors. Therefore, it is not surprising to note that for industrial drives,
d.c. motors are as popular as 3-phase induction motors.

DC Motor Principle

A machine that converts DC power into mechanical power is known as a

DC motor.

Its operation is based on the principle that when a current carrying

conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a
mechanical force.

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The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule and
magnitude is given by;

F = BIL Newtons

Flemings Left Hand Rule

Basically, there is no constructional difference between a DC motor and a

DC generator. The same DC machine can be run as a generator or motor.

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 DC Machine Construction

Read in Detail about the Construction of DC machines

Working of DC Motor

Consider a part of a multipolar d.c. motor as shown in Figure below.

When the terminals of the motor are connected to an external source of
d.c. supply:

1. The field magnets are excited developing alternate N and S poles

2. The armature conductors carry currents.

All conductors under N-pole carry currents in one direction while all the
conductors under S-pole carry currents in the opposite direction.

Suppose the conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the
paper and those under S-pole carry currents out of the plane of the paper
as shown in Figure.
Since each armature conductor is carrying current and is placed in the
magnetic field, mechanical force acts on it.
On applying Fleming’s left hand rule, it is clear that force on each
conductor is tending to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction.
All these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets the
armature rotating.

When the conductor moves from one side of a brush to the other, the
current in that conductor is reversed and at the same time it comes
under the influence of next pole which is of opposite polarity.
Consequently, the direction of force on the conductor remains the same.

It should be noted that the function of a commutator in the motor is the

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same as in a generator. By reversing current in each conductor as it
passes from one pole to another, it helps to develop a continuous and
unidirectional torque.
APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS

Advantages of DC Motor
Overall advantages that will be discussed are;
1. Provide excellent speed control for acceleration and deceleration.
2. Easy to understand design
3. Simple, cheap drive design

Disadvantages of DC Motor
High maintenance
- care required to maintain the mechanical interface used to get current to
the rotating field.
- maintenance includes the commutator (the collection of copper and mica
segments attached to the rotor winding over which the brushes pass), and the
brushes themselves.
Not suitable in very clean environment.
- vulnerable to dust which decreases performance.

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CONCLUSION:

In this lab experiment, the DC motor speed control was

studied. ... In an open loop control, the only components in
the system were the three phase voltage supplies, the SCR
rectifier, the DC motor, and the gating circuit

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Reference

• Internet - thesaurus
• A text book of Electrical Technology in S.I. units by B.L. Theraja

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