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 STRUCTURE OF FUNGI
1. They do not have chlorophyll
2. Eukaryote organisms
3. Unicellular (khamir) or multicellular organisms
4. Have coenocytic cells, their cell walls are made of chitin
(polysaccharide)
5. The multicellular body of fungi is composed of hyphae (smooth
threadlike filaments consist of cell membrane and cytoplasm). A mass of
hyphae is called mycelium :
a. Vegetative mycelium → in absorbing nutrition from the environment
b. Fertile mycelium → for reproduction
6. The hyphae are divided by cross wall called septa (septa hypha and
asepta/coenocytic hypha)
7. Reproduce by using spores
WAY OF FUNGAL LIFE
1. Fungi can live within various substrates, either in the
terestrial, waters or air. Fungi feed by absorbing nutrients
from the environment around them.
2. Fungi live as saprophyte, parasites, or making symbiotic
relationship (some like lichens)
FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
1. Firstly, sexual reproduction is generally more important,
because of the enormous numbers of new individuals. Its
involves a fusion between ♀ and ♂ gametes (isogamy,
anisogamy, and oogamy) and the formation of sexual
spores (ascospores, basidiospores, and zygospores)
2. Secondly, asexual reproduction such as : fragmentation,
budding, asexual spores (conidia and sporangiospore)
 CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1. DIVISION CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
a. The oldest fungi with motile spores which had flagella
(zoospore)
b. The smallest and simples fungi, have chitinized cell wall
c. Is an aquatic fungus , habitat are in seawater, river, lakes
and moistered soil
d. Live from either dead or living organisms
e. It is important decomposer in water ecosystem
f. Reproduction with sexual spores
g. The examples are Allomyces and Chytridium
PICTURE OF DIVISION CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
LIFE CYCLE OF CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
2. DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA
1. Terresterial fungi, mostly live in soil and decompose dead plant
and animals, including black bread mold and parasites on
animals
2. Have coenocytic hypha. Have multinuclei, haploid hypha that
comprise their mycelia
3. The mycelium has three types of hyphae :
a. Rhizoids are function like root
b. Stolon forms a network on the surface of substrate
c. Sporangiophore grows upright in the surface of substrate, it
bears sporangia on its end that produces spores
4. Carry out both sexual and asexual reproduction
(predominating)
2. DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA
5. Asexual reproduction occurs through formation is called
sporangium. Mature sporangium will break off and release
thousands asexual spores
6. Sexual reproduction occurs in an excess nutrient by
conjugation of two opposite mating types hyphae (+ and –)
7. The examples are :
No. Species Roles
1. Rhizopus stolonifer Cause of spoilage bread and rice
2. Rhizopus oryzae Used in the production of tempe, sake, and wine
3. Rhizopus nigricans Spoiling bread
4. Chlamydomucor oryzae Used in the production of tempe
5. Mucor mucedo Saprobes on animals feces
6. Mucor javanicus Used in the production of fermented sticky rice and cassava
 PICTURE OF DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA

Rhizopus nigricans

Rhizopus oryzae sporangia

Rhizopus oryzae
PICTURE OF DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA
Mucor mucedo

Mucor mucedo
LIFE CYCLE OF ZYGOMYCOTA
3. DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA
1. Have imperfect septa
2. Part of hyphae penetrate into substrates and absorb
nutrients, while the others will grow on substrate surface and
produce branches called conidiophores. On each apex of
conidiophore, it is produced asexual reproduction structure
called conidia (conidiosphore)
3. Having ascus in its sexual reproduction cycle. Ascus is a
sac-like reproductive structure containing ascospore. A mass
of ascus in a fruiting body is called ascocarp
4. Unicellular, can have asexual reproduction (on a favorable
condition) and sexual reproduction (in unfavorable condition)
LIFE CYCLE OF ASCOMYCOTA
LIFE CYCLE OF ASCOMYCOTA
MEMBERS OF DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA
No. Species Roles
1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Used in commercial brewing
2. Saccharomyces ovale Used in fermented sticky rice or cassava making
3. Saccharomyces sake Used in sake making
4. Saccharomyces ellipsoides Used in wine making
5. Aspergillus niger Saprobes on spoilage foods, purification of fruit essence
6. Aspergillus oryzae Used in fermented cassava making, raising bread dough
7. Aspergillus wentii Used in soy souce and tauco making
8. Aspergillus fumigatus Parasites in bird lungs
9. Aspergillus flavus Used in the production of aflatoxin (causing hepar cancer)
10. Penicillium notatum Used in the production of antibiotics compounds
11. Penicillium glaucum Saprobes on left over foods, such as bread
12. Penicillium camemberti Used in cheese making
13. Morel morchella Used for food stuff
14. Fusarium sp. Parasites on sugarcane, rice, bananas, tomatoes and potatoes
15. Trichoderma reesei Used in single cell protein
16. Neurospora crassa Used in oncom making
 PICTURE OF DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Aspergillus sp.

