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Esther Sunday C. Faller, RMT, MD, APCP epimysium – A connective tissue sheath that surrounds
each skeletal muscle
FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM perimysium – a long connective tissue that subdivides
each whole muscle
1. MOVEMENT OF THE BODY – contraction of skeletal
muscle is responsible for the overall movements fasciculi – the perimysium divides into numerous visible
of the body bundles called muscle
2. MAINTENANCE OF POSTURE – skeletal muscle endomysium - a loose connective tissue that
constantly maintains tone subbevides each fascicle
3. RESPIRATION – thoracic muscles are responsible
4. PRODUCTION OF BODY HEAT – muscle contraction’s muscle fibers - separate muscle cells that subdivide from
each endonysium. A muscle fiber is a single cylindrical
by-product is heat
fiber, with several nuclei
5. COMMUNICATION – skeletal muscles are involved in
all aspects of communication periphery – these are several nuclei inside each muscle
6. CONSTRICTION OF ORGANS AND VESSELS – helps in fiber
some physiologic processes in the body
sarcolemma - The cell membrane of the muscle fiber
7. CONTRACTION OF THE HEART – causes the heart to
beat transverse tubules or T tubules - Along the surface of the
sarcolemma are many tubelike, invaginations which
CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE occur at regular intervals
Each sarcomere extends from one Z disk to an adjacent RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL - occurs because there is
Z disk an uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane
Z disk - a network of protein fibers forming an DEPOLARIZATION - occurs when the inside of the cell
attachment site for actin myofilaments membrane becomes more positive than the outside of
the cell
light I band - consists only of actin myofilaments, spans
each Z disk and ends at the myosin filaments
REPOLARIZATION - The change back to the resting
A band - a darker, central region in each sarcomere membrane potential
that extends the length of the myosin myofilaments
ACTION POTENTIAL - The rapid depolarization and
H zone - light zone, which consists of myosin repolarization of the cell membrane
myofilaments, the center of each sarcomere
postsynaptic membrane - each presynaptic terminal Summation - the force of contraction of individual
contains many small vesicles muscle fibers is increased by rapidly stimulating them
acetylcholine or Ach – contained in each vesicle which Tetanus - is a sustained contraction that occurs when
functions as a neurotransmitter, a molecule released by the frequency of stimulation is so rapid that no relaxation
a presynaptic nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits a occurs
postsynaptic cell
Recruitment - the number of muscle fibers contracting is
The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft increased by increasing the number of motor units
between the neuron and the muscle fiber is rapidly stimulated, and the muscle contracts with more force
broken down by an enzyme, acetylcholinesterase
CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER TYPES
Muscle Contraction
Fast-Twitch
Fast-Twitch
Slow-Twitch Oxidative
Glycolytic
(Type I) Glycolytic
(Type IIb)
(Type IIa)
Fiber diameter
Smallest Intermediate Largest
Myoglobin
content High High Low
Mitochondria
Many Many Few
High
High anaerobic Highest
Metabolism anaerobic capacity; anaerobic
capacity Intermediate capacity
anaerobic
Fatigue
resistance Low Intermediate low
Myosin head
activity Slow Fast Fast
Glycogen
concentration Low High High
Endurance Rapid,
Maintenance
activities in intense
of posture;
Functions endurance- movement
endurance
trained of short
activities
muscles duration
Types of Muscle Contraction
Energy Requirements for Muscle Contraction
Most muscle contractions are a combination of
Muscle fibers - are very energy-demanding cells isometric and isotonic contractions
whether at rest or during any form of exercise
Isometric contractions - the length of the muscle does
This energy comes from either aerobic (with O2) or not change, but the amount of tension increases during
anaerobic (without O2) ATP the contraction process – responsible for the constant
length of the body’s postural muscles (muscles of the
Generally, ATP is derived from 4 processes in skeletal back)
muscle:
Isotonic contractions - the amount of tension produced
1. Aerobic production of ATP during most exercise by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the
and normal conditions length of muscles decreases (movement of the arms or
fingers
2. Anaerobic production of ATP during intensive
short-term work Concentric contractions - are isotonic
contractions in which muscle tension
3. Conversion of a molecule called creatine
increases as the muscle shortens
phosphate to ATP
Eccentric contractions - are isotonic
4. Conversion of two ADP to one ATP and one AMP contractions in which tension is maintained in
