Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

Step 4 – Analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Presentado a:
Doria Lizeth Quintero
Tutora

Presentado:

Edwin Alejandro Penagos Aparicio

Código: 80219995

Grupo: 203058_17

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS TECNOLOGÍA E INGENIERÍA

CIUDAD Bogotá
 Activities to develop

1. What is the practical implications associated to a line with only reactive

components or only resistive components?

This peculiarity is in the hands of the distributed parameters of the line and the
frequency. It is complex, contains reactive elements, which indicates a delay between
voltage and current waves. In practice, the lines of the casualties of the casualties are
used, and the frequency of the low, the power of the losses is ignored, and that is
much smaller than the power stored in the electromagnetic field that propagates as a
wave in the line. In such conditions, the characteristic impedance is real, purely
resistive, and does not depend on the frequency, only on the inductance and
capacitance. (slideshare.net, s.f.)

2. In a practical transmission system. What is a good value for the reflection

coefficient and the VSWR? Explain.

The impedance peculiarity is one of the most important factors to consider. In our
case, this factor is usually 50 ohms. This is a constructive parameter, that is, it
determines the characteristics of the construction grade. In the case of a cable, for
example, it depends on the size of the internal and external conductors, and the type
of insulation between them. All components of a link (cables, connectors, antennas)
are designed to have the same impedance.
When an element is inserted into our system, we have what we call insertion loss,
which can be understood as something that is lost, taking into account what went in
and went out.
And this loss occurs in two ways: by attenuation, especially in the cable, and by
reflection. The loss by reflection, that is, the loss of the signal, which has just returned,
is lost at the end where it is injected. (telecomhall, s.f.)

3. What occurs with the voltage and current in a line with the following
conditions: line terminated in its characteristic impedance, line terminated in a
short and line terminated in an open?

The attenuation in the transmission lines is caused by the intrinsic resistivity

of the conductors, as well as by the losses in the dielectric and is directly
proportional to the frequency, inter alia, as a consequence of the dangerous effect
 in the conductors and the loss factor in the dielectric. In most Dielectrics commonly
used in lines, such as Teflon, polyethylene,
air, etc., the loss factor is very small, in the order of 2𝑥10−4, so the
losses in the dielectric are small compared to the losses in the
tores. The attenuation varies with the square root of the frequency and, for drivers
copper, the following formula is valid:
0.013 1 1
∝= ( + ) √𝑓 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
𝑍0 𝐷 𝑑
Where 𝑓 is the frequency in MHz and 𝑍0 , the characteristic impedance of the coaxial
line given by:
138 𝐷
𝑍0 = log ( )
√𝜀𝛾 𝑑
(cartagena99, s.f.)

4. What is the voltage reflection coefficient and what is an ideal value for a
transmission system?
A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 50Ω and is terminated in a
pure resistance. Calculate and graph the magnitude and phase of the reflection
coefficient as a function of the load resistance, for values of this between 0 and
250Ω (cartagena99, s.f.)

5. What is the effect of Lossy line on voltage and current waves?

No real line is completely lossless, although the approach is valid when the line is
short. It is called copper loss because this material is common for drivers. The loss
increases with frequency due to the skin effect, which is the tendency of the current
to accumulate in the superficial layer of the conductors, increasing their resistance
when increasing the frequency. The conductivity of the dielectric, the dielectric of a
line, is not perfect and has a finite resistivity, so that part of the current is "filtered"
between the conductors, contributing to the loss. (slideshare, s.f.)

6. In the Smith Chart identify a 𝑍𝐿 =∝, a 𝑍𝐿 = 0, two resistive loads and two complex
loads. You have to assume the characteristic impedance.