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MENSURATION
MENSURATION
1
Mensuration is the science of measurement of the lenghts of lines, Area of DABC = ´ (product of two sides)×
2
areas of surfaces and volumes of solids.
(sine of the included angle)
Perimeter : Perimeter is sum of all the sides or total length around
the boundary. 1 1 1
Area : The area of any figure is the amount of surface enclosed = ac sin B = ab sin C = bc sin A.
2 2 2
within its boundary lines. This is measured in square unit like cm2,
EQUILATERALTRIANGLE
m2, etc.
Volume : If an object is solid, then the space occupied by such an
object is called its volume. This is measured in cubic unit like cm3,
m3, etc. a a

PART I : PLANE FIGURES

a
TRIANGLE Perimeter = 3a

B 3 2
Area = a ; where a is side
4
RIGHTTRIANGLE
a c
h

p h
C A
b

Perimeter (P) = a + b + c

Area (A) = s ( s – a)( s – b)( s – c) b

a+b+c 1
where s = and a, b and c are three sides of the Area = pb and h2 = p2 + b2(Pythogoras triplet)
2 2
triangle. where p is perpendicular
b is base
1
Also, A = ´ bh ; where b is base and h is altitude. h is hypotenuse
2
(i) Among all the triangles that can be formed with a given
Let in DABC , BC = a, AC = b, and AB = c,
perimeter, the equilateral triangle will have the maximum area.
A (ii) for a given area of triangle, the perimeter of equilateral
triangle is minimum.
c b (iii) Area of right angles isosceles triangle with given hypoten

h2
B a C use (h) =
4
2
Area of Incircle and circum circle of a triangle. 2Area 1680 ´ 2
\ Perpendicular = = = 30m.
(i) If a circle touches all the three sides of a triangle, then it is Base 112
called incircle of the triangle.
Example 2 The base of a triangular field is 880 m and its height
A 550 m. Find the area of the field. Also calculate the charges for
supplying water to the field at the rate of ` 24.25 per sq.
b hectometre.
c r Base ´ Height
O Solution : Area of the field =
2

B a
C =
880 ´ 550
= 242000 sq.m. = 24.20 sq.hm
2
Area of incircle of a triangle = r. s, where r is the radius of Cost of supplying water to 1 sq. hm = ` 24.25
the incircle and s is the half of the perimeter of the triangle. \ Cost of supplying water to the whole field
If a, b, c are the length of the sides of D ABC, then = 24.20 × 24.25 = ` 586.85

a +b+c AREAOFAQUADRILATERAL
s=
2
1. Area of quadrilateral ABCD
For an equilateral triangle,
1
Length of a side of the triangle h = × (Length of the longest diagonal) ×
r= = , 2
2 3 3
(Sum of length of perpendicular to the longest
where h is the height of the triangle.
(ii) If a circle passess through the vertices of a triangle, then diagonal from its opposite vertices)
the circle is called circumcircle of the triangle.
D C
A
P1 P2

O A B
R
B C 1
= × d × (p1 + p2), where d = AC (i.e. longest diagonal)
2
abc 2. If length of four sides and one of its diagonals of quadrilateral
Area of the circumcircle = , where R is the radius of ABCD are given, then
4R
the circumcircle and a, b, c are the length of sides of the
triangle.
For an equilateral triangle,
Length of a side of the triangle 2h
R= = ,
3 3
where h is the height or altitude of the equilateral triangle. Area of the quadrilateral ABCD
Hence for an equilateral triangle, R = 2r. = Area of D ABC + Area of D ADC
Note that an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle will 3. Area of quadrilateral
have the maximum area compared to other triangles
inscribed in the same circle.
= ( s - a)(s - b)( s - c)( s - d )

Example 1 Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 50 m, a+b+c+d

where s= and a, b, c, d are
2
78m, 112m respectively and also find the perpendicular from the
opposite angle on the side 112 m. length of sides of quadrilateral ABCD.
Solution : Here a = 50 m, b = 78 m, c = 112m
B
1 a
s = ( 50 + 78 + 112 ) = 120m
2 A
s – a = 120 – 50 = 70 m
s – b = 120 – 78 = 42 m d a
s – c = 120 – 112 = 8 m
\ Area = 120 ´ 70 ´ 42 ´ 8 = 1680 sq.m. D
1 c
Q Area = Base ´ Perpendicular C
2
 3

