Affordable Housing for Future Smart Cities of India

– Case Study of Solapur City

1
Amit Kore 2Pravin Minde 3Dr. A.B. More
1
Student 2Professor 3Head of Department
1,2,3
Department of Civil Engineering
1,2,3
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology, Bavdhan, Pune,
Maharashtra, India
1
amitkore_s20@ymail.com

Abstract – Towards the Smart Cities mission, the aim is to
promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent
quality of life to its citizens. The core infrastructure elements in a
smart city would include adequate water supply, sanitation,
electricity, strong public transport, affordable housing, IT
connectivity, sustainable environment, health and education,
good governance and safety &security of citizens. Affordable
Housing is very important need of urban India as the population
increasing rapidly in urban areas. The luxurious housing in
urban areas is on the far side of majority of population belongs to
middle-income and low-income groups. Affordable housing is
vital to have social integration and alleviating urban poverty.
Simultaneously we should focus on a clean and sustainable
environment while delivering the affordable housing. It requires
smart solutions to provide more and more affordable houses in
future smart cities of India.
Keywords – Affordable Housing, Smart Cities, Social Integration,
Sustainable Environment
populous city in India. Solapur stands 9th in the Smart Cities
competition. Textile industry, beedi industry, Sugar industry
and agriculture sector and service class population working in
government sector are contributed in city’s economy. Majority
of population is working class from middle-income and low-
income groups. So, there is obvious demand of housing from
this working class. The issue of Affordable Housing should
get proper attention for integrated development.
The paper is divided into four sections. The first
section explores the housing scenario of Solapur city. Second
section describes need of affordable housing in the city. The
third section defines the Housing Affordability Index (HAI)
for Solapur city. Fourth section discusses government
initiatives in city and green affordable housing. Last section
attempts to provide some concluding remarks on the
affordable housing for Solapur city.

