1

What is drilling fluid and Why do we need to it ?

 Drilling fluid (also called drilling

mud) is any fluid used to drill a well.
 The objective of a drilling operation
is to drill, evaluate and complete a
well that produces oil and (or) gas
efficiently.
 Drilling fluids perform numerous
functions that help make this
possible.

Important
 Drilling fluid is our primary method
of well control.
 This is why drilling fluid is important Well control
to us.
 Drilling fluid is the blood of a well
Definition:
Drilling Fluid is a liquid that is used to facilitate the
easy drilling of wellbores in the earth's surface. It is
often used to drill oil or gas wells and even
exploration drillings of wellbores. Drilling fluid is
usually of three types: water-based mud, oil-based
mud and gaseous drilling mud. This fluid is ideally
used with force to create hydrostatic pressure
during drilling procedure.

Important:
The techniques used to drill a well involve the
cooperative efforts of many people, with the
drilling fluid technologist being integral part of
that effort. Without a properly functioning mud
system the drilling of a well can be plagued with
many problems.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
1. Remove Cuttings from the Well
It is function of:
 Cuttings - Size, Shape and Density
 Rate of Penetration
 Drill String Rotation
 Annular Velocity
 Drilling fluid rheology (viscosity)

If the A.V. is insufficient to clean the hole the viscosity

of the mud must be increased.

The most important mud property responsible for

hole cleaning while circulating is the YP yield point.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
2. Subsurface pressure control
Mud Density – Drilling fluid density is the primary means to control
formation pressures, If the fluid hydrostatic pressure does not balance
the pore pressure the following may occur:

Definition: Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a static (not

circulating) drilling fluid column and is a function of the density (mud
weight) and true vertical depth (TVD) of the well.
Pressure calculation:
Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = Height (ft) x Density (ppg) x 0.052
THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
3. Suspend and Release Cuttings
 Prevent Fill After Trips and Connections
 Prevent Packing-off When Not Circulating
 Improve Solids Control Efficiency
The rate of fall of a particle through a column of drilling fluid
depends on:
 the density of the particle and the fluid,
 the size of the particle,
 the viscosity of the fluid,
 and the thixotropic (gel-strength) properties of the fluid.

The most important mud properties is Gels 0”/10’.

THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
4. Seal Permeable Formations
 Sands (Depleted, Unconsolidated, Coarse)
 Fractures
 Porous Formations
 Caverns
The quality of this filter cake governs the rate of filtrate
loss to the formation. Drilling fluid systems should be
designed to deposit a thin, low permeability filter cake on the
formation to limit the invasion of mud filtrate

The most important mud property is Mud filtrate and

Cake thickness.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
5. Stabilizing the Wellbore
Wellbore stability is a complex balance of
mechanical and chemical factors.
Mechanical (Hole Erosion)
Turbulent Flow in Annulus
Nozzle Shear Rates >100,000 Sec-1
Chemical (Hydratable Clays)
Inhibitive Water Based Muds
Oil Based Muds
Synthetic Based Muds
Mud should be able to balance formation
stresses with mud weight and reduce chance of
wellbore collapse and hole enlargement.
The most important mud property is Mud
weight and Mud inhibition.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
6. Minimize Reservoir Damage
 Formation damage is any reduction in a producing formation’s
natural porosity or permeability.
 There are many mechanisms of formation (or skin) damage.
 Specially designed drilling fluids prevent formation damage in
several ways.

Use non damaged drilling fluids called RDF (reservoir

drilling fluids) like:
• Fluids weighted up only by Calcium Carbonate (acid soluble).
• Gaseous drilling fluids.
• High O/W ratio fluids.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
7. Cool, Lubricate, & Support The Bit & Drilling Assembly

 Lubricates the drill string (Reduce Coefficient of Friction)

 Cools the bit and drilling assembly (Bottom hole
temperature > Surface temperature)
 Supports the drillstring or casing string weight through
buoyancy Provided by Mud Density

Circulation of the drilling fluid cools the bit and drilling

assembly, transferring heat away from the source and
distributing it throughout the well.

