FM HM PDF

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PREPARED BY:
SIVABALAN.L
II YEAR CIVIL-B
VEC
CHENNAI-66
CE6303 - MECHANICS OF FLUIDS

TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Unit –I
1. Define fluid?
A fluid is a substance having a property to flow easily.
Example: liquid, vapour, gas.
2. Define fluid mechanics?
Fluid mechanics is a branch of science which deals with property and behaviour of fluids
at rest and in motion.
3.Define fluid statics?
The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics .
4.Define fluid kinematics?
The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are not considered is called fluid
kinematics.
5.What is the SI unit of density ? 3
The SI unit of density is kg/m .
Example: Density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
6.Define specific volume?
. 3
It is the ratio of volume to the mass of a fluid. It is denoted by υ.Its unit is m /kg.
υ= volume of fluid
Mass of fluid
υ=V/m m3/kg
7. Define specific gravity with respect to density?

It is the ratio of density of a fluid to density of a standard fluid. It is denoted by s.
.
i.e, s = density of liquid
density of water
s = density of gas
density of air
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1
8.Define viscosity?
It is defined as the resisting property of liquid to its flow corresponding to its adjacent
layers.
9. Which one of the following has high viscosity, (i) water or (ii) lubricating oil?
Lubricating oil has high viscosity.
10. Define poise ?

Poise is the other name of unit of viscosity in CGS system which equals dyne-sec/cm2.
11.Give the classification of fluids?

Classification of fluids are,
(i) Ideal fluid
(ii) Real fluid
(iii) Newtonian fluid
(iv)Non..Newtonian
(v) Ideal plastic fluid.
12. What is real fluid?

A fluid which has viscosity is a real fluid. All fluid in practice are real fluids.
13.What is non Newtonian fluid?

A real fluid in which shear stress is not proportional to rate of shear strain.
η ≠ µ.du
dy
η = Shear stress µ = viscosity of the fluid
du = change in velocity dy = change in perpendicular distance.
14.What is compressibility?
Compressibility is the property of fluid which undergoes change in volume under
various pressure conditions.
Compressibility, β = (d Vol/ Vol) / dp (m2/N)
15. Define compressible fluid?

A liquid is considered to a compressible fluid only when there is a change in
volume of liquid that occurs under large pressure variation .
16. Define compressibility?

It is also defined of reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity (k).
i.e, compressibility = 1/k .
.
k= compressive stress / volumetric strain
17.Define capillarity?
It is the phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface relative to out side liquid surface
18.Give the types of gas laws?

The types of gaslaws are,
(i) .
2
Boyles law
(ii) Charleswww.Vidyarthiplus.com
law
19. Give the equation for capillarity fall in an glass tube.
The equation for the capillarity fall is

h = 4ζcosθ metre.
ρgd
20. Give some properties of fluid?
Some properties of fluids are density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension and
capillarity
21. Define fluid dynamics?

The study of fluid in motion where pressure forces are considered is called as fluid
dynamics.
22. Define density or mass density?

Density is the ratio mass of a fluid to its volume it is denoted by ρ.
ρ = m\v kg/m3
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m3
23. Definepecificweight?
Specific weight3 is defined as the ratio of weight of fluid to its volume .
Its unit is N/m .
i.e, w = W/V N/m3=ρg
w water = 9810 N/m3
24.Define specific gravity with respect to weight density?

It is the ratio of specific weight of fluid to specific weight of a standard fluid .
i.e, s = specific weight of liquid (for liquids)
specific weight of water
i.e, s = specific weight of gas (for gasses)
specific weight of air
25.Define dynamic viscosity?

The shear stress required to move one layer with unit velocity over another layer at unit
distance .It is known as dynamic viscosity .It is denoted as
du
δ = μ ---------
dy
μ – dynamic viscosity or viscosity or coefficient of viscosity (N-s/m2)
1 N-s/m2 = 1 Pa-s = 10 Poise
26.Give the other names of dynamic viscosity ?

The other name of dynamic viscosity are
(i) absolute viscosity and
(ii) co efficient of viscosity .
Its unit is Ns/m2.
27.Give the units of viscosity in (i) MKS (ii) CGS and (iii) SI systems?
The units of viscosity in
3
(i) MKS system is kgf-sec/m2.
(ii) CGS systemwww.Vidyarthiplus.com
is dyne-sec/cm2.
(iii) SI system is Ns/m2. .

28. Give equivalent values for poise in SI units and CGS unit system?
Equivalent value in
SI unit, one poise =1/10 Ns/m2
CGS system, one poise = dyne – sec. / cm2.
.
29.What is cause for viscosity?
The causes for the viscosity are
(i) inter molecular force of cohesion and
(ii) moment of molecules being exchanged .
30.Define ideal fluid?

A fluid which is incompressible and has no viscosity is called as an ideal fluid . It is an
imaginary fluid .
31. Define Newtonian fluid?

A real fluid in which shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
η = µ. du/dy
32. Define ideal plastic fluid ?

A fluid whose shear is more than yield value and its shear stress is directly proportional
to shear strain is called as ideal plastic fluid.
33.What is an incompressible fluid?

A liquid is considered to be incompressible only when there is a change in volume of a
liquid that occurs under smaller pressure variation.
34.Give some example of surface tension ?
Some examples of surface tension are ,
(i) coins when placed over liquid gently floats and gives a spherical shape
(ii) molten lead particles while descending spherical shape
(iii) falling droplet of rain water gives spherical shape
35. Give some examples of capillarity?

Some examples of capillarity are
1) Rise of shape in tree.
2) Rise of kerosene through wick.
36. Give the equation for capillarity in a glass tube?

The equation for capillarity is h=4ζcosθ / wd
37. Define vapour pressure?

When evaporation takes place within enclosed surface the partial pressure created on
the liquid surface by the vapour molecules is called as vapour pressure
38. Define Boyles law?

Boyles law for a given quantity of gas constant temperature pressure is inversely
proportional to its volume.
4
.
It is denoted as www.Vidyarthiplus.com
P 1/v at constant t :pv= a constant
V 1/p at constant t
39.Define Avogadro’s . law?
Avogadro‟s law states that equal volume of gases at the same temperature and pressure
contains equal number of molecules. It is given by pv=nRT
Where r gas constant
N Avogadro number
40.Define surface tension.