I. INTRODUCTION II. HOUSING SCENARIO

This is the decade when the luxury items like LED TV’s and
Smartphone are becoming affordable and surprisingly housing
is getting more and more expensive. Housing is one of the
basic human needs. Each person wants to become pride owner
of their dream house. Sky rocketing housing prices in the city
keep majority of Solapurians Dream Home as dream. Large
population belonging to middle-income and low-income
groups is mostly affected in the city by this un-affordability.
Therefore, Affordable Housing for urban poor of Solapur is
the biggest hurdle in the Smart Cities challenge.
Solapur city, the land of Gramadevata Shri Shivyogi
Siddheshwar and char Hutatma. City’s current area under
jurisdiction of corporation is 178.57 Sq. Km. and
accommodating a population of 1 million. Solapur is an
important node and plays a critical role in the district as
headquarter for district administration. Solapur is a city
located on major highways and rail route & adjoining to two
state boundaries Andra-Pradesh and Karnataka. It is 49th most
As per census 2011, the city has 245975 census houses of
which 23182 are vacant i.e. 9.42% and the rest 222793 are
occupied for various uses. The residential houses accounts for
75% of total houses in the city. Followed by 25% houses for
Shops/offices, factory/Workshop.
HOUSING STOCK
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE SHOPS/OFFICES FACTORY/WORKSHED
OTHER USE VACANT
FIGURE 1: PRESENT HOUSING STOCK IN SOLAPUR
Now a day’s multi-rise residential and commercial
buildings are going to construct. Housing stock in the city as
per 2011 census is 2.45 Lakh. Out of which 67% of houses are
in good condition and 31.53% of houses are in livable
condition. Only 1.60% of houses are in a dilapidated employment city faces tremendous requirement of Affordable
condition. housing.
III. NEED OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Some major points discussed regarding need of Affordable IV. HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX
Housing for Solapur city are urbanization, migration, slum Basically survey is carried out to establish the Housing
population. These points are very important to understand the Affordability Index for Solapur city from the “Median
nature and dimension of Affordable Housing problem in Multiple”. Affordability survey rates housing affordability
Solapur city. using “Median Multiple”. The Median Multiple is widely used
A. Urbanization for evaluating urban housing markets. This has been
Rapid urbanization result in people increasingly living in the recommended by the World Bank and the United Nations.
urban areas. It is easily observed that from the table given The survey uses detailed questionnaire. The survey
below there is doubled growth in city’s population by the questionnaire is divided into two sections. A first section
2041. This will obviously increase the housing demand and covers the personal background, whereas second section
other infrastructure required. extends over housing requirement of residents. The survey is
B. Nuclear Families limited to Solapur Municipal Corporation boundaries and
Due to rise in income levels and migration, there is observed divided further into 8 zones. We selected 25 residents from the
increasingly nuclear families in city. This can be seen from each zone for survey. Data collected for research work in
table that there is decrease in household size from 5.05 to 4.0. detail is in report. detailed analysis is explained following.
As household size decreases housing demand will further A. Income Levels and Expenditure on Housing
increases. Modernization takes place in the city and people According to questionnaire results we formed four
want to live more independently, separate in society. observation groups, first is low-income class, middle income
C. Migration class, upper middle income class and high- income class.
Migration is movement from one place to another place for 50000 120000
survival. It is observed that migration takes place in city from 50000
45000
40000
Maharashtra and adjoining states. Solapur has chances to 35000
30000 18500
25000 7000
develop as Textile Hub. This reason further stretch the 20000
15000
migration and ultimately increases the housing demand in the 10000
5000
0
Solapur city. INCOME LEVEL MONTHLY SP ENDING ON HOUSE
D. Lack of Employment
Due to financial crisis many big textile industry shut down
their units. Beedi industry is on verging of banned by
government. This increases unemployment. There is need to
focus on these major population those cannot afford the
housing at current market prices.
FIGURE 2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONTHLY INCOME AND
E. Slum Population EXPENDITURE ON HOUSING
It was found that slum settlements are scattered in most parts B. Ownership and Rental Housing
of the Solapur city. As per CRISIL report, there are total 220 Three quarters of respondents reported that they own a house
slum settlements in the city. As per 2011 census, 2.92 Lakh in solapur city and only one quarter of respondents are using
people (31% of the city’s population) reside in slum areas. rental housing. From the survey it is clear that 75% of
YEAR 2011 2041 population of city is pride owner of house and rest 25% only
need housing.
Population/Projected in Lakh 951558 2041786
C. Household Size and Floor Space
Household size 5.05 4.0 As per guidelines from GOI minimum floor area per capita is
Housing stock demand in 9.45 Sq. m. for urban areas whereas 8.39 Sq. m. for rural
1.41 4.14 India. So as per these guidelines floor area required for
Lakh
various household size is given below:
Residential land use % 75 81
HOUSEHOLD SIZE REQUIRED FLOOR AREA IN SQ. FT.
TABLE 1: FUTURE HOUSING REQUIREMENT OF SOLAPUR CITY
2 MIN 270 – 450
From rapid urbanization to slum population, rising income 3–4 310 – 650
level to decreasing household size and migration trends to un- 5–6 510 – 950
7+ 710 +
 TABLE 2: HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND FLOOR SPACE RELATIONSHIP FIGURE 5: LOCATION PREFERRED FOR OWNERSHIP HOUSE
2000
1800 F. Sources of Finance for Own a House
1600 We could get an idea of various type of payment made to own
1400
1200 1550 a house in the City. Although 56% of the respondents
1000 expressed a preference of bank loan, Government Subsidy
UPPER AREA BOUND LOWER AREA BOUND
800 750 ranked last i.e. 3% in this category. While 37% respondents
600 650
600 expressed interest in a personal savings mode of payment.
400
200 350 450 450 Only 5% of respondents prefer other type of payment.
150
0 G. Important Things in Ownership Housing
2 3 TO 4 5 TO 6 7+ Which condition is most important to aspirants to own a house
in the City? Highest i.e. 79 respondents prefer that Price of
FIGURE 3: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND
House plays very crucial role in ownership housing. While 72
FLOOR SPACE
respondents expressed interest in Location of House and 37
D. Housing Affordability Index (HAI)
respondents in Type of Construction. Though only 12
This index measures median household income relative to the
respondents rated the Environmental condition is important
income needed to purchase a median priced house. We try to
for ownership housing.
find out of a population’s ability to afford to purchase a
H. Current Living Situation
particular house in Solapur City. Analyzing data collected on
How satisfied household with their current housing? Big
housing survey, following are some major findings for
concentration of express of interest is Very satisfied and
Solapur City.
satisfied i.e. 73 & 81 respondents are happy with their current
110
100
90 living status. While only 35 respondents are moderately
80
70
60 satisfied with current housing. Only 11 respondents are
50
40
30 unhappy with current house which are in dilapidated
20
10 conditions and need redevelopment.
0
HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX I. Smart City Challenge
Solapur city qualified in Smart Challenge and ranked 9 th in the
country. So we asked respondents what should be steps
towards the Smart city. How important are the following to
them, on scale of 1 to 5 with 5 being most important.
5
FIGURE 4: HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX 4
E. Location For Ownership House 3
2
Asked a question, location most likes to buy an ownership 1
house in Solapur City? This question has option such as City 0
Centre, Around 20 min from city centre and periphery of
Solapur City.
PUNE