(adenosine monophosphate) during heavy a muscle, but the opposing resistance causes
exercise the muscle lengthens
Nomenclature
FACIAL EXPRESSION
MASTICATION (CHEWING)
NECK MUSCLES
TONGUE & SWALLOWING MUSCLES
Tongue is very important in mastication and speech The deep neck muscles include neck flexors, located along
the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies, and neck
Moves food around in the mouth and (with the buccinators extensors, located posteriorly
muscle) holds the food in place while the teeth grind the food Rotation and lateral flexion of the head are accomplished by
pushes food up to the palate and back toward the pharynx lateral and posterior neck muscles
to initiate swallowing
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle - prime mover of
Intrinsic muscles - of the tongue, located entirely the lateral muscle group, is easily seen on the anterior
within the tongue and changes its shape and lateral sides of the neck
- Contraction of one SCM = rotates the head
Extrinsic muscles - located outside of the tongue but - Contraction of two SCM = flexes the neck or
are attached to and move the tongue
extends the head
Swallowing involves a number of structures: hyoid Torticollis (wry neck) - results from injury to one of the
muscles, soft palate, pharynx (throat), and larynx SCM muscles
(voicebox)
ARM MOVEMENTS
LEG MOVEMENTS
Include those located in the hip, the thigh, the leg, and the
foot
THIGH MOVEMENTS
Several hip muscles - originate on the coxal bone and
insert onto the femur
Iliopsoas (anterior muscle) - flexes the hip
The posterior and lateral hip muscles consist of the gluteal
muscles and the tensor fasciae latae (tenses a thick band
of fascia on the lateral side of the thigh called the iliotibial
tract)
Gluteus maximus - extends the hip and abducts and
laterally rotates the thigh
Gluteus medius - abducts and medially rotates the thigh
Deep muscles of the posterior compartment plantar flex
and invert the foot and flex the toes
Lateral muscles of the leg, called the fibularis muscles, are
primarily everters of the foot, but they also aid in plantar
flexion
The 20 muscles located within the foot
- intrinsic foot muscles - flex, extend, abduct, and adduct
the toes
Thigh
Iliopsoas – flexes hip
Gluteus maximus – extends hip; abducts and laterally rotates
thigh
Gluteus medius – abducts and medially rotates thigh
Gluteus minimus – abducts and medially rotates thigh
Tensor fasciae latae – steadies femur on tibia thru iliotibial tract
when standing; flexes hip; medially rotates and abducts thigh
Leg
Anterior compartment
Quadriceps femoris
Anterior compartment
1. Rectus femoris – extends knee; flexes hip
2. Vastus lateralis – extends knee
3. Vastus medialis – extends knee Extensor digitorum longus – extends four lateral toes;
4. Vastus intermedius extends knee dorsiflexes and everts the foot
Sartorius – flexes hip and knee; laterally rotates thigh Extensor halluces longus – extends great toe; dorsiflexes
Medial compartment and inverts foot
Adductor longus – adducts and laterally rotates thigh; flexes Tibialis anterior – dorsiflexes and inverts foot
hip Fibularis tertius – dorsiflexes and everts foot
Adductor magnus – adducts and laterally rotates thigh;
Posterior compartment
extends knee
Gracilis – adducts thigh; flexes knee
Posterior compartment
Superficial
Biceps femoris – flexes knee; laterally rotates leg; extends hip
Semimembranous – flexes knee; medially rotates leg; extends Gastrocnemius – plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
hip Soleus – plantar flexes foot
Semitendinosus – flexes knee; medially rotates leg; extends hip
Deep
ANKLE AND TOE MOVEMENTS
Flexor digitorum longus – flexes four lateral toes; plantar
13 muscles in the leg, with tendons extending into the foot,
flexes and inverts foot
can be divided into 3 groups:
(1) anterior, (2) posterior, and (3) lateral
Flexor hallucis longus – flexes great toe; plantar flexes
Anterior muscles – extensor muscles involved in dorsiflexion and inverts foot
of the foot and extension of the toes Tibialis posterior – plantar flexes and inverts foot
The superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of Lateral compartment
the leg, the gastrocnemius and the soleus, form the bulge Fibularis brevis – everts and plantar flexes foot
of the calf (posterior leg) – they form the common Fibularis longus – everts and plantar flexes foot
calcaneal (heel) tendon or Achilles tendon
These muscles are flexors and involved in plantar flexion of
the foot
DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM EFFECTS OF AGING ON SKELETAL MUSCLE
Decrease in muscle size due to a decreased Many of the age-related changes in skeletal muscle
number of myofilaments can be slowed dramatically if people remain
physically active
Occur due to disuse of a muscle, as in paralysis
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
TENDINITIS