Professional Documents
Culture Documents
tribological components
Sadao Asanabe
Sintering S S S S S RB HP HP S RB HP 304
process a
Density,
g/cm 3 3.8 3.26 5.91 6.05 3.1 2.75 3.26 3.10 3.10 3.2 7.93
Specific heat,
kcal/kgf °C 0.19 0.15 0.12 - - 0.19 0.17 0.16 - 0.20 0.12
Thermal
conductivity,
kcal/(m hr °C) 21.6 5.8 2.5 1.6 16.6 17.3 25.2 108 72 72 14.0
Coefficient
of thermal
expansion, b 2.6--
10-6/ ° C 7.9 5.1 10.5 9.2 3.4 2.8 3.2 3.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 18.7
Elastic
modulus,
104 kgf/mm 2 3.5 1.5 2.1 2.1 3.0 1.6 3.2 4.2 4.2 4.45 1.97
Bending
strength, 154 RT
kgf/mm 2 31 17 104 120 65 30 95 126 56 53 85 60
12oo°c
Fracture
toughness,
MN/m 3/2 4.5 - 8.5 - 5.3 3.6 5.6 4.6 4.6 4.4
Thermal
shock
resistance, 750- 600--
AT°C 195 230 350 360 800 600 - -- 700 --
Makers Kyoto NGK NGK AGK NGK Toshiba Toshiba Carbo Refel Norton
ceramics N600 SN16 Y203 (particle a-SiC
A479 AI203 size
add. 0.1 #m)
As shown in Fig l(b), a small rider specimen 5 mm in radius particles of a given concentration from the tank, and the
of curvature is pressed against the rotating cylinder surface. impinging angle can be changed by inclining the outer
The shaft diameter is 100 mm and the contact alength surface of the specimen 21 .
20 ram. The atmosphere is of drip-feed lubrication or dry.
~_~cell
~ Ash tank
( ~r~ASh feeder
I -~-; I f ~ To dust yard
I1 o
Driving motor
~ IF~ed specimen
; ! ,r_J~L-~ ~Rotatingspecimen
Testpi~es-~ . . . . . . . . . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor
Test machine B TestmachineD
Fig i Test machines used V = 10 m/s
2000 V = 1m/s 40-
~z Wear I ~
O
HH
i~-~-E° 1000 ~ H
Wear~ S!2 == 2o-
3
03
o
RotatingI AI2031I SUJ2 AI203 I A,2o31 !A,2o3
speclmenl
Fixed I C h'lgh
0
specimenlS45!( freq. FC30lhighfreq.) PBC3 AI203
Fixed specimen ZrO2 Si3N4 SKH9
Fig 2 Scuffing limits for steel, cast iron, copper alloy, and (Roughness,/~m) (0.2) (O.2) (O.3)
alumina against alumina {surface roughness I Dim Rmax)
or SUJ2 bearing steel Rotating
specimen ZrO2 FC25
(Roughness,/lm) (0.2) (0.71
lOOO V = 3rn/s Fig 4 Scuffing limits in line contact
compared with bearing steel (SUJ2) used as the rotating
specimen eliminate the usefulness of ceramics. It is thought
~o ~ 500
that the ceramics were hard and rough enough to cause
cutting wear and that the use of copper alloy caused the
H
metal to be transplanted over the surface of the ceramics,
resulting in scuffing between copper alloys.