4. If q1 and q2 are the angles between the diagonals of a D C

quadrilateral, then
a d2 d1
q
A b B
and sum of square of diagonals = 2 (sum of square of two
adjacent sides i.e d12 + d 22 = 2(a 2 + b 2 )
RHOMBUS

d1
1 1
Area of the quadrilateral = d1 d2 sin q1 or d1 d2 sin q2 a
2 2 d2
Here d 1 and d 2 are the length of the diagonals of the
quadrilateral. Perimeter = 4 a
RECTANGLE 1
Area = d1 ´ d2 where a is side and
2
d1 and d2 are diagonals.
b
Example 3 ABCD is a parallelogram. P, Q, R and S are points
on sides AB, BC, CD and DA, respectively such that AP = DR. If
l the area of the rectangle ABCD is 16 cm2, then find the area of
Perimeter = 2 (l + b)
the quadrilateral PQRS.
Area = l × b; where l is length
b is breadth R
D C
2
(Perimeter)
In a rectangle, = (diagonal) 2 + 2 ´ Area Q
4
If area of circle is decreased by x%, then the radius of circle
S
is decreased by (100 -10 100 - x)%
A B
SQUARE P
Solution : Area of the quadrilateral PQRS
= Area of DSPR + Area of DPQR
a
1 1
= ´ PR ´ AP + ´ PR ´ PB
2 2
1 1
a = ´ PR ( AP + PB) = ´ AD ´ AB
Perimeter = 4 × Side = 4a 2 2
Area = (side)2 = a2; where a is side (Q PR = AD and AP + PB = AB)

PARALLELOGRAM 1 1
= ´ Area of rectangle ABCD = ´16 = 8cm 2
2 2
b
TRAPEZIUM
a
a h a
m
h n
b
Perimeter = 2 (a + b) b
Area = b × h; where a is breadth Perimeter = a + b + m + n
b is base (or length)
Area = 1 ( a + b) h; where a and b are two parallel sides;
h is altitude 2
If q be the angle between any two adjacent sides of a m and n are two non-parallel sides;
parallelogram whose length are a and b. h is perpendicular distance
Then, Area of parallelogram = ab sinq. between two parallel sides.
4

AREAOFA REGULAR HEXAGON PATHWAYS INSIDE

l – 2a
3 3 2
Area = a , where ‘a’ is the length of each side of the regular
2 b b – 2a
hexagon.
a
E D
l
Area = lb – (l – 2a) (b – 2a);where l is length
b is breadth
a is width of the pathway
F C
Example 4 A 5100 sq.cm trapezium has the perpendicular
distance between the two parallel sides 60 m. If one of the parallel
sides be 40m then find the length of the other parallel side.
A a B
1
Solution : Since, Area = ( a + b) h
Diagonals of a hexagon divide it into six equilateral triangle. 2
Hence, radius of the circumcircle of the hexagon 1
= Length of a side of the hexagon = a
Þ 5100 =
2
( 40 + x) ´ 60
Þ 170 = 40 + x
E D
\ Other parallel side = 170 – 40 = 130 m
Example 5 A rectangular grassy plot is 112m by 78 m. It has a
F C gravel path 2.5 m wide all round it on the inside. Find the area of
a a the path and the cost of constructing it at ` 2 per square metre ?
a
Solution : A = lb – (l – 2a) (b – 2a)
A B = 112 × 78 – (112 – 5) (78 – 5)
= 112 × 78 – 107 × 73 = 8736 – 7811
Area of pathways running across the middle of a rectangle
= 925 sq.m
a \ Cost of construction = rate × area
= 2 × 925 = ` 1850
Example 6 The perimeter of a rhombus is 146 cm and one of its
a b
diagonals is 55 cm. Find the other diagonal and the area of the
rhombus.
Solution : Let ABCD be the rhombus in which AC = 55 cm.
D C
Area = a ( l + b) – a2; where l is length
b is breadth, m O
.5c
a is width of the pathway. 27
PATHWAYS OUTSIDE
A 36.5cm B

146
and AB = = 36.5 cm
4
55
b + 2a b Also, AO = = 27.5m
2

a \ BO = (36.5 )2 – ( 27.5 )2 = 24 cm
+ 2a
Hence, the other diagonal BD = 48 cm
1
Area = (l + 2a) (b + 2a) – lb; where l is length Now, Area of the rhomhus = AC´ BD
2
b is breadth
1
a is width of the pathway = ´ 55 ´ 48 = 1320 cm2
2
 5

RING
Example 7 Find the area of a quadrilateral piece of ground, one
of whose diagonals is 60 m long and the perpendicular from the
other two vertices are 38 and 22m respectively.
R2
Solution : Area = 1 ´ d ´ ( h1 + h 2 )
2 R1

1
= ´ 60 ( 38 + 22 ) = 1800 sq.m.
cm2
2
CIRCLE
(
Area of ring = p R22 – R12 )
Example 8 A wire is looped in the form of a circle of radius 28
cm. It is re-bent into a square form. Determine the length of a
r
side of the square.
Solution : Length of the wire = Perimeter of the circle
= 2p × 28
Perimeter (Circumference) = 2pr = pd = 176 cm2
Area = pr2; where r is radius
Side of the square = 176 = 44 cm
d is diameter 4