It is defined as the tangential force per unit length acting at right angles
on either side of the surface. It is denoted by ζ. Its unit is N/m.
Surface Tension, σ = Force/Length (N/m)
σwater = 0.0725 N/m, σMercury = 0.52 N/m
41.Give the equation for the effect of surface tension on a liquid droplet.
The equation is given by P = 4ζ
d
where P = pressure intensity inside the
droplet. ζ = surface tension of liquid.
d = diameter of droplet.
42.Give the equation for effect of surface tension on a hollow bubble.

The equation is P = 8ζ/d
where P = pressure intensity inside the droplet.
ζ = surface tension of liquid.
d = diameter of droplet.
43. Give the equation..for ffc to fsurface tension onaliquid jet.
The equation is P = 2ζ/d
where P = pressure intensity inside the droplet.
ζ = surface tension of liquid. d = diameter of droplet.
44.Define capillarity.
Capillarity is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in a small tube relative to the
adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid. The rise of liquid surface is
known as capillary rise while the fall of liquid surface is known as capillary depression.
Capillary Rise or fall, h = (4σcosθ) / ρgd
θ = 0 for glass tube and water θ = 130º for glass tube and mercury
.
45.Define Charles law.

Charles law for a given quantity of gas at constant pressure, the volume varies directly
with absolute temperature. v α T at constant P.
46.Give the values for angle of contact for (1) mercury and glass tube (2) water and
glass tube.
The values for the angle of contact θ for,
(1)mercury and glass tubes θ = 128º
(2) water and glass tubes θ = 0º
47.What are the causes for viscosity?

The causes for viscosity are,
1.inter molecular force of cohesion and
2. moment of molecules being exchanged.
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48.What is an incompressible fluid?
A liquid is considered to www.Vidyarthiplus.com
be incompressible only when there is a change in volume of a
.
liquid that occurs under smaller pressure variation.
49. Give the equation for capillarity fall in an glass tube.

The equation for the capillarity fall is
h = 4ζcosθmetre.
Ρgd
50.Define Kinematic viscosity.

It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid.
ν = μ/ρ (m2/s)
2 -4 2
1 m /s = 10000 Stokes (or) 1 stoke = 10 m /s
. 51.Surface tension on liquid droplet, σ = pd/4

surface tension on a hollow bubble, σ = pd/8
52.Define Control Volume.

A control volume may be defined as an identified volume fixed in space. The boundaries around the
control volume are referred to as control surfaces. An open system is also referred to as a control volume.
Unit -IV BOUNDARY LAYER & FLOW THROUGH PIPES
1) What do you meant by viscous flow ?
A flow is said to be viscous if the Renold‟s number is less than 2000 (or) the flows in
layers ie. Re <2000 .
2) What is Hagen poiseuille’s formula ?

P1-P2 / ρg = h f = 32 µŪL / 2
ρgD
The is known as poiseuill
expression Hagen e formula .
Where
pressure
P1-P2 / ρg = Loss of head
Ū = Average velocity
µ = Coefficient of viscosity
D = Diameter of pipe
L. =Length ofpipe
3) Derive the relation between Umax and Ū ?
6
Umax / Ū = ¼ µ (-ðp/ðx ) R2/ ⅛ µ (-ðp/ðx ) R2
Umax / Ū =2
4) Define kinetic energy correction factor?
Kinetic energy factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow per sec
based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on
average velocity across the same section. It is denoted by (α).
K. E factor (α) = K.E per sec based on actual velocity / K.E per sec based on Average velocity .
5) Define momentum correction factor : -

It is defined as the ratio of momentum of the flow per sec based on actual velocity to the
momentum of the flow per sec based on average velocity across the section . It is denoted by
(β) = Momentum per sec based on actual velocity
Momentum Per sec based on average velocity
6) Give the expression for the loss of head due to friction in viscous flow ?
Loss of head due to friction In viscous flow f =16/ Re
Where
f = Coefficient of friction between pipe and fluid
Re = Renolds number
7) Differentiate Laminar & Turbulent Flow : -

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
rejinpaul
.
1) A flow is said to be laminar if Renolds 1) A flow is said to be turbulent if
number is less than 2000 is known as Renolds number is greater than 4000 is
Laminar flow. known as Turbulent flow .
2) Laminar flow is possible only at low 2) Is the flow is possible at both
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velocities and high viscous fluids . velocities and low viscous fluid .
3) In such type of flow fluid particle 3) In that type of flow fluid particle
moves in laminas or layers gliding move in a zig – zag manner .
smoothly over the adjacent layer .
8) What is the expression for head loss due to friction in Darcy formula ?
hf = 4fLV2 / 2gD
Where
f = Coefficient of friction in pipe
L = Length of the pipe
D = Diameter of pipe
V = velocity of the fluid
9) What are the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe flow ?
Frictionalresistance for theturbulentflow is
i. Proportional to vn where v varies from 1.5 to 2.0 .
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ii. Proportional to the density of fluid .
iii. www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Proportional to the area of surface in contact .
iv. Independent of pressure .
v. Depend on the nature of the surface in contact .
10) What are the factors to the determined when viscous fluid flows through the circular
pipe ?
The factors to the determined as
i. Velocity distribution across the section .

ii. Ratio of maximum velocity to the average velocity .
iii. Shear stress distribution .
iv. Drop of pressure for a given length .
11) Give the equation for average velocity : -

The equation for average velocity is given as
Ū= ⅛ µ (-ðp/ðx ) R2
Where R = Radius of the pipe
12) Give the formula for velocity distribution: -

