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IR DEFENSE 1 2016
Jennifer R. Anton
Hanny Zerlinda
Emmanuella Huang
Fauzan Farhanny
Jessica Cellin
1Monica Sarkar, CNN Photos and video by Getty Images and AP. (2018, August 15). India,
Pakistan's independence: Story behind one of history's greatest mass migrations. Retrieved from
https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/08/asia/india-pakistan-independence-timeline/index.html
2
Ibid.
most conflict between the two states happened. Below attached is the map of Line of Control
between India and Paksitan:
In order to solve this problem, India’s defense bodies have notably formulated defense policies
and established Border Security Forces to closely watch the increasing number of ceasefire
violations. However, when almost all the conventional measures taken are not enough to solve
the problem and achieve India’s national interests, the defense bodies keep on going to seek
for better solutions. One of the most recent policy formulated by Indian Government is
Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (hereinafter: CIBMS).
The first step in formulating a defense policy would be deciding national values and national—
particularly security—interests as it will be the core principles on why and how the actions are
going to be taken. The second phase is to consider their strategic environment (consisted of
operational and psychological environment). It is a phase where a state is going to evaluate either
internal or external threats they are facing and it could be highly influenced by many factors, two
of the most prominent that we are going to bring in this paper are economic and political features.
The third phase is deciding on defense objective that they will attempt to achieve. This point is
fundamentally similar to the first phase however must be explained in a more detailed manner,
specified only to defense objectives. The fourth one will be about defense policy and strategy. Out
of the first three phases, a state must take action by translating their concerns and goals into
something feasible which is strategy or policy. Next one, defense mission, refers to the set of
actions as actualization of strategy. The last but not least, forces are basically the actors who are
going to be directly involved in the execution of the mission.
Just like any other government policies, defense policy must acquire clear objectives, means, and
ways. In this context, the objective would be consisted of specific security goals. The means will
be in the form of defense policy, whereas the ways refers to the tactics to execute the policy.
Attack Aircraft are defined as those capable of attacking ground / surface targets (Some
BEING purpose-built while others are modifications of existing products). Attack Helicopters are
defined as those multi-engine, rotary-wing systems developed specifically to attack ground targets.
4
("India - Geography", 2018)
Transports value includes both fixed- and rotary-wing products. India’s total aircraft strength is
2,185 with total 720 helicopter power.
Beside it, India also has land strength which are combat tank value includes Main Battle
Tanks (MBTs), light tanks, and tank destroyers. No distinction is made between tracked and
wheeled designs. Armored Fighting Vehicle (AFV) value includes Armored Personnel Carriers
(APCs) as well as Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs). Rocket Projectors primary include self-
propelled forms. The total combat tanks are 4,426, armored fighting vehicles 3,147, self-propelled
artillery 190, towered artillery 4,158 and rocket projectors are 266. Added with its naval strength
which value includes diesel-electric and nuclear-powered types, no distinction being made
between conventional and nuclear-attack forms. With total naval power of 295 that contains of 1
aircraft carriers, 14 frigates, 11 destroyers, 22 corvettes, 16 submarines, 139 patrol vessels and 4
mine warfare. UAV values are not considered. India spent $47,000,000,000 for all these abilities5.
5
("2018 India Military Strength", 2018)
6
India, ”India: Pocket book of economic information”(New Delhi: 1961, Government of India Pr)
capabilities and resources. Economic features play one of the most important role, although the
government shouldn’t ignore the other aspects too, like political features7.