OBM or SBM are lubricated fluids by their nature,

WBM need the addition of water lubricants chemicals.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
8. Transmit Hydraulic Energy to Tools & Bit

 Drilling fluid provides sufficient energy for downhole tools,

including mud motors, logging while drilling (LWD) tools,
pressure while drilling tools (PWD) and drill bits.
 Clean Beneath (under) the Bit Before Cuttings Are Re-
ground
 Optimize Bit For:
• Impact Force
• Hydraulic Horsepower

Some LCM (Lost Circulating Materials) products can

affect the above tools.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
9. Ensure Adequate Formation Evaluation
It is critical to accurately evaluate the formation, particularly
with exploratory drilling.
 Avoid Excessive Flush Zones
 Compatible With Required Logs
 Non-fluorescent
 Good GC/MS Identification
(Gas chromatography/Mass Spectrometry)

Mud transport cuttings form bottom hole to surface

where it will be analyzed by well site Geologist.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
10. Control Corrosion
Drill string and casing components in constant contact with
drilling fluid are susceptible to various forms of corrosion.
 Corrosive Agents are:
• Oxygen
• Carbon Dioxide
• Hydrogen Sulfide
 Dissolved gasses cause corrosion at the surface and
downhole,
 Drilling fluid should minimizes corrosion and does not
damage rubber or elastomer goods
Especially for completion, fluids used should not be
corrosive to protect metal used (tubing, packer…).
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
11. Facilitate Cementing and Completion
To better perform cement job:
 Mud should be easily displaced without Channeling
 Thin and easily removable wall cakes
 Mud Additives should not Interfere with cement chemistry

Fluids used should minimize solids to have a thinner

wall cake to ensure a better bond for cement.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
12. Prevent gas hydrate formation
 Gas hydrates are solids made of gas molecules trapped
inside water molecules. Normally form at depths > 800
feet (244m) and temperatures <45° F (7.2 °C).

 Gas hydrates examples:

 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
13. Minimize Impact on Environment

 Eventually, drilling fluid becomes a waste product and must be

disposed of in accordance with local environmental regulations.
 Non-toxic:
• Meets Local Toxicity Protocol
• Meets Standards for Heavy Metals

 Non-persistent, Meets Local Standards for Degradation

 Does Not Create Sheens (Eclats)

Fluids with the lowest environmental impact are most

desirable.
 THE 13 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS

Recap:
The thirteen primary drilling fluids functions are:

1. Remove Cuttings from the Well

2. Control Formation Pressures
3. Suspend and Release Cuttings
4. Seal Permeable Formations
5. Maintain Wellbore Stability
6. Minimize Formation Damage
7. Cool, Lubricate, and Support the Bit and Drilling Assembly
8. Transmit Hydraulic Energy to Tools and Bit
9. Ensure Adequate Formation Evaluation
10.Control Corrosion
11.Facilitate Cementing and Completion
12.Prevent Gas Hydrate Formation
13.Minimize Environmental Impact
 DRILLING FLUIDS COMPOSITION

• Introduction • Composition:
Basic drilling fluid systems are usually converted to  Liquid Phase:
more complex systems as:  Water
• the well gets deeper  Oil
• the wellbore temperature and pressure increases  Synthetic
• the formations dictate changing the current system to  Solids:
one better suited to the formation
 Clays
 Weight Material
• Types of Drilling Systems  Drill Solids
• Water-base drilling fluids (consisting of two phases)  Lost Circulation material
• Emulsion drilling fluids (NAF) (two or three phases) Dissolved Solids:
like Oil-base muds and Synthetic-base muds  Salts
• Reservoir drill-in fluids (either two or three phases)  Chemical Additives
 DRILLING FLUIDS COMPOSITION

• Base fluids: • Additives: (most important)