The formula for velocity distribution is given as
.
U = ¼ µ (-ðp/ðx ) (R2-r2)
Where R = Radius of the pipe
r = Radius of the fluid element
13) What do you understand by the terms a) major energy losses , b) minor energy losses
.
This loss due to friction and it is calculated by Darcy weis bach formula and chezy‟s formula .
Minor energy losses :-
This is due to
i.Sudden expansion in pipe .
ii. Sudden contraction in pipe .
iii. Bend in pipe .
iv. Due to obstruction in pipe .
14) How will you determine the loss of head due to friction in pipes?
Darcy weis-bach
hf = 4fLV2 / 2gD
Where
hf = Loss of head due to friction .
f = Coefficient of friction in pipe .
D = Diameter of pipe .
L = Length of the pipe
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V = Mean velocity of flow .
Chezy‟s formula www.Vidyarthiplus.com
V.= C √mi
Where
i = hf / l
15) Give an expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement of the pipe :-
he = (V1-V2)2 2g
/
Where
he = Loss of head due to sudden enlargement of pipe .
V1 = Velocity of flow at section 1-1
V2 = Velocity of flow at section 2-2
16) Give an expression for loss of head due to sudden contraction : -
hc =0.5 V2 2g
/
Where
hc = Loss of head due to sudden contraction .
V = Velocity at outlet of pipe.
17) Give an expression for loss of head at the entrance of the pipe : -
hi =0.5V2 2g
/
where
.
hi = Loss of head at entrance of pipe .
V = Velocity of liquid at inlet and outlet of the pipe .
18) Derive the expression for drop of pressure for a given length of a pipe :-
.P1-P2 = 32 µŪL / ρgD

Where
P1-P2 is drop of pressure .
19) Give expression for co efficient of friction in terms of shear stress :-

2
f = 2ϊ 0 / ρv
Where
ϊ 0 = Shear stress
v = volume of pipes
f = coefficient of friction
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20) Give an expression for losswww.Vidyarthiplus.com
of head due to an obstruction in pipe
Loss of head due to an obstruction
= V2 / 2g ( A/ Cc (A-a ) -1 )2
Where
A = area of pipe
a = Max area of obstruction V
= Velocity of liquid in pipe
A-a = Area of flow of liquid at section 1-1
21) Define the terms a) Hydraulic gradient line [HGL]
b) Total Energy line [TEL]
a) Hydraulic gradient line :-
Hydraulic gradient line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head
and datum head of a flowing fluid in apipe with respect the reference line .
b) Total energy line :-

Total energy line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head ,
datum head and kinetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line .
22) What is sypon ? where it is used :_
Sypon is along bend pipe which is used to transfer liquid from a reservoir at a higher
elevation to another reservoir at a lower level .
Uses of sypon : -
1. To carry water from one reservoir to another reservoir separated by ahill ridge .
2. To empty a channel not provided with any outlet sluice .
23) What is the intensity of pressure rise due to water hammer ?

Water hammer in pipe is given by
P = ρLV/ t = When the valve is closed gradually
V √KP = when the valve is closed suddenly and pipe is assumed
= rigid .
V ×√ ρ/ 1/K + D/ Et = when valve is closed suddenly and pipe is elastic..

=
24) What is meant by hydraulic mean depth ? or hydraulic radius :-
It is the ratio between area of flow to the wetted perimeter of pipe .
.
Hydraulic mean depth m = A/ P = π ⁄ 4 d2/ π d = d /4
m= d /4
25) What does the pressure rise due to water hammer in pipes depends on?
It depends on
Velocity of flow of water in pipe .

The length of the pipe .
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Time taken to close the valve .
Elastic properties of the material of the pipe .
26) What is the condition for maximum power transmitted through a nozzle ?
hf = H / 3
It states that power transmitted through nozzle is maximum when loss of head due to
friction in pipe is one third of the total head supplied at the inlet of pipe .
27 ) Whatarethebasicducatiostosolvethe in flow through branched pipes?
i. Continuity equation .
ii. Bernoulli‟s formula .
iii. Darcy weisbach equation .
28 ) What is Dupuit’s equation ?
L1/d15+L2/d25 +L3/d35 = L / d5
Where
L1, d1 = Length and diameter of the pipe 1
29 Write the expression for shear stress?
Shear stress δ = - (∂p/∂x) (r/2) δmax
= - (∂p/∂x) (R/2)
30.What are the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe

flow? Frictional resistance for the turbulent flow is,
i. Proportional to vn where v varies from 1.5 to 2.0.
ii. Proportional to the density of fluid.
iii. Proportional to the area of surface in contact.
iv. Independent of pressure.
v. Depend on the nature of the surface in contact.
ii Define kinetic energy correction factor?