Fixed
o
J
_ n n SIC171
Si3N4 The surface roughness of ceramics was therefore experi-
specimen I SUJ2
(Roughness, tarn)l (0.21 (0.21 (0.21 mentally reduced as it was considered that a rougher sur-
Rotating I face on the harder part would roughen the counterpart
i specimen I Si3N4 I SiC Si3N4I SiC FC25
( Roughness,p m)l (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.5) surface and worsen the sliding characteristic. Fig 3 com-
pares the scuffing limits for the combination of super-
Fig 3 Scuffing limits for various combinations o f materials finished SiC and Si3N4, using the counterpart of cast
High hardness
Corrosion resistance
temperature atmosphere
Material requiring high wear
resistance
Sliding material used in
°° 0.1
g
,,, ,, ,,,
"r"
corrosive atmosphere u_
Rotating
40- V = 10 m/s 0ec,menlA'203 SUJ2 A' O3 SUJ '203 L SUJ AI203
Fixed
.specimenlS45C(hlgh freq.) FC30(high freq.) PBC3 AI203
O
Fig 7 Friction coefficient of ceramics (surface roughness
1 pm Rmax)
20
g 0.08 r SiC/SiC V = 3 m/s
q~
0
I
0.2
l
0.4
Surface roughness of fixed specimen, um
1
0.6
I
0.8
E
006l .,
Fig 5 Effect of surface roughness on scuffing limits
{J 0.04
iron with the case for the combination of SUJ2 and cast g
".~
iron. Although the scuffing limits between the super- 'r"
,30pm . 100/~m ~m
I i
a b C d
Fig 9 Optical micrographs showing worn surface o f oscillating specimens in I O00 ° C helium: (a) Hastelloy X fixed and moved;
( b) ZrO 2 coating fixed, Hastelloy X moved," (c) ZrO 2 coating fixed and moved,. (d) graphite fixed, Hastelloy X moved
Table 4 Test materials for seawater soak test
100 -- Hastelloy X/Hastelloy X
Material Matrix Thermal Under- Sealing
spraying coating
method
A no no
Q. Aluminum Explosive
B AI2 03 no yes
bronze spraying
t-
O 50-
C yes no
o
0~
ZrO 2 coating/ZrO 2 coating D AI2 03 Stainless no no
2 TiO= Steel
E no yes
¢-
< F Plasma no no
spraying
G no yes
i I
0 5 10 H yes no
Cr2 Oz Aluminum
Surface pressure, MPa
I bronze yes yes
Fig l 0 Self-welaing (adhesive) characteristics o] alloy,
ceramic, and alloy/ceramic combinations J no no
A B C D E ~F
G H I J K ilL
1
20 mm
. . . . . . . |
Fig 11 Surfaces o f thermally sprayed test pieces soaked in seawater for 300 h. (See Table 4 for key to materials)
Friction characteristics
Friction coefficients at the contact pressure of 400 kgf/cm 2
Tuftride treatment in the experiment of Fig 2 are shown in Fig 7. If ceramics
are used for all the fixed materials, the friction coefficient
is raised above that of steel and should be expected to
reach around 0.1. Meanwhile, the results corresponding to
10-2 k the scuffing test in line contact (Fig 4) are given in Fig 8,
\ and friction coefficients less than 0.05 could be obtained
\ even in the high contact pressure for the combination of
k super-finished ceramics and cast iron. However, as the
friction surface temperature (1 mm under the sliding
k surface) at the contact pressure of 800 kgf/c,n 2 (SiC/FC25)
E reached a high point of 300°C, the heat resistance of the
o lubricant and the metal side must be cautiously evaluated.
8 Nitriding/~~
Fretting wear resistance
The results of the oscillating wear test (load I kgf,
D
frequency 50 Hz) in 1000°C He gas for 5 h, using test
machine C, are given in Fig 9. It is seen that the wear
\ dalnge te ZrO2 is much smaller than that to
or graphite. The percussive impact wear test
Hastelloy X
using the same
test nrachine also showed similar results.
10-3 -- The reason for the above results is thought to be that, as
TiN PVD ) ~ ) shown in Fig 10, the use of ceramics can reduce self-welding
\ (adhesion) compared with the use of bare metals, and this
is estimated to be a factor which indicates the excellent
l I 1 i 1ILl I sliding characteristics of ceramics.
200 500 1000 2000
Corrosion resistance o f thermally sprayed materials
Vickers hardness of rotor, kgf/mm 2
To provide for the use of ceramics in seawater, the corro-
Fig 12 Effect o f ceramics coatings on abrasive wear o f sion resistance of sprayed materials must be pre-evaluated.
rotor in printing ink slurry Fig 11 shows the results of surface changes after the test
%
4t Originaldlametralclearance15-- 18/lm
1.0
SS41~
10-1
"5.