The amount of money can give they different point of view to see the world for making the
defense policy, because when one country wants to make the defense policy, they must to thinking
about their state’s financial sector that it can help them to support or still lack of the income to
fulfill the needs. If the one country have low income, it can make that state quite hard to move
freely to doing everything to protect they state from any intervention that can happen from the
outside and make their sate more strong than the previous one, so when there are suddenly attack
from other country, they can still protect and still keep the peace inside the country itself, it
demanding the state to increase their income to help the government for making the great and
strong defense policy. Not also for increasing the income of the country, that state must to reduce
the outcome for make the stability. It cannot work if the income is increasing but the outcome still
bigger than the income, it seems nothing. The state must to press the outcome to the minimum line
to make the economic can growth and reach the target of the state need. And the last is debt, it is
the important one for the state. The real fact that there are no one country in this world doesn’t
have debt. The different is the way that the state can handle the debt.
To put it in a brief, below table is the defense budget of India during the period where
CIBMS was launched:
7
Han Jongsu, “Economic Perspective on the Distributive Justice”, Journal of Ethics. Vol. 1 issue 69, 2008, 33-51
Operational Environment
There are several occurrences leading up to threat perception towards Pakistan and derived the
establishment of CIBMS. The bilateral relations between the two South Asian neighbors—India
and Pakistan—significantly deteriorated following terror attacks in 2016 that occurred in Indian
military camps. The two sides continue to accuse each other of frequent ceasefire violations along
the de facto border in Kashmir.
In addition to constant accusations, in 2016, Border Security Force (BSF) personnel detected a
cross-border tunnel in the area of Damala nullah in Jammu’s Arnia sub-sector, which is mostly
dominated by forests. The four other tunnels discovered were. Pallanwala sector (August 2014),
and Shakkergarh area (July 2012).1 Besides tunnels, the Jammu sector has also witnessed quite a
few instances of successful infiltration by terrorists during the past couple of years as a prelude to
attacks on strategic installations — prominent among these being the Pathankot and Uri terrorist
attacks in 2016. These incidents have not only raised serious concerns about the efficacy of the
existing border security system in thwarting such breaches but also a consequent demand for the
deployment of hightech border surveillance equipment by the BSF.
Psychological Environment
The main threat perception from India towards Pakistan is influenced by the aforementioned
political factors, which are significant differences of national identities, government system, and
geopolitical interests.8 Fundamentally, India is a democratic state whereas Pakistan’s democracy
is left far behind. This has created a tension and disagreements between the two states. In addition,
India—as a home for culturally diverse societies—also implements secularism in its political
arrangements, whereas Pakistan often acts as the ‘protector’ of Indian Muslims. The threat
perception derived from this factor happens in two-ways: India sees Pakistan as a threat and
otherwise. Out of this, Indian leaders particularly perceive that Geographical proximity of Pakistan
also influences Indian leaders’ threat perception.
Goals
8Can CIBMS alone secure the India’s borders? (2018, September 7). Retrieved from
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/can-cibms-alone-secure-the-indias-
borders/articleshow/65722529.cms
In this case, the authors would like to classify the goals of India’s defense bodies in launching its
CIBMS to three main particulars: highly-stable, stable, and unstable. Highly stable goals will refer
to national interests in a very general sense which could accommodate different aspects, namely
defense and security, economy, politics, social, cultural, and so forth. These goals will be put on
top of India’s priority, and will never be modified in any conditions. In contrast, unstable ones are
to be changed accordingly to conditions and circumstances a state faced and they are usually short-
term goals. Stable goals are basically put in between both high stable and unstable goals. However,
regardless of the classifications, the goals shall be aligned with one another.
High stable goals are largely included in the supreme law of India, the Constitution of India.
Regarding defense and security, Part IV Directive Principles of State Policy Article 51 directly
states, “the State shall endeavor to (a) promote international peace and security, and (b) maintain
just and honorable relations between nations.”9 In a quite similar sense, Narasimha Rao—India’s
former Prime Minister—in 1990 asserted several guidelines in exchange of the non-existent
India’s National Defense Policy official documents. One of the guideline reads, “Defense of
national territory over land, sea and air encompassing among others the inviolability of our
land borders, island territories, offshore assets and our maritime trade routes .”10 As we have
might acknowledged in mind, these two goals are very broad and general. Fundamentally, in
any conditions, these core goals will hardly be changed as it is one of the most vital parts of
India’s—or any other country’s—survival.