 Viscosifier: used to increase mud viscosity,
 Aerated Fluids  Weighting Agents: used to weight up drilling fluid,
 Freshwater  Filtration Control Materials: used to control mud filtration,
 Seawater  Thinners: used to reduce mud viscosity,
 Brine  Alkalinity control: used to control mud alkalinity (pH),
 Oil (Diesel & Clean Oil)  Shale Inhibitors: used to control clay swelling,
 Synthetics (Esters, Ethers,  Lubricants: used to improve mud lubricity,
Olefins, etc.)
 Lost Circulation Materials: used to cure mud losses down hole,
 Corrosion Inhibitor: used to reduce corrosion,
 Emulsifiers for OBM or SBM: used stabilize mud phases.
 DRILLING FLUIDS COMPOSITION
• Viscosifiers: • Filtration Control Additives • Weighting Agents:
 Water Based Muds  Water Based Muds
• Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
• Clays • Bentonite (2.6 sp. gr.)
• Bentonite • Lignite
• Barite (4.2 sp. gr. )
• Salt Gel • PAC (Polyanionic cellulose)
• Polymers • SPA (Sodium Polyacrylate) • Hematite (5.0 sp. gr.)
• Starch • Calcium Carbonate • Galena (6.5 sp. gr.)
• Cellulosic  Oil Based Muds
• Biopolymers • Amine Lignite
• Gilsonite
 Oil/Syn. Based Muds • Asphalt
• Amine Treated Clays  Synthetic Muds
• Asphaltic • Amine Lignite
• Polymers • Gilsonite?
 DRILLING FLUIDS COMPOSITION

• Thinners: • Alkalinity • Shale Inhibitors:

 Water Based Muds • Water Based Muds  Water Based Muds
• Inorganic Phosphates • Caustic Soda, NaOH • Salts- Env Issues
• Formates
• Quebracho • Caustic Potash, KOH
• KCl
• Lignite • Lime, Ca(OH)2
• NaCl
• Lignosulfonates • Citric Acid • CaCl2
• Anionic Polymers  Oil/Syn Based Muds • Glycols
• Lime, Ca(OH)2 • Polymers
 Oil/Syn. Base Muds • Proprietary
• Wetting Agents  Oil/Syn. Based Muds
• Non-polar continuous
phase
• CaCl2 brine internal phase
 DRILLING FLUIDS COMPOSITION

• Lubricants: • Lost Circulation: • Corrosion Control:

• Water Based Muds  Water Based Muds
• Proprietary compounds
• Inhibitors
• Beads • Flake - cellophane mica,
formica - Water Sol Amines
• Oils emulsified in water based - Oil Sol Amines
• Granular - nut hulls,
muds calcium carbonate - Proprietary
• Scavengers
• Fibrous - bagasse wood
fiber - CO2 - lime
- O2 - sulfites
 Oil/Syn Based Muds - H2S - zinc
• Flake - mica  Oil/Syn. Based Muds
• Granular - nut hulls, • Non-aqueous external phase
calcium carbonate suppresses corrosion
• DO NOT USE CELLOPHANE • H2S - zinc scavenger
OR FIBROUS LCM • CO2 - control alkalinity for
emulsion stability
 DRILLING FLUID SYSTEM
1- Rig Presentation:

Mud System
is a part of
the rig
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
2- Mud System Equipment:
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
3- Solid Control Equipment:

Shakers
Desander
Solid
Control
equipment

Desilter

Centrifuges
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
3- Solid Control Equipment:

Solid Removal Methods/Techniques Mechanical removal :

The solids control techniques which

should be routinely used in the field are: Equipment used are:

 Mechanical removal  Shakers

 Chemical removal (flocculation)  Hydrocyclones (Desander, Desilter)

 Dilution  Centrifuges
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
3- Solid Control Equipment:

SHAKERS :

For removal drilled

solids particles up
to 100 micron
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
3- Solid Control Equipment:

Desilter : for
Desander : for removal of particles
removal of particles down to 15 micron
down to 25 micron
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
3- Solid Control Equipment:

Mud Cleaners : a combination of

hydrocylones and high speed shale
shaker (150-200 mesh). It is used
for Barites saving by removing LGS
larger than Barites.
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
3- Solid Control Equipment:

CENTRIFUGES:

Utilized in weighted system to

reject low density solids while
reclaiming Barites as a dense
slurry. Capacity to process
300 to 400 gpm.
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
4- Rig Mud Tanks:
 DRILLING FLUIDS SYSTEM
5- Mixing Tanks:

Mixing
Hopers
 DRILLING FLUIDS VOLUMES CALCULATION
Hole size
1- Well Profile: Casing Depth Mud Type
Mud Weight

WBM
24" 1.08 sg

Casing Program & Volumes 18 5/8" 350 m

Continental Intercalaire

Casing Casing Casing Casing

Depth Hole Size
OD ID Wt Volume
(m) (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (m3) Top of cement 1000 m
16" OBM or WBM
350 24 18⅝ 17.755 87.5 56 1.15 sg

1200 16 13⅜ 12.515 61 95 13 3/8" 1200 m

Top of Famenian
2200 12¼ 9⅝ 8.681 47 84

2400 8½ 5 ½” Liner 4.892 17

7" Liner Top 2050 Total Cased Hole Volume at TD: 82 OBM or WBM
1,30 sg
12 1/4"

Open Hole Volumes TOL 2050 m

9 5/8" 2200 m
Depth Hole Size Open Hole Hole Volume Base Silurian / top Ordovician

(m) (in) (m) (m3)

350 24 350 102 8 1/2" OBM (CaCO3) or
1200 16 850 109 WBM (CaCO3)
1.35 sg
2200 12¼ 1000 84
2400 8½ 200 10 5½" Liner 2400 m
Ordovician / Cambrian
 DRILLING FLUIDS VOLUMES CALCULATION
2- 24” Section :
Hole Sections Unit 24”

Surface Volume M3 80

Volume to drill M3 102

Wash Out % % 10

Wash Out volume M3 10

Surface losses M3 20

Losses by cuttings coating M3 204

Total Volume Handled M3 416

Mud received from last section M3 0

New Mixing Volume M3 416

Total Volume Loss M3 224

Volume at the end of interval M3 192

 DRILLING FLUIDS VOLUMES CALCULATION
3- 16” Section : Hole Sections Unit 16”

Surface Volume M3 80

Volume to drill M3 109

Wash Out % % 10

Wash Out volume M3 11

Surface losses M3 20

Losses by cuttings coating M3 150

Total Volume Handled M3 525

Volume recovered by G-dryer M3 0

Centrifuges losses M3 40

Total Volume Loss M3 210

Volume remaining for next section M3 315

 DRILLING FLUIDS VOLUMES CALCULATION
5- Factor Affecting Volumes Calculation :

 Well Geometry

 Surface and Down hole losses

 Mud Tanks Layout

 Dead Volumes

 Mud Type
 DRILLING FLUIDS VOLUMES CALCULATION
Exercise-1

24”
 Casing Profile : 60 m
16”
550 m

 OBM mud is used to drilling 8 ½” section,

 Minimum Active Volume Required 80 m3,
 Total mud losses during 8 ½” section 50 m3,
 Old OBM mud received 200 m3, 2025 m 12 ¼”

 What is the volume of new mud needed to mix to finish

drilling 8 ½” section?

2700 m 8 ½”
 DRILLING FLUIDS VOLUMES CALCULATION
Exercise-2

 Well volume 120 m3,

 Minimum active volume required for circulation is 40 m3,
 Total active volume capacity is 80 m3 (2 tanks of 40 m3),
 Total reserve volume capacity is 120 m3 (3 tanks of 40 m3),

 Can we do OBM displacement in this situation? If yes how? If no

why and what is the solution in this case?
 Drilling Fluid Preparation and Handling
1- Factors Affecting Drilling Fluids Program Preparation:

1. Location of the well with brief geological 5. Recommended mud weight.

description. 6. Recommended casing seat.
7. Mud property guide lines for each formulation.
2. Operator supplied information , which 8. Location of ware houses and stock points.
may include
a) Contractor and Rig 9. Recommendations on solid control
b) Anticipated problems. 10. Recommendations on any specialized Service or
c) Expected pore pressure and mud weight. Equipment
d) Expected service requirement.
e) Casing program. 11. Estimated time to drill each interval.
12. Recommendations for combating Potential
3. Recommended mud formulation for each Problems
interval.
13. Product price list.
4. Estimated costs for each interval. 14. Special service available.
 Drilling Fluid Preparation and Handling
2- Drilling fluid Handling:

The techniques used to drill a well involve the

cooperative efforts of many people, with the
drilling fluid technologist (Mud Engineer)
being integral part of that effort. Without a
properly functioning mud system the drilling
of a well can be plagued with many problem.
 Drilling Fluid Preparation and Handling
2- Drilling fluid Report:
WATER BASE MUD REPORT, Page 1
DATE: 02/24/98 DEPTH: 250 m DAY: 2
SPUD: 2/21/1998 ACTIVITY: RIH
OPERATOR: BP CONTRACTOR: S EDCO FOREX RIG NO: S K 18
MUD PROPERTIES DRILL PIPE / CAS ING BIT TYPE BIT SIZE TFA RO P (m/hr) REPORT FOR: ALAN RUEL REPORT FOR: TARIK AGA BLOCK:
T IME (24 hour) 22:00 OD ID LENGT H WELL NAME: BJ#2 WO FIELD / AREA: IN S ALAH LOC.:
MUD PROPERTIES DRILL PIPE / CAS ING BIT TYPE BIT SIZE TFA RO P (m/hr)
DEPT H (MD) (m) DP #1 3.500 2.990 42 MUD VOLUMES (bbls, Details Page 2) T IME (24 hour) 22:00 OD ID LENGT H
SAMPLE POINT PIT DP #2 HOLE VOLUME 59 DEPT H (MD) (m) DP #1 3.500 2.990 42 MUD VOLUMES (bbls, Details Page 2)
FLOWLINE T EMP (Deg C) DP #3 ACT IVE PIT VOLUME 248 SAMPLE POINT PIT DP #2 HOLE VOLUME 59
FLOWLINE T EMP (Deg C) DP #3 ACT IVE PIT VOLUME 248
MUD DENSIT Y (sg) 1.40 DC #1 6.500 2.810 28 CIRCULAT ING VOLUME 90
MUD DENSIT Y (sg) 1.40 DC #1 6.500 2.810 28 CIRCULAT ING VOLUME 90
FUNNEL VISCOSIT Y 51 DC #2 4.750 2.250 180 RESERVE VOLUME FUNNEL VISCOSIT Y 51 DC #2 4.750 2.250 180 RESERVE VOLUME
PV/YP (cp,lbf/100ft^2) 15/12 CSG #1 INIT IAL T OT AL VOLUME PV/YP (cp,lbf/100ft^2) 15/12 CSG #1 INIT IAL T OT AL VOLUME
N/K N/K CSG #2 T OT AL ADDIT IONS
CSG #2 T OT AL ADDIT IONS
YIELD ST RESS (lb/100ft^2) CSG #3 T OT AL LOSSES
YIELD ST RESS (lb/100ft^2) CSG #3 T OT AL LOSSES
GELS (10s/10m/30m) 3/4 CSG #4 ENDING T OT AL VOLUME 397
GELS (10s/10m/30m) 3/4 CSG #4 ENDING T OT AL VOLUME 397 API FLUID LOSS (cc) 5.4 LINER S OLIDS CONTROL
API FLUID LOSS (cc) 5.4 LINER S OLIDS CONTROL API CAKE T HICKNESS 1 T OP OF LINER EQUIPMENT SIZE HOURS
API CAKE T HICKNESS 1 HT HP FLUID LOSS (cc) NC CIRCULATION DATA SHAKER #1 110X110
T OP OF LINER EQUIPMENT SIZE HOURS
HT HP CAKE T HICKNESS NC FLOW RAT E 154 gpm SHAKER #2 110X110
HT HP FLUID LOSS (cc) NC CIRCULATION DATA SHAKER #1 110X110
HT HP T EMP (Deg C) D.P. Ann/Crit Velocity mtr/min SHAKER #3
HT HP CAKE T HICKNESS NC FLOW RAT E 154 gpm SHAKER #2 110X110 pH 10.5 D.C. Ann/Crit Velocity mtr/min DEGASSER
HT HP T EMP (Deg C) D.P. Ann/Crit Velocity mtr/min SHAKER #3 MBT NC CIRC. PRESSURE psi DESANDER
OIL (%) BOT T OM'S UP min DESILT ER
pH 10.5 D.C. Ann/Crit Velocity mtr/min DEGASSER
WAT ER (%) T OT AL Circ.T ime 92 min MUDCLEANER
MBT NC CIRC. PRESSURE psi DESANDER SOLIDS (%) ECD on Bottom SG CENT RIFUGE #1
OIL (%) BOT T OM'S UP min DESILT ER SAND (%) 0.2 CENT RIFUGE #2
WAT ER (%) T OT AL Circ.T ime 92 min MUDCLEANER Pf/Mf 0 PRODUCTS US AGE AND INVENTORY
Pm 0.2 P R ODUC T S IZE B EGIN INV R EC D US ED F IN. INVENT C OS T
SOLIDS (%) ECD on Bottom SG CENT RIFUGE #1
CHLORIDES (mg/l) 25000 BARIT E 1.5 MT 100 100
SAND (%) 0.2 CENT RIFUGE #2 CALCIUM / MAG (mg/l) 60 KCL MT 4 4
Pf/Mf 0 PRODUCTS US AGE AND INVENTORY CARB / BICARB (mg/l) DRISCAL D 50 LB 296 296