Kinetic energy factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on actual
velocity across a section to the kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on average velocity across the
same section. It is denoted by (α).
K. E factor (α) = K.E per sec based on actual velocity / K.E per sec based on Average velocity
11. Define momentum correction factor (β):
It is defined as the ratio of momentum of the flow per sec based on actual velocity to the momentum of
the flow per sec based on average velocity across the section.
β= Momentum per sec based on actual velocity/Momentum Per sec based on average velocity
12. Define Boundary layer.
When a real fluid flow passed a solid boundary, fluid layer is adhered to the solid boundary.
Due to adhesion fluid undergoes retardation thereby developing a small region in the immediate vicinity of
the boundary. This region is known as boundary layer.
13. What is mean by boundary layer growth?
At subsequent points downstream of the leading edge, the boundary layer region increases
because the retarded fluid is further retarded. This is referred as growth of boundary layer.
14. Classification of boundary layer.
(i) Laminar boundary layer, (ii)
Transition zone,
(iii) Turbulent boundary layer.
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15. Define Laminar boundary layer.
Near the leading edge of the www.Vidyarthiplus.com
surface of the plate the thickness of boundary layer is small and flow is
laminar. This layer of fluid is said to be laminar boundary layer.
The length of the plate from the leading edge, upto which laminar boundary layer exists is called as
laminar zone. In this zone the velocity profile is parabolic.
16. Define transition zone.
After laminar zone, the laminar boundary layer becomes unstable and the fluid motion transformed to
turbulent boundary layer. This short length over which the changes taking place is called as transition
zone.
17. Define Turbulent boundary.
Further downstream of transition zone, the boundary layer is turbulent and continuous to grow
in thickness. This layer of boundary is called turbulent boundary layer.
18. Define Laminar sub Layer
In the turbulent boundary layer zone, adjacent to the solid surface of the plate the velocity
variation is influenced by viscous effects. Due to very small thickness, the velocity distribution is almost
linear. This region is known as laminar sub layer.
19. Define Boundary layer Thickness.
It is defined as the distance from the solid boundary measured in y-direction to the point, where the
velocity of fluid is approximately equal to 0.99 times the free stream velocity (U) of the fluid.
It is denoted by δ.
20. List the various types of boundary layer thickness.
Displacement thickness(δ*), Momentum thickness(θ), Energy thickness(δ**)
21. Define displacement thickness.
The displacement thickness (δ) is defined as the distance by which the boundary should be displaced to
compensate for the reduction in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation.
δ* = ∫ [ 1 – (u/U) ] dy
22. Define momentum thickness.
The momentum thickness (θ) is defined as the distance by which the boundary should be displaced to
compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.
θ = ∫ [ (u/U) – (u/U)2 ] dy
23. Define energy thickness
The energy thickness (δ**) is defined as the distance by which the boundary should be
displaced to compensate for the reduction in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary
layer formation.
δ** = ∫ [ (u/U) – (u/U)3 ] dy
24. What is meant by energy loss in a pipe?
When the fluid flows through a pipe, it looses some energy or head due to frictional resistance and other
reasons. It is called energy loss. The losses are classified as; Major losses and Minor losses
25. Explain the major losses in a pipe.
The major energy losses in a pipe is mainly due to the frictional resistance caused by the shear force
between the fluid particles and boundary walls of the pipe and also due to viscosity of the fluid.
26. Explain minor losses in a pipe.
The loss of energy or head due to change of velocity of the flowing fluid in magnitude or direction is
called minor losses. It includes: sudden expansion of the pipe, sudden contraction of the pipe, bend in a
pipe, pipe fittings and obstruction in the pipe, etc.
27. State Darcy-Weisbach equation OR What is the expression for head loss due to friction?
2
hf = 4flv / 2gd
where, hf = Head loss due to friction (m), L = Length of the pipe (m),
d = Diameter of the pipe (m), V = Velocity of flow (m/sec) f =
Coefficient of friction
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28. What are the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe flow?
Frictional resistance for the turbulent flow is,
i. Proportional to vn where v varies from 1.5 to 2.0.
ii. Proportional to the density of fluid.
iii. Proportional to the area of surface in contact.
iv. Independent of pressure.
v. Depend on the nature of the surface in contact.
29. Write the expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement of the pipe.
2
hexp = (V1-V2) /2g
Where, hexp = Loss of head due to sudden enlargement of pipe. V1 =
Velocity of flow at pipe 1; V2 = Velocity of flow at pipe 2.
30. Write the expression for loss of head due to sudden contraction.
2
hcon =0.5 V /2g
hcon = Loss of head due to sudden contraction. V = Velocity at outlet of pipe. 31.
Write the expression for loss of head at the entrance of the pipe.
hi =0.5V2/2g
hi = Loss of head at entrance of pipe. V = Velocity of liquid at inlet of the pipe. 32.
Write the expression for loss of head at exit of the pipe.
ho = V2/2g
where, ho = Loss of head at exit of the pipe. V = Velocity of liquid at inlet and outlet of the pipe. 33. Give
an expression for loss of head due to an obstruction in pipe
Loss of head due to an obstruction = V2 / 2g ( A/ Cc (A-a ) -1 )2 Where,
A = area of pipe, a = Max area of obstruction,
V = Velocity of liquid in pipe A-a = Area of flow of liquid at section 1-1 34.
What is compound pipe or pipes in series?
When the pipes of different length and different diameters are connected end to end, then the pipes are
called as compound pipes or pipes in series.
35. What is mean by parallel pipe and write the governing equations.
When the pipe divides into two or more branches and again join together downstream to form a single pipe
then it is called as pipes in parallel. The governing equations are:
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 hf1 = hf2
36. Define equivalent pipe and write the equation to obtain equivalent pipe diameter.
The single pipe replacing the compound pipe with same diameter without change in discharge and
head loss is known as equivalent pipe.
L = L 1 + L2 + L 3
5 5 5 5
(L/d ) = (L1/d1 ) + (L2/d2 ) + (L3/d3 )
37. What is meant by Moody‟s chart and what are the uses of Moody‟s chart?
The basic chart plotted against Darcy-Weisbach friction factor against Reynold‟s Number
(Re) for the variety of relative roughness and flow regimes. The relative roughness is the ratio of the mean
height of roughness of the pipe and its diameter (ε/D).
Moody‟s diagram is accurate to about 15% for design calculations and used for a large number of
applications. It can be used for non-circular conduits and also for open channels.
38. Define the terms a) Hydraulic gradient line [HGL] b) Total Energy line [TEL]
Hydraulic gradient line: It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head and datum head
of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect the reference line.
HGL = Sum of Pressure Head and Datum head
Total energy line: Total energy line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum
head and kinetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line.
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TEL = Sum of Pressure Head, Datum head and Velocity head
Unit-II & III (Fluid Flow Concepts and Basic Equations)
1) Define forced vertex flow? Give example?
It is defined as that type of vertex flow in which some external torque is required to rotate the
fluid mass.
Example.
1.A vertical cylinder containing liquid which is rotated about its central axis with a constant
angular velocity. .
2.Flow of liquid inside the impeller of a centrifugal pump.
2) Define free vertex flow? Give examples?
When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass, that type of flow is called free
vertex flow.
Example..
1.Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of a container.
2.A whirlpool in a river.
3) Write the equation of motion for vertex flow?

dp=ρ(v2/r)dr-ρgdz
This equation of variation of pressure of a rotating fluid in any plane.
Where
r-Radius of element. p-
Pressure variation. ρ-density
of liquid. g-Acceleration due
to gravity.
4) Write the equation of forced vortex flow?

Z=(ω2r2)/2g
Where
-Angular velocity.
r-Radius of parabola.
z-Heightofparabola g-Acceleration due to gravity.
5) Write the equation of closed cylindrical vessels?
Z=(ω2r2)/2g
Volume of air before rotation=Volume of closed vessel-Volume of liquid in vessel.
Volume of air after rotation=Volume of paraboloid formed.
6) What are the forces present in a fluid flow?