22
Example 9 The radius of a wheel is 42 cm. How many revolutions
and p = or 3.14 will it make in going 26.4 km ?
7
Solution : Distance travelled in one revolution = Circumference
SEMICIRCLE
22
of the wheel = 2pr = 2 ´ ´ 42 = 264 cm
7
\ Number. of revolutions required to travel 26.4 km
r 26.4 ´ 1000 ´ 100
Perimeter = pr + 2r = = 10000
264
1
Area = ´ pr 2 Example 10 Find the area of sector of a circle whose radius is 6
2
cm when–
SECTOR OFA CIRCLE (i) the angle at the centre is 35°
(ii) when the length of arc is 22 cm
Solution : (i) Area of sector
O q 22 35
= pr . = ´6´6´ = 11 cm 2
2

q r 360° 7 360

A B (ii) Here length of arc l = 22 cm.

l Segment
q
q \ 2pr = 22cm.
Area of sector OAB = ´ pr 2 360°
360
q 1 q
Area of sector = pr . = r.2pr
2
q 360° 2 360°
Length of an arc (l) = ´ 2pr
360
1 1
= r.l = ´ 6 ´ 22 = 66 cm
2
Area of segment = Area of sector – Area of triangle OAB
2 2
q 1
= ´ pr 2 – r 2 sin q
360° 2 Example 11 The circumference of a circular garden is 1012m.
Perimeter of segment = length of the arc + length of segment Find the area of outsider road of 3.5 m width runs around it.
prq q
Calculate the area of this road and find the cost of gravelling the
AB = + 2r sin road at ` 32 per 100 sqm.
180 2
6
Solution : Area = pr2 , Circumference = 2pr = 1012
3
= ´ 2 ´ 2 = 3m2
4
(i) Common area = 3 × Area of each sector
11 11
= 3´ = = 1.57m 2
21 7
(ii) Area of the remaining portion of the triangle = Area of
equilateral triangle – 3(Area of each sector)
1 7
Þ r = 1012 ´ ´ = 161m
2 22 3 - 1.57 = 1.73 – 1.57 = 0.16m2
22
\ Area of garden = ´ 161´161 = 81466 m2
7 PART II : SOLD FIGURES
Area of the road = area of bigger circle – area of the CUBOID
garden A cuboid is a three dimensional box.
329 Total surface area of a cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + lh)
Now, radius of bigger circle = 161 + 3.5 = m
2
Volume of the cuboid = lbh
22 329 329 1 2
\ Area of bigger circle = ´ ´ = 85046 sq.m
m
7 2 2 2
1 1 h
Thus, area of the road = 85046 – 81466 = 3580 m2
2 2
b
7161 32 l
= Rs.
Hence, cost ` ´ = ` 1145.76
2 100
Area of four walls = 2(l + b) × h
Example 12 There is an equilateral triangle of which each side
Example 13 The sum of length, breadth and height of a room is
is 2m. With all the three corners as centres, circles each of
19 m. The length of the diagonal is 11 m. what is the cost of
radius 1 m are described.
painting of total surface area of the room at the rate of ` 10 per
(i) Calculate the area common to all the circles and the m2 ?
triangle.
Solution : Let length, breadth and height of the room be l, b and
(ii) Find the area of the remaining portion of the triangle. h, respectively. Then,
l + b + h = 19 ...(i)
Solution :
and l 2 + b2 + h2 = 11
A Þ l 2 + b2 + h2 = 121 ...(ii)
60° Area of the surface to be painted
M N = 2(lb + bh + hl)
(l + b + h)2 = l2 + b2 + h2 + 2 (lb + bh + hl)
60° 60°
Þ 2(lb + bh + hl) = (19)2 – 121 = 361 – 121 = 240
B 1m C
Surface area of the room =240 m2.
Cost of painting the required area = 10 × 240 = ` 2400
CUBE
A cube is a cuboid which has all its edges equal.
q 60 22
Area of each sector = ´ pr 2 = ´ ´ 1´ 1
360 360 7

1 22 11 2
= ´ = m a
6 7 21
a
Area of equilateral triangle a
3 2 Total surface area of a cube = 6a2
= a
4 Volume of the cube = a3
 7

RIGHT PRISM Solution : Height = 140 cm

A prism is a solid which can have any polygon at both its External diameter = 50 cm
ends. \ External radius = 25 cm