Furthermore, in terms of stable security goals, India is clearly aiming to secure unity and
integrity with Pakistan and China through its CIBMS. 11 Indeed, these goals are seemingly
depended on the dynamics of strategic environment of the State. However, we classify the
goal as stable due to the constant conflict between India and Pakistan, as well as India with
China. As have been mentioned before, conflict between India-Pakistan have occurred since
1947. This have included not only security issues, but also economic, social, most
importantly, politics, which are intertwined with each other. The conflict indeed has some
possibility to end, but it will be nearly impossible to achieve remembering the great clash of
interests both parties have.
9
New Constitution Of India. (1937). International Affairs. doi:10.2307/2603026
10
Ibid.
11
India’s National Security – Challenges and Priorities | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://idsa.in/keyspeeches/IndiasNationalSecurityChallengesandPriorities
The unstable goals that CIBMS is trying to achieve mainly revolves around securing territorial
integrity with Pakistan, which has become one of the biggest issues India is having currently.
The goal is considered unstable because the circumstance might change in the future and it is
more possible to be solved as it is just a part of the whole series of conflict between India and
Pakistan.
To put into more concise manner, we can conclude that the goals of India’s CIBMS defense
policy as follows:
Highly Stable
International peace and security, defense of
national territory over land, sea, and air
Stable
Unity and integrity with Pakistan
Unstable
Secured territorial integrity with Pakistan
12 Monica Sarkar, CNN Photos and video by Getty Images and AP. (2018, August 15). India, Pakistan's
independence: Story behind one of history's greatest mass migrations. Retrieved from
https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/08/asia/india-pakistan-independence-timeline/index.html
surveillance/patrolling of the international borders by electronic surveillance and organising the
BSF personnel into quick reaction teams to enhance their detection and interception capabilities.
Other factors such as power back up, training of the BSF personnel in handling the sophisticated
equipment, and maintenance of the equipment are incorporated into the CIBMS project.
Ways (Tactics)
Conclusion
It is generally acknowledged that the approach to national security requires a comprehensive view
of various political, social, economic, technological and strategic aspects. In the case of the
border—known as the Line of Control (LoC)—conflict between India and Pakistan, India’s
defense policy to deploy CIBMS is highly influenced by both psychological and operational.
National Security Promote international peace and security, ensuring territorial
Interest integrity
Strategic Environment India perceives Pakistan as a very distinct country with different
political system, sentiments and thoughts that Pakistan is inferior.
In addition, there has been numerous attacks and ceasefire
violations
Defense Objective Secure Line of Control
Defense Policy 1. Implementing CIBMS in Line of Control
2. Strengthening conventional Border Security Forces
Military Operations
References
Can CIBMS alone secure the India’s borders? (2018, September 7). Retrieved from
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/can-cibms-alone-secure-the-indias-
borders/articleshow/65722529.cms
India Starts Smart Fencing of Border with Pakistan - Tasnim News Agency. (2018, September
18). Retrieved from https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2018/09/18/1832005/india-
starts-smart-fencing-of-border-with-pakistan
India’s National Security – Challenges and Priorities | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://idsa.in/keyspeeches/IndiasNationalSecurityChallengesandPriorities
Monica Sarkar, CNN Photos and video by Getty Images and AP. (2018, August 15). India,
Pakistan's independence: Story behind one of history's greatest mass migrations. Retrieved
from https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/08/asia/india-pakistan-independence-
timeline/index.html
New Constitution Of India. (1937). International Affairs. doi:10.2307/2603026
Das, Dr. Pushpita. 2017. Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System: Issues and
Challenges. October 04. Accessed October 25, 2018.
https://idsa.in/issuebrief/comprehensive-integrated-border-management-
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environment.