Morel morchella Neurospora crassa

 4. DIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTA
1. Having basidium, that is a club-shaped reproductive structure for sexual
reproduction
2. Nuclear fusion and meiosis occur within the basidium, producing 4
haploid sexual spores called basidiospores
3. A mass of basidium gathering in a fruiting bodies is called basidiocarp
4. Basidiomycota fungi are macroscopic, especially their basidiocarp
5. Members of division Basidiomycota are :
No Species Roles
1. Volvariella volvacea (paddy straw fungi) Used as food material
2. Auricularia polytricha (earlobe fungi) Saprophyte on wood, foodstuff
3. Corticium salmonella (pink disease fungi) Parasites on branches of fruit plants/rubber
4. Amanita sp. Used in the production of strong mycotoxin
5. Exobasidium vexans Parasites on tea leaves (blister blight disease)
6. Lentinus edodes (shitake fungi) Used as foodstuff
7. Ustilago scitaminea (rusts fungi) Parasites on dicots and grasses plants
8. Puccinia graminea (fire fungi) Parasites on grasses (such as corn and sugarcane)
 PICTURE OF DIVISION BASIDOMYCOTA

Volvariella volvacea Corticium salmonella

Auricularia polytricha

Amanita muscaria Amanita phalloides

PICTURE OF DIVISION BASIDOMYCOTA

Exobasidium vexans

Lentinus edodes

Puccinia graminea
LIFE CYCLE OF BASIDIOMYCOTA
5. DIVISION DEUTEROMYCOTA
1. Is called as imperfect fungi, because its sexual reproduction does not
exist or unknown. The asexual reproduction is performed by conidia
2. Many of the Deuteromycota are parasitic
3. Members of division Deuteromycota are :

No Species Roles
Toxin fungus, parasitic on fruits and
1. Cladosporium sp.
vegetables
2. Curvularia Parasites
Epidermophyton Causing disease on human skin of athlete’s
3.
floocosum foot
4. Microsporum Causing white blotches disease
 PICTURE OF DIVISION DEUTEROMYCOTA

Cladosporium sp.

Curvularia
 PICTURE OF DIVISION DEUTEROMYCOTA

Epidermophyton floocosum

Microsporum
→ Causing white blotches disease
 FORMS OF FUNGI ASSOCIATIONS
1. LICHENS
a. Are mutualitic association between a photosynthetic organism
(chlorophyta or cyanobacteria) and a fungus (groups of Ascomycota or
Basidiomycota). Fungi obtain food and O 2 resulted from photosynthesis
in algae, while algae can maintain its moisture because of fungi as well
as obtaining CO 2 and minerals.
b. Perform asexual reproduction through fragmentation (releasing part of
body/thallus) → soredia (part of lichen body composed of algae and
fungi) or isidia (a small part of the middle thallus covered with cortex
cells.
c. Three types of lichens :
1. Crustose, thin layer covering substrate (such as Lecidea sp.)
2. Fruticose, flat or rounded branches net (such as Usnea)
3. Foliose, leaf form (such as Parmelia) ↄ
d. Can be found everywhere from artic to tropical area
e. Lichens are called pioneer organisms, why ??
f. Lichens can be used as air pollution indicator, how come ??
g. Other roles of lichens are as foodstuff for human and wild animals, as
well as for the materials perfume and paint
THREE TYPES OF LICHENS

Crustose

Foliose
Fruticose
2. MYCORRHIZAE (FUNGAL ROOT)
1. Are mutualitic association between root plants and fungi
2. For examples are between the roots of pine, gnetum,
orchids, cabbage, and bit with Zygomycota, Ascomycota, or
Basidiomycota fungi
3. Help plant in absorbing minerals from soil and protect them
from drought and other fungi attack. In return, the plant
provides energy-rich sugars and other food compounds
(vitamin, sugar, and amino acid) manufactured through
photosynthesis
4. Types of mycorrhizae are :
a. Endomycorrhizae, are hyphe located between root cells,
and penetrate into cortex tissue
b. Ectomycorrhizae, are hyphae that penetrate into root
epidermal tissue
PICTURE OF MICORRIZHAE
 
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