40
KOLHAPUR BARSHI

20 FIGURE 6: SMART CITY CHALLENGE-IMPORTANCE FACTOR

V. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE
CITY CENTRE AROUND 20 MIN PERIPHERAL OF CITY
0 10 As we seen approximately 31% of city population resides in
VIJAPUR TULJAPUR slums. The major initiative taken by Government is against
“Slum free Solapur”.
SR NUMBER
PARTICULAR POPULATION HOUSEHOLDS
NO OF SLUMS
1 TOTAL SLUMS 220 292905 59798
AKKALKOT HYDRABAD 1.1 NOTIFIED SLUMS 159 238328 49327
NON – NOTIFIED
1.2 61 54577 10471
SLUMS
 TABLE 3: DETAILS OF SLUMS IN SOLAPUR 5) Building Materials & Resource: Housing project should have
separate bins to collect dry waste and wet waste (organic). Use
Under IHSDP program 1289 dwelling units and
materials certified by IGBC.
provision of basic amenities was sanctioned in December
6) Indoor Environmental Quality: Demonstrate that smoking is
2006 by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
prohibited in the buildings and common area of projects as per
Alleviation (MoHUPA). Till date only 88 units were allotted
regulations of GOI. Ensure connectivity between the interior
and another 371 units are under construction. For 712
and exterior environment by providing sufficient openings in
dwelling units the construction has to start and for 118 units
walls to have lighting 95% of daylight in occupied areas.
have unavailability of land.
7) Innovation and Development: As mass housing is going
A. Case Study – Integrated Housing & Slum Development construct, new technology such as fabricated wall and slab
Programme (IHSDP) panel construction can be used instead of conventional R.C.C.
The study of Affordable Housing project under IHSDP construction.
Scheme at New Jag Jivanram Zopadpatti, Modikhana, Solapur
is undertaken to compare it with incorporating Green Building C. Benefits from Green Building Features
Features and prepare comparative statement on the basis of Green buildings have tremendous benefits, both direct and
Cost & Benefits. Detail Project Overview is explained in indirect. A green building addresses the most important
report. national priorities.
1) Water Conservation: The rain water harvesting and
B. Green Building Features for IHSDP Scheme wastewater treatment plant can save potable water to an extent
India is facing vast growth in construction development. As of 60% and increase ground water table.
the sector growing rapidly, preserving the environment is 2) a Energy efficiency: The use of Solar panel for street lighting
biggest challenge. The IGBC New Building Rating system is has more than 25 years of power generation capacity and
used to addresses the most important environmental issues. saves 50 to 60 % electricity yearly.
Green building features for IHSDP housing project are 3) Handling Consumer Waste: The only city of India has success
discussed hereafter: in converting waste into energy without harming the
1) Sustainable Architecture & Design: The IHSDP housing environment. Solapur has a waste-to-energy plant and daily
project has to involved team members from multi-disciplinary generate 3 MW of eco-friendly power for last two years.
fields for effective decision making and enhanced building Separate bins provided in various locality definitely help in
performance, start from conceptual stage to completion of segregation of waste easily and efficient working of power
project. Housing project should retain 20% of the existing plant.
topography or landscape, without any disturbance and should 4) Reduced dependency on Virgin Materials: Fly-ash bricks
hand over to ULB for public use. which is product of wastage Fly-ash and gives same strength
2) Site Selection and Planning: All local building bylaws should as Mud bricks. It proves cost effective also. Overall green
be followed in the housing project. Site selection should be building features discourage the use of virgin materials.
such that basic amenities like Hospital/Clinic, School, Market,
5) Reduced use of Fossil Fuels: Green building practices
Bank, Parks and Playground are within walking distance of 1 encourages the use of public transportation instead of personal
to 2 Km. Housing project located such that it should within vehicle use. This reduces vast use of fossil fuel for personal
walking distance or 1 km from one of the nearest Bus stop or vehicle and become source of pollution.
any other public transport. 6) Health and Well – Being of Occupants: It can be achieved by
3) Water Conservation: Effective rainwater harvesting enhanced ensuring adequate ventilation, day-lighting and well being
ground water table and reduces municipal water demand. facilities. Location of project plays very important role in well
Housing project should have on site Wastewater treatment being facilities such as Schools, Clinics and Markets etc. The
plant to handle 100% of waste water generated and reuse recognize measures like Tobacco smoke control maintain
treated water. Project should demonstrate sub metering system indoor air quality.
for municipal water line.