O A B

Also, internal radius OA = OB – AB = 25 – 2 = 23 cm

\ Volume of iron = Vexternal – Vinternal
Lateral or curved surface area = Perimeter of base × height
Total surface area = Lateral surface area + 2 (area of the end) =
22
7
( )
´ 140 252 – 232 = 42240 cm3
Volume = Area of base × height
PYRAMID
Example 14 A regular hexagonal prism has perimeter of its A pyramid is a solid which can have any polygon at its base
base as 600 cm and height equal to 200 cm. How many litres of and its edges converge to single apex.
petrol can it hold ? Find the weight of petrol if density is 0.8 gm/cc.
Perimeter
Solution : Side of hexagon =
Number of sides

600
= = 100 cm
6

3 3 Lateral or curved surface area

Area of regular hexagon = ´100 ´100 = 25950
2 1
sq.cm. = (perimeter of base) × slant height
2
Volume = Base area × height
Total surface area = lateral surface area + area of the base
= 25950 × 200 = 5190000 cu.cm. = 5.19 cu.m.
Weight of petrol = Volume × Density 1
Volume = (area of the base) × height
= 5190000 × 0.8 gm/cc 3
= 4152000 gm = 4152 kg. Example 16 A right pyramid, 12 cm high, has a square base
RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER each side of which is 10 cm. Find the volume of the pyramid.
It is a solid which has both its ends in the form of a circle. Solution : Area of the base = 10 × 10 = 100 cm2
Height = 12 cm
1
\ Volume of the pyramid = ´ 100 ´12 = 400 cm3
3
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
h It is a solid which has a circle as its base and a slanting lateral
surface that converges at the apex.

Lateral surface area = 2prh l

Total surface area = 2pr (r + h) h
Volume = pr2h; where r is radius of the base and h is r
height
Example 15 A hollow cylindrical tube open at both ends is made Lateral surface area = prl
Total surface area = pr (l + r)
of iron 2 cm thick. If the external diameter be 50 cm and the 1
length of the tube be 140 cm, find the number of cubic cm of iron Volume = pr 2h ; where r is radius of the base
3
in it. h is height
l is slant height
8
SPHERE The surface area of the toy
It is a solid in the form of a ball with radius r. = Curved surface of the conical portion
+ Curved surface of the hemisphere
= (p × 3 × 5 + 2p × 32) cm2
r
= 3.14 × 3 (5 + 6) cm2 = 103.62 cm2.

CIRCLE PACKINGIN ASQUARE

Let ‘a’ be the length of a side of the square and ‘r’ be the radius of
the circle.
Lateral surface area = Total surface area = 4pr2
Case- (i): One circle
3 4
Volume = pr ; where r is radius.
3 a
HEMISPHERE 2r = a Þ r =
2
It is a solid half of the sphere.
r

Lateral surface area = 2pr2

Total surface area = 3pr2

Volume = 2 pr 3 ; where r is radius

3

Example 17 A cylindrical bath tub of radius 12 cm contains

water to a depth of 20 cm. A spherical iron ball is dropped into the
tub and thus the level of water is raised by 6.75 cm. What is the
radius of the ball ? Case- (ii): Two circles
Solution : Volume of the spherical ball = volume of the water In the isosceles right angled D BCD,
displaced.
BD = 2r
4 3
Þ pr = p (12)2 × 6.75 In the isosceles right angled D DFG,
3
144 ´ 6.75 ´ 3 DF = 2r
Þ r3 = = 729
4 Now DF = DB + BE + EF
or r = 9 cm
= 2r + 2r + 2r
Example 18 A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a
= 2r + 2 2r = 2( 2 + 1)r
hemisphere with the same radius. The diameter of the base of the
conical portion is 6 cm and its height is 4 cm. Determine the \ 2( 2 + 1)r = 2a
surface area of the toy. (Use p = 3.14).
1 a a
Solution : The radius of the hemisphere = ´ 6 = 3 cm Þ r= =
2 2( 2 + 1) 2 + 2
Now, slant height of cone = 32 + 4 2 = 5 cm

r
r G
5cm
4cm

3cm
 9

Case- (iii): Four circles semi-circles is shaded.

a
4r = a Þ r =
4

Area of the shaded region = Area of the right angled

triangle.
CIRCLES PACKING IN A CIRCLE
2. In the figure given below all triangles are equilateral
Let R be the radius of larger circle and r be the radius of smaller
triangles and circles are inscribed in these triangles. If the
circle.
side of triangle ABC = a, then the side of triangle
Case-(i): Two circles a a
DEF = and the side of triangle GHI =
R 2 4
R = 2r Þ r =
2
A

H I
E F

B C

SOME OTHER IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Thus length of a side of an inner triangle is half the length
1. In the figure ABC is a triangle right angled at B. Three of immediate outer triangle. Similarly the radius of an inner
semi-circles are drawn taking the three sides AB, BC and circle is half the radius of immediate outer circle.
CA as diameter. The region enclosed by the three