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Exam- ARE
Memory Trick: SOHCAHTOA (Indian Tribe) n used when triangle has a 90º angle.
c (Rise) SIN RISE
Sin C = OPP or Rise or B n
Pressure
Couple n Unlike a Moment, a Couple is NOT about a certain point,
d
(clockwise, CW) P ( CCW ) n Couple between top Chord (C) and bottom
Fy 6
7 and in length
DL 4. FAILURE: Material is gone!
e:
8
in / in
Stress (F=P/A)
Unit Strain
Lo 5. YIELD POINT/ YIELD STRENGTH: material is no longer elastic,
Modulus of deformation is permanent
Modulus of Elasticity: E
F 6. ULTIMATE STRENGTH: material is about to fail
E:
e Elasticity=
Stress / Strain
PSI (slope)
Unit Strain ( DL/ L0 ) 7. RUPTURE: Kiss it Good-Bye
e 8. E: Modulus of Elasticity.Measures material's resistance to deformation
DL: deformation, changes in Length (in) n EA36,A-50= 29,000 KSI DL = a (DT) L0 n Shortening or Elongation of members along their axis
Axial Loads
caused by Axial Load (P) DL: Deformation, change in length (in), n Change (Expansion & Contraction) of shape
DL= PL0 P : Axial Load (#,k) n kP k DL caused by change in temperature due to Temperature
L0 : Original, undeformed Length (in. not ft.)
AE A : Cross Sectional Area (in 2) n k L0 k DL (ºF)
n Examples include Columns, Trusses, Cables, Cross
n kA m DL DT: Change in temperature
E : Modulus of Elasticity (PSI, KSI) Bracing
n kE m DL
b = width Y Radius of = r = I n If a Member is inadequate in Shear, increasing the Area
A = bd Area (In2) Shear d = depth Gyration A (either Width (b) or Depth (d)) is effective.
Geometry
d/2
c
n If a Member is inadequate in Deflection, increasing the
3 Moment c = location of
Ixx = bd Deflection Moment of Inertia (Width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
d
12 of Inertia (In4) Neutral Axis x x cubed and) is much more effective in reducing Deflection.
Ixx bd2 Section Bending CG ; Center of n If a Member is inadequate in Bending, increasing the
Sxx = C = 6 Modulus (In3) Y Gravity section modulus (width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
Moment b squared and) is much more effective in reducing Bending.
Roller: 1 Reaction ( V ) Pin / Hinge: 2 Reactions ( V , H ) Simply Supported:(Determinate) n Statically Determinate (Simply Supported) loading = three
Support Conditions
Example 1:
12k P
n L< R n M = Moment
n L = 5' x 12k = 4k n V =Shear
L R w,W
10' 5' n Equilibruim = ∑ Fx = 0; ∑ Fy = 0; ∑ MAny = 0
15' Load/
n R = 10' x12k = 8k 15' FBD n Sum of Areas in Shear Diagram = Moment
V=0 Diagram
12k 18k 12k 12k 6k - n Overhangs and cantilevers will always have a negative
w = 1k/ft. Moment in Moment Diagram. Simply supported beams
W = 18k = + always have positive Moments
6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 12' 6'
18' 18' n VMAX always occurs at support Moment is minimum
18'
L = 23k R = 25k L = 21k R = 21k L = 2k R = 4k n MMAX occurs where V = 0
M=0
L= 21k
+ 2k R= 21k + 4k L = 6'/18' x = 2k6k n Uniform load coefficient, w, = slope in Shear Diagram
L = 23 k R = 25 k R = 12'/18' x 6k = 4k n Point of Inflection (P.O.I.) is a point on the
overhang
n If Loading Diagram (FBD) is symmetrical, then the Shear
C C C C C C
members carrying Compresion
n Method of Joints is used to analyze Force / Stress in
T T T T T every
Top and Bottom Chord Stress Web Stresses member of a Truss
n Method of Joints is also used to analyze Force / Stress in
a
member that is close to a support (not in middle of
truss)
n Method of Sections is used to analyze only a few (3 max)
members of a truss
n After cutting a truss in 2 segments, each segment is
in Equilibrium SF X = 0 ; SF Y = 0 ; SM ANY = 0
n Concentrated Loads in a Truss must be applied at panel
points; otherwise we have combined stresses
( T or C + V and M )
n Joints that have three or less members framing into
June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 3 OF 4
The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE
MATERIAL: Fv , F b , E LOAD: L, w, W, P, FBD GEOMETRY: A = bd Shear n Beam design must satisfy Shear, Bending Moment and
I = bd3/ 12 Deflection Deflection requirements
FC , FT , F P VMAX, M MAX S = (bd2) /6 Bending n The Allowable Stress (F) of a species of wood or a Grade
MMAX of steel depends on the material itself and is tabulated
Dactual = CONST.x (W or P) (Lx12"/ft.)
3
DESIGN FOR f v < F v ; Fv a V MAX DESIGN FOR f b < F b ; F b =SMIN DEFLECTION: in Manuals and Building Codes
SHEAR: A MIN BENDING: Dactual < Dallow EI n The Actual Stress ( f ) is an outcome of the application of
a load ( W , P ) on a member
w P w w w
n When a Load is applied perpendicular to the axis of a
W = wL W = wL member ( Normal Loading), Shear and Bending
L W/2 L/2 L/2 stresses develop
P/2 W/2 W/2 W/2 W/2
W/2 n The Strain associated with Bending is called Deflection
DMAX =
23
648 EI
PL3
DMAX =
19
348 EI
PL3 +
.- . . - .
0.025WL
+
P.O.I.
+
MMAX (+) = 0.08 W L
WOOD BEAMS: STEEL BEAMS: CONCRETE BEAMS: n For all beams; Dactual = CONST.(W or P)(Lx12"/ft.)3
Shear: FV = 3 VMAX Shear: F V = VMAX bf Shear: Concrete: f 'c EI
b b
2 A MIN b, d, f 'c n Allowable Deflecion is specified by model codes as
AWEB AV
Stirrups: f y a fraction of the span Dallow = L / 240, L / 360,...
AS
Beams
f y, f, A v, spacing
d
h
d
d
AW
Bending: Fb = MMAX Bending: F b = MMAX Bending Concrete: f'c
SMIN b, d, f 'c
SMIN
Fb= 24 KSI Fb< 24 KSI Rebars: f y
A=bxd
(full lateral support) (partial lateral support) f y, (f, # rebars), A s
Sxx tables LUNB , M-Charts