Fg-Gravity force Fp-
Pressure force Fv-Force
due to viscosity Ft-force
due to turbulence.
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Fc-Force due to compressibility.
7) Give the Euler’s equation ofwww.Vidyarthiplus.com
motion?
(dp/ρ)+gdz+vdv=0
8) What are the assumptions made in deriving Bernouillie’s equation?

1.The fluid is ideal
2.The flow is steady.
3.The flow is incompressible.
4.The flow is irrotational.
.
8) What is bernoulli’s equation for real fluid?
(p1/ρg)+(v12/2g)+z1=(p2/ρg)+(v22/2g)+z2+hl where hl is the loss of
energy
(p/ρg)-Pressure.energy.
(v2/2g)=Kinetic
energy. z-Datum
energy.
10) State the application of Bernouillie’s equation ?
It has the application on the following measuring devices.
1.Orifice meter.
2.Venturimeter.
3.Pitot tube.
11) Define venturimeter?
A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a
pipe.It consists of three parts,They are short converging part ,and throat a diverging part.
12) Write the expression for rate of flow through venturimeter?
Discharge through venturimeter is given by

Qactual=cda1a2(2gh)^1/2/(a12-a22)^1/2
Where
cd-Co-efficient of venturimeter
a1-area of inlet
a2-area of throat.
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h-differenceinpressureheadsattheinletandatthethroat. g-
acceleration due to gravity.
13) What purpose orifice meter is used? Define it?
It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid through a pipe.Orificemeter
consist of a flat circular plate which has a circular sharp edged hole called orifice meter.
14) State momentum equation and Impulse momentum equation?
The momentum equation states that net force acting on a fluid mass in equal to the
change in momentum per second in direction.This is given as
F=d(mv)/dt
The impulse momentum equation is given by F.dt=d(mv)
15) State moment of momentukm equation?
The moment of momentum equation states that the resultant torque acting on a rotating
fluid is equal to rate of change of moment of the momentum. Mathematically it is given as.
T=pq(v2r2-v1r1)
16) Define pitot tube and give its working principle?
The pitot tube consist of a glass tube bent at right angles.It is based on the principle
that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero the pressure there isincreased due to
.
conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy.
17) Derive an equation for the resultant force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe bend?
Fx=PQ(v1-v2cos↵ )+P1A2-P2A2cos↵ .
Fy=PQ(-v2sin↵ )-P2A2sin↵ .
.
Resultant force=(Fx2+Fy2)^1/2
And the angle made by the resultant force with horizontal direction is given by
18) State Bernouillie’s theorem?
It states that in a steady ideal flow of an incompressible fluid the total energy at any
point of the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of pressure energy, Kinetic energy and
potential energy.
19) Give the expression for actual velocity in pitot tube?
(v1)=cv(2gh)^1/2 cv-Co-
efficient of pitot tube. (v 1)act-
Actual velocity. (2gh)^1/2 -
Theoritical velocity.
16
20) What arrangements shouldwww.Vidyarthiplus.com
be adopted to find the velocity at any point in a pipe by a
pitot tube?
The arrangements to be adopted are (1)Pitot tube along with vertical piezometer tube.(2)Pitot
tube connected with piezometer.(3)Pitot tube and vertical piezometer connected with a
differential U-tube manometer.
21) What are the types of fluid flows?

The fluid flow is classified as,
(1)Steady and unsteady flow .
(2)Uniform and non-uniform flow.
(3)Laminar and turbulent flow.
4)Compressible and incompressible flow.
(5)Rotational and irrotational flow.
(6)One,two and three dimention flow
22) Differentiate steady and unsteady flow?
Steady flow Unsteady flow.
Unsteady flow is that type of flow

1.Steady flow is defined as that type
of flow in which the fluid characteristics in which the velocity.pressure at a point
like velocity,pressure etc at a point do not
change with time changes with time.
2. (dv/dt)(0,0,0)=0 (dv/dt)(0,0,0)=/0
23) Differentiate uniform and non-uniform flow?
Uniform flow Non-uniform flow.
.
1.It is defined as that type of flow It is defined as that type of flow in which
in which the velocity at any given the velocity at any given time changes with
time does not change with respect respect to time.
to space.
2.(dv/dt)t=constant=0 (dv/dt)t=constant=/0
24) Differentiate laminar and turbulent flow?

.
Laminar flow. Turbulant flow.
1.Laminar flow is defined as that type It is defined as that type of flow in which
of flow in which the fluid particle movethe fluid particle moves ina zig-zag way
along well defined path or streamline
and all the streamline are straight and
17
parallel.
2.Reynolds number<2000 www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Reynolds number>4000.
25) Define cmpressible flow?
Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid changes from point to
point.(eg)Flow of gasses through orifice nozzle and gas turbine.
26) Define incompressible flow?

Incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density is constant for the fluid
flow.(eg)Subsonic aerodynamics.
27) Define rotational flow?

Rotationalflowisthattypeofflowinwhichinwhichthe fluid particle flowing along streamlines,
also rotate about their own axis.
28) Define irrotational flow?
It is that type of flow in which the fluid particle while flowing along streamlines,do not
rotate about their own axis.
29) Define one dimensional flow?

One dimentional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such aas velocity is a
function of time and one space co-ordinate only,say X. U=F(x),V=0,w=0.
30) Define two dimensional flow?
It is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and two rectangular space
say X and Y.
u=F1(X,Y),V=F2(X,Y) and w=0.
31) What is three dimentional flow?

A three dimentional flow is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of
time and three mutually perpendicular directions.
U=F1(X,Y,X),v=F2(X,Y,Z),w=F3(X,Y,Z).
U,v,w are velocity components inX,Y,Z direction respectly.
32) What is total acceleration of three dimensional fluid flow?

If ax, ay,az are the total acceleration in x,y,z directions.
Then ax=du/dt=u.(∂u/∂x)+v.(∂u/∂y)+w.(∂u/∂z)+∂u/∂t.
ay=dv/dt=u.(∂v/∂x)+v.(∂v/∂y)+w.(∂v/∂z)+∂v/∂t.
.
az=dw/dt=u.(∂w/∂x)+v.(∂w/∂y)+w.(∂w/∂z)+∂w/∂t
33) Define local acceleration?

