Professional Documents
Culture Documents
electrification: Developing
Appropriate Technology
Antoine Graillot, TTA
AIE Event
Maputo, June 10th 2009
Relevant aspects in rural electrification
Cost-effectiveness
The needs: demand analysis and segmentation
The technologies and design practice
Ownership and operational scheme
User and operator training/capacity building
Monitoring and performance assessment
Lessons learned in demonstration projects
What is a Hybrid Mini Grid with RE?
AC generating
components may be directly
connected to the AC bus line or ~ ~
may need a AC/AC converter = = AC/DC Converters
Master Inverter
energy supply for the AC loads and AC Loads
Battery charger
and the battery charging.
Optional
90
80
70
Red Media Tensión
60
50
40
10
FV autónoma 2200 Wh/día (3,2 -4,0 HSP)
Red Baja Tensión
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Kilómetros
0,80
0,60
€/kWh
12,0
0,50
0,40
8,0
0,30
0,20 4,0
0,10
0,00 0,0
Grupo electrógeno Grupo electrógeno + FV híbrida (25% FV híbrida (80% FV (100% fracción
directo baterías fracción solar) fracción solar) solar)
Levelized costs for PV and Diesel technologies in microgrid for 340 users in Peru
(D.R. 5%, Diesel: 0,57 €/l)
Source: http://www.esmap.org/filez/pubs/620200785630_Peru_Solar-Diesel_Amazon_111-07.pdf
PV more sustainable than fossil
fuelled Gensets
Combustible G&O&M Inversión (microplanta + microrred)
1,00
0,90 20
0,80
16
12
0,50
0,40
8
0,30
0,20 4
0,10
0,00 0
Grupo electrógeno Grupo electrógeno FV híbrida (25% FV híbrida (80% FV (100% fracción
directo + baterías fracción solar) fracción solar) solar)
Levelized costs for PV and Diesel technologies in microgrid for 340 users in Peru
(D.R. 5%, Diesel: 1 €/l)
Source: http://www.esmap.org/filez/pubs/620200785630_Peru_Solar-Diesel_Amazon_111-07.pdf
VISION: Universal electrification-individual plants
and micro grids under one operational scheme
MSG
Multiuser Solar • Improved quality (surge power, • If the power plant fails, everybody is
Grids (MSG) load shedding, etc). cut off.
• Lower investment for compact • Social rules required to distribute
villages. energy availability.
• Energy saving can be practiced • Local management required.
using improved management tools. • Systems generally need to be
• Lower maintenance costs. serviced on site.
• Telemetry can be economic for
monitoring system status.
10 yr. Service horizon with local operator and local capacity building
Typical layout (DC bus-bar micro power plant+AC single phase grid )
Typical load profiles
Profile 1- Daily Cycle rigid slim loads
MODULABLE
AVOIDABLE
DEFERABLE
INTERRUPT.
TYPIC AL DAILY
PROFILE LOAD RANGE
(Wh/ da y)
2a
275 275
NO NO NO NO
A
550 1100
2b
2c
SL05028
Wh/d
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hp
Spring Summer Autum Winter DD (Wh)
Spring-06 Summer-06 Autum-06 Winter-07
Electricity Dispenser / meter
0,6
• User records:
– Satisfaction ??
– Electrolyte level in battery
– Black outs ?
Data logger:
built-in device in power conditioner
Hourly Data Storage (1 year):
Average and total hourly values
Parameters:
all relevant energy flows
solar irradiance
information on battery (voltage, SOC, etc.)
others
Typical monitoring data
Examples MSG
Akkan, Morocco
PV HYBRID POWER PLANT
PV GENERATOR
Installed PV capacity 5.760 Wp
Module type 80 Wp 36 cell – mono crystalline
Number of modules 72
Inclination / orientation 43º / +5º S
PV CHARGE CONTROLLER
Rated power 6.000 Wp
Control algorithm MPPT - Boost
BACK UP GENSET
Rated power 8,2 kVA single phase
Fuel Diesel
BATTERY
Number of elements (voltage) 24 (48V)
Model Hawker 2AT1500
Capacity (C100) 1.500 Ah
Autonomy 4 days
INVERTER
Voltage input / output 48 V DC / 230 V AC
Rated power 7.200 W
Harmonic distortion < 2,5%
DATA LOGGER
Memory / log frequency 300 kbyte / hourly
Type of data Energy, voltage, radiation, etc.
ELECTRICITY DISPENSER – METER
Input 230 V AC 50 Hz
Maximum current 10 A
Algorithm Configurable Daily Energy Deliverability
STREET LIGHTING
Number of lamps 13
Type 70 W hp sodium / 2 level electronic ballast
Total power - high 910 W
Total power - low 683 W
INDIVIDUAL LOADS
Households 275 Wh/day 23
Existing mini grids running with Genset (many are not working)
But essential to bring electricity, even basic needs (high value for the
first kWh)
Present and future potential
Operator recommended for long term security. Fixed user fees better