Pm 0.2 P R ODUC T S IZE B EGIN INV R EC D US ED F IN. INVENT C OS T KCL (lb/bbl) SP 101 50 LB 58 58
ST AT UT ORY SAMPLE XCD 25KG 36 36
CHLORIDES (mg/l) 25000 BARIT E 1.5 MT 100 100
PPT (cc) CAUST IC SODA 25 KG 21 21
CALCIUM / MAG (mg/l) 60 KCL MT 4 4 CIT RIC ACID 25 KG 25 25
CARB / BICARB (mg/l) DRISCAL D 50 LB 296 296 LIME 40 KG 80

KCL (lb/bbl) SP 101 50 LB 58 58 CONQOR 303 DR 8 8

DRILT HIN 25 LB 80 80
ST AT UT ORY SAMPLE XCD 25KG 36 36
S OLIDS ANALYS IS BACBAN 1GL 30 30
PPT (cc) CAUST IC SODA 25 KG 21 21 LGS (%) BICARBONAT E 25 KG 40 40
CIT RIC ACID 25 KG 25 25 LGS (ppb)
HGS (%)
LIME 40 KG 80
HGS (ppb)
CONQOR 303 DR 8 8 SALT (%)
DRILT HIN 25 LB 80 80 SALT (ppb)

S OLIDS ANALYS IS BACBAN 1GL 30 30 AVERAGE SG

D/B RAT IO
LGS (%) BICARBONAT E 25 KG 40 40
RHEOLOGY
LGS (ppb) 600 RPM / 300 RPM 42/27 Mud Engineers Unit Snr. Expat/Alg. Nat. 1
HGS (%) 200 RPM / 100 RPM 19/11 Solids Engineer Unit Expat
6 RPM / 3 RPM 3/2 Mud Lab Unit
HGS (ppb)
TEST BOP.REPAIR FLOW LINE.MAKE UP BIT AND BHA AND TO 250M CIRCULTE .CONTINUE RIG UP 3 1/2 DP.
SALT (%)
SALT (ppb)
AVERAGE SG
D/B RAT IO
Mud Type: KCL POLYMER Formation:
RHEOLOGY S ALE ENGINEER M.BECHAH Daily Cost: Cummulative Cost: $15,283
 Drilling Fluid Preparation and Handling
2- Factors Influenced By Drilling Fluids :

Following are the important factors influenced by a drilling fluid :

1. Drilling rate

2. Hole cleaning.

3. Hole stability.

4. Casing program.

5. Formation Evaluation.

6. Overall drilling and Completion cost.

7. Rig Selection.