It is defined as the rate of increace of velocity with respect to time at a given point in a
flow field.
34) Define convective acceleration?

.
It is defined as the rate of change of velocity due to the change of position of fluid particle
in a fluid flow.
35) Define velocity potential function?
18
It is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its negative derivative with
respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction.It is denoted by
Φ. U= -∂Φ/∂x,v=-∂Φ/∂y,w=-∂Φ/∂z.
U,v,w are the velocity in x,y,z direction.
36) Mention the properties of potential function?

1.If velocity potential exists,The flow should be irrotational.
2.If velocity potential satisfies the laplace equation,It represents the possible steady
incompressible irrotational flow.
37) Define stream function

It is defined as the scalar function of space and time, such that its partial derivative
with respect to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that direction.It
is denoted by
38) Mention the properties of stream function?

1.If streamfunctionexists,itnisaossiblecaseoffluidflow which may be rotational. 2.If
stream function satisfies laplace equation, It is a possible case of an irrotational flow.
39) What is equipotential line?

A line along which the velocity potential Φ is constant is called equipotential line.
40) Give the relation between stream function and velocity potential function?
u=-∂Φ/∂x and v=-∂Φ/∂y
u=-∂Ψ/∂y and v=-∂Ψ/∂x
u=-∂Φ/∂x=-∂Ψ/∂y and v=-∂Φ/∂y=-∂Ψ/∂x
Hence ∂Φ/∂x=∂Ψ/∂y
∂Φ/∂y=-∂Ψ/∂x
UNIT-II- FLUID STATICS &KINEMATICS

01.What is flow net?
A grid obtained by drawing a series of equipment lines and steam lines is
called a flow net. The flow net is an important tool is analysis two dimensional.
irrotational flow problems.
2.What are the types of motion of fluid particle?

i. Linear translation or pure translation.
ii. Linear Deformation.
iii. Angular Deformation
iv. Rotation.
3.What are linear translation?
It is defined as the movement of a fluid element in such a way that it
moves bodily from one position to represents in new position by a‟b‟&c‟d‟ are parallel.
4.What is linear translation? .
It is defined as the deformation of a fluid element in linear direction when the
element moves the axes of the element in the deformation position and undeformation
position are parallel but their lengths changes.
5.Define angular deformation?
It is defined as the average change in the angle contained by two adjacent sides.
19
Let s & s is the change in angle between two adjacent sides of a fluid element .
The angular deformation=1/2*(Sθ www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1 +Sθ 2).
6.Define rotation of fluid element?

It is defined as the movement of a fluid element in such a way that both of
rotate in same direction. It is equal to1/2(∂ v/∂x-∂u/∂y) for a twodimensional
element x, y plane.
ωz=1/2(∂u/∂x-∂u/∂y)
ωx=1/2(∂w/∂y-∂v/∂z)
ωy=1/2(∂u/∂z-∂w/∂x)
7.Define vortex flow mention its types?

Vortex flow is defined as the flow of a fluid along a curved path or the flow
Of a rotating mass of fluid is known as votex flow.
i. Forced vortex flow.
ii) Freevortexflow.
8.Define free vortex flow?

When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass that type of flow
Is called free vortex flow.
9.Define forced vortex flow?

Forced vortex flow is defined as that type of vortex flow in which some externa
Torque is required to rotate the fluid mass.The fluid mass in the type of flow rotates at
constant Angular velocity „w‟.The tangential velocity of any fluid particle is given by v=cosr.
10.Give the equation of motion for vortex flow?
Pressure acting PSA on the face AB. Pressure

force(P+ ∂p/∂r r )SA on the face cd.
centrifugal force mv2/r acting in the direction away.
From center O
Now the mass of the element= mass
density*vol
ume =ρ*
A* r
Centrifugal force=ρ* A* r*v2 /r

Equal the forces in the radial direction we get
(P+.∂ p/∂ r r) A-p A=p A rv /r

∂p/∂r r A=p A rv2/r
Cancelling A, r on both sides we get
20
∂p/∂r=pv 2
/r
11.What are the forces present in the fluid flow?
a) Gravity force (Fg)
b) Pressure force (Fp)
c) Force due to viscosity(Fv)
d) Force due to turbulence(Ft)
e) Force due to compressibility(Fo)
12.What are the assumptions made in the deviation of Bernoulli’s eqn?

i The fluid is ideal
ie,viscosity is zero
iii The flow is steady.
iv The flow is incompressible.
v The flow is irrotational.
13.State Bernoulli‟s theorem?
It states that in a steady,ideal flow of an incompressible fluid,the total energy
at any point of the fluid is constant.
Itiswittnas,
P/w+v2/2g+z=constant.
14.What is Venturimeter?Mention its parts?

Venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing
through a pipe.
Parts:
i A short convergant part.
ii Throat.
iii Divergant part.
]
15 .What is Orifice meter?

Orifice meter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid through a
Pipe.It is a cheaper device as compared to Venturimeter.It works on the same principle
of Venturimeter.
16 .What is pitot tube?

Pitot tube is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a
pipe Or a channel.
17. What is momentum equation

It is based on the law of conservation of momentum or on the momentum principle
It states that,the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in momentum of flow
per unit time in that direction.
.
Expression:
The force acting on the fluid mass „m‟ is given by
F=m*a
Where
F=force
m=mass of fluid
a =acc
21
18. What is impulse momentum method?
F=m*a
But a=dv/dt
∴ F=m*dv/dt
=d/dt(mv)
F=d(mv)/dt
∴ F.dt=d(mv)
This is implse momentum
equation. Statement:
It states that the impulse of a force F acting ona fluid mass „m‟ in a
fhort interval of time dt is equal to the change of momentum d(mv) in the direction
of force.
19.State momentum of momentum equation?
It states that the resulting torque acting on a rotating fluid is

equal to the rate of change of moment of momentum.
20.Give the expression for Bernoulli‟s equation of real fluid?
P1/ρg+V12/2g+Z1=P2/ρg+V22/2g+Z2+h2
Where
P1/ρg=Pressure head at section 1
V12/2g=Velocity head at section
1
re head at section 2
V22/2g=Velocity head at section
2 Z2=datum head at section 2
hL=loss of energy between sections 1&2
UNIT V : SIMILITUDE AND MODEL STUDY