4) Energy Efficiency: On site renewable energy like solar energy D. Cost Associated with Green Building Features
is used for street lighting system. From solar energy source Affordable Housing means it has emphasis on cost of housing
around 2% to annual energy consumption should generated on which can affordable for common man. Green building
site. features for Affordable Housing is basically costly practice.
 Cost associated majorly with water conservation, energy
efficiency and building materials & resources.
25 20.5 25
20 15.05 20
15 10.75 15
10 10
3.82
3.36
5 5
0 0
Total Cost Share of Each17.22
Dweller
FIGURE 7: COST ASSOCIATED WITH GREEN BUILDING FEATURES
1) Water conservation: Cost incurred in this is basically for
Rainwater Harvesting setup, Waste Water Treatment Plant and
Water Meter.
2) Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency is achieved in this
project by providing Solar panel Street Lighting. Cost
incurred in solar street lightning is considered for the
comparison.
3) Building Materials & Resources: Cost associated with this are
Segregation of Waste and Green Building Material.
VI. RECOMMENDATION
Study of HAI, IHSDP housing scheme, Green Building
practice are play very important role in deciding selection of
any feasible solution. Provision of Green Affordable Housing
is biggest need of century. From the data analysis we conclude
following probable solutions:
A. Slum Rehabilitation Program
The city lack Affordable housing, which has resulted rapid
increase in slums and chaos state development. About 31% of
the city population reside in slum areas. As we worked out on
various green building features that can be incorporated in
future housing scheme. Following are some recommendations
on IHSDP housing scheme:
1. For the green building features to be incorporated in project, it
needs approximately share of Rs. 14,700/- from each
household.
2. Use additional FSI of 1.5 or 2.0 for delivering more affordable
housing. This helps homeless population to find appropriate
house.
B. Land Zoning/Layout
A key issue of affordable housing in Solapur City needs to
modernize land zoning and land layout. Zoning establishes
new limits on the use, size and shape of buildings going to
construct in the future. City limits expanded from 33.03 km2
to 178.57 km2, but unfortunately land is not developed in that
manner. Affordable Housing can be provided by layout on
Peri-urban areas of solapur city. Land with government should
develop on the basis of Charkop Model. A typical layout and
plots should be reserved for provision of affordable housing.
VII. CONCLUSION
Rapid urbanization, decreasing household size, migration are
some of the reasons behind need for Affordable Housing in
the Solapur City. Factors such as Land Cost, Construction
Cost and Developers Profit and Taxes are major barriers in the
development of the Affordable Housing. Affordability
Threshold, Size of Dwelling Unit, Provision of Basic
Amenities, Price of House and Location of the House are
major parameters of Affordable Housing observed for the
Solapur City.
Housing Affordability Index for Solapur City is as follows:
Median
Median House Price Median Household Income
Multiple
5.6 INR. 16,78,300 INR. 2,96,400
Solapur housing market provides houses that are Severely Un-
affordable to their middle-income and low-income group
population. Extensive slum development should be taken up
for provision of Decent, Safe and Affordable houses. Large
land parcel are available on the peripheral of city for
affordable housing development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author would specially like to thanks supervisors Dr. A.B.
More [Head of Civil Engineering Department, P.V.P.I.T. Pune]
and Prof. P.R. Minde [P.G. Coordinator Civil Engineering
Department, P.V.P.I.T. Pune] for their valuable inputs from
time to time. Author would like to thank for their guidance
and reviews.
REFERENCES
[1] Affordable Housing for Urban Poor, National Resource
Centre SPA, New Delhi, Supported by Ministry of Housing
& Urban Alleviation Government of India, July 2009, Paper
written by Dr. Kiran Wadhwa Chief Economist (Retd),
HUDCO New Delhi, Prepared by Dr. Neelima Risbud co-
coordinator, National Resource Centre & professor of
Housing, SPA.
[2] A Blueprint for addressing the global affordable housing
challenge, Mckinsey Global Institute, October 2014, Research
carried out by Jonathan Woetzel, MGI Director in Shinghai,
Sangeeth Ram, MGI partner in Dubai, Jan Mischke, MGI senior
fellow, Nicklas Garemo, Director in Abu-Dhabi, Shirish Sankhe,
Director in Mumbai.
[3] Affordable Housing in India, An Inclusive Approach to
Sheltering the Bottom of the Pyramid, Jones Lang LaSalle,
Himadri Mayank, Assistant Vice-President Research, MItali
Nanavaty, Assistant Vice-President Strategic Consulting,
Somdutta Dey Chakraborty, Subhankar Mitra, Ashutosh
Limaye.
[4] Revised City Development Plan for Solapur, 2041, April 2015, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and The
CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited, Supported by World Bank.