Chromite cast i r o n / i
cO " I
0
0
\ 4
0
I I
200
I I
400
2 10-2-- I Testtime,h
Fig 15 Wear depth o f sintered WC piston and cylinder
after 400 h endurance test in seawater
AI203 k l
\
10-3 - -
SiC I
I I 1 I i ilil I I I I
0.1 1.0 5.0
TRIBOLOGYinternational 361
Asanabe - ceramics f o r t r i b o l o g i c a l c o m p o n e n t s
Rul"
bea
Fig 17 Water pump with vertical axis and bearing." (a) conventional vertical shaft pump; ( b ) new vertical shaft pump without
lubricant water system
362 December 87 V o l 20 No 6
Asanabe - ceramics f o r t r i b o l o g i c a l c o m p o n e n t s
I-] Furnace ~, .
Flight
Trough
Submerged roller
X X X
Fig 19 Submerged ash scraper-conveyor
to the bearing for the vertical shaft pump was studied. full utilization for tribological components, and MHI will
A sintered WC sleeve was selected for the shaft material, advance the research and development toward the achieve-
and AIz 03 for the bearing material, to carry out an endu- ment of higher efficiency and performance of fine ceramics.
rance test using the actual contact pressures and sliding
speed conditions in highly turbid water. Neither the shaft
References
nor the bearing developed any significant wear, giving
assurance of sufficient endurance in practical application. 1. Fujiwara Nainenkikan, 1982, 21 (260) (in Japanese)
They have been applied in actual service, showing good 2. Yoshioka Nainenkikan, 1982, 21 (260) (in Japanese)
operating results. 3. ParrN.L. IME Tribology Convention, 1971, C69/71
4. JSMEFriction and wear, l,:ducation Text 581, 1985
(in Japanese)
Tube plate support for heat exchanger for high temperature
helium (resistance to high temperature and dryness) 5. SadaN. et al. JSLE Preprin t, 1984 (in Japanese)
Fig 20 shows tube plate supports and a tube bundle which 6. Miyamoto et al. JSLE Preprint, 1983 {in Japanese)
were coated with Zr02 to withstand micro-slip due to the 7. Tsuya Y. et al. JSLE Preprint, 1982 (in Japanese)
vibration, thermal expansion and contraction of a high 8. Tsuya Y. et al. JSLE Preprin t, 1983 (in Japanese)
temperature gas. This is t/sed for a high temperature gas 9. Tsuya Y. et al. JSLE Preprin t, 1984 (in Japanese)
furnace facility. 10. Sato J. et al. JSLE Preprint, 1984 {in Japanese)
1l. Fujiyama H. et al.JSLE Preprint, 1982 (in Japanese)
Ink pump for printing (resistance to abrasive slurry)
12. Tald T. et al. JSLE Preprint, 1983 (in Japanese)
Using the PVD of TiN to prevent abrasive wear by pig-
13. KasaiS. et al. JSLE Preprint, 1983 (in Japanese)
ments in ink, a pump life approximately 10 times that
with the use of Tuftride was realized. The developed ink 14. Fujiwara et al. JSLE Preprint, 1982 (in Japanese)
pump is shown in Fig 21. 15. Tatsue et aI.JSLE Preprint, 1984 (in Japanese)
16. Kamo R.Proc. Int. Symp. on Ceramic Components for
Engines, 1983-(10), p. 57
17. SagawaKinzoku, 1983, (7), 23 (in Japanese)
Conclusion 18. Nishioka I. and SaM K. Kansaizohsen Kyokaishi, 1983, (190)
In this paper are presented fundamental test results of (in Japanese)
various sliding behaviours and several applications of 19. Asanabe S., Watanabe S., et al. ASME Int. Conf. on Wear o f
ceramics to mechanical components in order to extend Materials, 1983
applications of ceramics for tribological components. 20. Asanabe S., Nemoto M., et al. Mitsubishi Teeh. Bulletin,
Although ceramics have many advantageous features, No. 146, 1981
a number of problems still remain to be solved in their 21. Asanabe S. et aI.JSLE Preprint, 1983 (in Japanese)