1. Define dimensional analysis.
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical technique which makes use of the study of dimensions as an
aid to solution of several engineering problems. It plays an important role in research work.
2. Write the uses of dimension analysis?
• It helps in testing the dimensional homogeneity of any equation of fluid motion.
• It helps in deriving equations expressed in terms of non-dimensional parameters.
• It helps in planning model tests and presenting experimental results in a systematic manner.
3. List the primary and derived quantities.
Primary or Fundamental quantities: The various physical quantities used to describe a given
phenomenon can be described by a set of quantities which are independent of each other. These quantities
are known as fundamental quantities or primary quantities. Mass (M), Length
(L), Time (T) and Temperature (θ) are the fundamental quantities.
22
Secondary or Derived quantities: All other quantities such as area, volume, velocity, acceleration,
energy, power, etc are termed as derived quantities or secondary quantities because they can be expressed
by primary quantities.
4. Write the dimensions for the followings.
Force (F) - MLT-
-1 -2 2
Dynamic viscosity (μ) – ML T , ,
Power (P) -ML2T-
Mass density (ρ) – ML-3, 3
5. Define dimensional homogeneity.

An equation is said to be dimensionally homogeneous if the dimensions of the terms on its LHS are
same as the dimensions of the terms on its RHS.
6. Mention the methods available for dimensional analysis.
Rayleigh method,
Buckinghum π method
7. State Buckingham’s π theorem.
It states that “if there are „n‟ variables (both independent & dependent variables) in a physical
phenomenon and if these variables contain „m‟ functional dimensions and are related by a dimensionally
homogeneous equation, then the variables are arranged into n-m dimensionless terms. Each term is called
π term”.
8. List the repeating variables used in Buckingham π theorem.
Geometrical Properties – l, d, H, h, etc, Flow
Properties – v, a, g, ω, Q, etc,
Fluid Properties – ρ, μ, γ, etc.
9. Define model and prototype.

The small scale replica of an actual structure or the machine is known as its Model, while the actual
structure or machine is called as its Prototype. Mostly models are much smaller than the corresponding
prototype.
10. Write the advantages of model analysis.
• Model test are quite economical and convenient.
• Alterations can be continued until most suitable design is obtained.
• Modification of prototype based on the model results.
• The information about the performance of prototype can be obtained well in advance.
11. List the types of similarities or similitude used in model anlaysis.
Geometric similarities, Kinematic similarities, Dynamic similarities
12. Define geometric similarities
It exists between the model and prototype if the ratio of corresponding lengths, dimensions in the
model and the prototype are equal. Such a ratio is known as “Scale Ratio”.
13. Define kinematic similarities
It exists between the model and prototype if the paths of the homogeneous moving particles are
geometrically similar and if the ratio of the flow properties is equal.
14. Define dynamic similarities
It exits between model and the prototype which are geometrically and kinematic similar and if the ratio
of all forces acting on the model and prototype are equal.
15. Mention 
the various forces considered in fluid flow.

Inertia force,

Viscous force,

Gravity force,

Pressure force,

Surface Tension force,
Elasticity force
16. Define model law or similarity law.
23
The condition for existence of completely dynamic similarity between a model and its prototype are
denoted by equation obtained from www.Vidyarthiplus.com
dimensionless numbers. The laws on which the models are designed
for dynamic similarity are called Model laws or Laws of Similarity.
17. List thevarious model laws applied in model analysis.
Reynold‟s Model Law,


Froude‟s Model Law,

Euler‟s Model Law,

Weber Model Law,
Mach Model Law
18. State Reynold’s model law
For the flow, where in addition to inertia force the viscous force is the only other predominant force,
the similarity of flow in the model and its prototype can be established, if the Renold‟s number is same for
both the systems. This is known as Reynold‟s model law. Re(p) = Re(m)
19. State Froude’s model law
When the forces of gravity can be considered to be the only predominant force which controls the
motion in addition to the force of inertia, the dynamic similarities of the flow in any two such systems can
be established, if the Froude number for both the system is the same. This is known as Froude Model Law.
Fr(p) = Fr (m)
20. State Euler’s model law

In a fluid system where supplied pressures are the controlling forces in addition to inertia forces and
other forces are either entirely absent or in-significant the Euler‟s number for both the model and prototype
which known as Euler Model Law.
21. State Weber’s model law
When surface tension effect predominates in addition to inertia force then the dynamic similarity is
obtained by equating the Weber‟s number for both model and its prototype, which is called as Weber
Model Law.
22. State Mach’s model law
If in any phenomenon only the forces resulting from elastic compression are significant in addition to
inertia forces and all other forces may be neglected, then the dynamic similarity between model and its
prototype may be achieved by equating the Mach‟s number for both the systems. This is known Mach
Model Law.
23. Classify the hydraulic models.
The hydraulic models are classified as: Undistorted model & Distorted model
24. Define undistorted model
An undistorted model is that which is geometrically similar to its prototype, i.e. the scale ratio for
corresponding linear dimensions of the model and its prototype are same.
25. Define distorted model
Distorted models are those in which one or more terms of the model are not identical with their
counterparts in the prototype.
26. Define Scale effect
An effect in fluid flow that results from changing the scale, but not the shape, of a body around which
the flow passes.
27. List the advantages of distorted model.
• The results in steeper water surface slopes and magnification of wave heights in model can be obtained
by providing true vertical structure with accuracy.
• The model size can be reduced to lower down the cast.
• Sufficient tractate force can be developed to produce bed movement with a small model.
24
28. Write the dimensions for the followings.
SIXTEEN MARK QUESTIONS
Unit -I DEFINITIONS AND FLUID PROPERTIES

3. What are the methods and instruments available for the measurement
of pressure?
4. Define compressibility and prove that it is reciprocal of bulk modulus
of elasticity.
5. Derive the continuity equation for three dimensional flow in X,Y and Z
co-ordinate system.
6. Explain with neat sketch Surface tension and capillarity ad obtain
25
necessary expressions.
iv. Differentiate between absolute pressure and gauge pressure and give suitable sample
conversion.
Unit –II FLUID STATICS & KINEMATICS

9) (a) Define stream line, path line, and streak line.
The velocity potential function (θ) is given by an expression θ = xy2 /3 – x3y /3
+x2 - y2. Find the velocity component in x and y direction, also check for a possible
case of flow.
10) Derive continuity equation from principle of conservation of mass.
11) The velocity component for a two dimensional incompressible flow are
given by
u = 3x – 2y and v = -3y – 2x
Show that the velocity potential exists. Determine the velocity potential
function and stream function.
12) Derive the continuity equation for a three dimensional incompressible flow.
13) The water level in a canal is regulated by a flat tipper gate.inclined at a 60o to
the bed. The tipper takes place about a fulcrum placed at a height of 1m
from the bed when the water level in the canal reaches a maximum value H.
Determine H.
1. Derive from.thebasic principle the Euler‟s Equation of motion in Cartesian co-
ordinate system and deduce the equation to Bernoulli‟s theorem for steady
irrotational flow.
2. Derive Darcy-Weisbach formula for frictional loss in a pipe.
3. What power is required per kilometer of an 8.0 cm pipe line to maintain a flow of
5.0 lps of castor oil having a dynamic viscosity of 9.8 Poise? Assume flow in
laminar.
4. Derive Euler‟s Equation of motion along a stream line and hence derive the
Bernoulli‟s theorem.
Unit –IV BOUNDARY LAYER AND FLOW THROUGH PIPES

ii. A compound piping system consists of 1800m length with 0.5m diameter, 1200m
length with of 0.40m diameter ad 600m length with of 0.3m diameter
.pipe connected in series. Convert the system to (i) an equivalent length of

0.4m diameter pipe and (ii) an equivalent size of pipe of 3600m length.
f) Derive Von Karman Momentum integral equation.
g) If the velocity profile in a laminar boundary is given by
26
u/v = 2(y/ δ) - (y/ δ) 2
i A pipe system consist of three pipes arranged in series, the length of the
pipe are 1200m, 750m, and 600m. Diameters are 750mm, 600mm, and
450mm respectively. Transform the system to an equivalent 450mm
diameter pipe; also determine an equivalent diameter for the pipe 2550m
long.
i What is the separation of boundary layer? When it occurs? Discuss
the method for the control of boundary layer separation.
Unit –V SIMILITUDE AND MODEL STUDY

1. Using Buckingham‟s π theorem, show that the drag force FD = ρL2V2 θ
(Re,M) I which Re =ρVL/ µ ;M = V/C ; ρ = fluid mass density ; L = chord
length ; V = velocity of aircraft ; µ = fluid viscosity ; C = sonic velocity =
√(K/ρ) where K = bulk modulus of elasticity.
.
2.The resistance „R‟ experienced by a partially, submerged body depends upon
the velocity „V‟, length of the body „l‟, viscosity of fluid „µ‟, density of the
fluid „ρ‟ and gravitational acceleration „g‟ ; Obtain expression for R.
3. State the reasons for construction distorted model of rivers and discuss the
various types of distortion in models. What are the merits and demerits of
distorted models.as compared to undistorted model?

4. Derive the relation using Buckingham‟s π theorem F = ρU2D2f (µ/ (UDρ),
ND/U).
5. In an aero3 plane model of size 1/10 of its prototype the pressure drop is
7.5kN/m . The model is tested in water. Find the corresponding pressure
drop in the prototype. Take density of air is 1.4 kg/m3, density of water
is 1000 kg/m3, viscosity of air is 0.00018 poise and viscosity of water is
0.01poise.
27

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CE6303 - MECHANICS OF FLUIDS

6.Define specific volume?

7. Define specific gravity with respect to density?

10. Define poise ?

11.Give the classification of fluids?

12. What is real fluid?

13.What is non Newtonian fluid?

15. Define compressible fluid?

16. Define compressibility?

18.Give the types of gas laws?

19. Give the equation for capillarity fall in an glass tube.

The equation for the capillarity fall is

21. Define fluid dynamics?

22. Define density or mass density?

24.Define specific gravity with respect to weight density?

25.Define dynamic viscosity?

26.Give the other names of dynamic viscosity ?

(iii) SI system is Ns/m2. .

30.Define ideal fluid?

31. Define Newtonian fluid?

32. Define ideal plastic fluid ?

33.What is an incompressible fluid?

35. Give some examples of capillarity?

36. Give the equation for capillarity in a glass tube?

37. Define vapour pressure?

38. Define Boyles law?

40.Define surface tension.

42.Give the equation for effect of surface tension on a hollow bubble.

45.Define Charles law.

47.What are the causes for viscosity?

49. Give the equation for capillarity fall in an glass tube.

50.Define Kinematic viscosity.

. 51.Surface tension on liquid droplet, σ = pd/4

52.Define Control Volume.

Unit -IV BOUNDARY LAYER & FLOW THROUGH PIPES

1) What do you meant by viscous flow ?

2) What is Hagen poiseuille’s formula ?

3) Derive the relation between Umax and Ū ?

5) Define momentum correction factor : -

Loss of head due to friction In viscous flow f =16/ Re

7) Differentiate Laminar & Turbulent Flow : -

i. Velocity distribution across the section .

11) Give the equation for average velocity : -

12) Give the formula for velocity distribution: -

.P1-P2 = 32 µŪL / ρgD

19) Give expression for co efficient of friction in terms of shear stress :-

b) Total energy line :-

22) What is sypon ? where it is used :_

23) What is the intensity of pressure rise due to water hammer ?

V ×√ ρ/ 1/K + D/ Et = when valve is closed suddenly and pipe is elastic..

Velocity of flow of water in pipe .

28 ) What is Dupuit’s equation ?

30.What are the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe

ii Define kinetic energy correction factor?

Unit-II & III (Fluid Flow Concepts and Basic Equations)

1) Define forced vertex flow? Give example?

2) Define free vertex flow? Give examples?

3) Write the equation of motion for vertex flow?

4) Write the equation of forced vortex flow?

6) What are the forces present in a fluid flow?

8) What are the assumptions made in deriving Bernouillie’s equation?

12) Write the expression for rate of flow through venturimeter?