THE EU

I- After II WW there were new ideals, settled in treaties guaranteeing the rule of law and
equality of all countries, one of those ideals were from Schuman, which creates ECSC
(compound by 6 countries), which the exchanged of their raw materials are used like
instruments for reconciliation and peace.
II- With de fall of the Soviet empire many countries were liberalized, and then they join
III- EIB and the EU budget to improve transport infrastructure and rescue banks.
IV- NATO, Europol and Eurojust, as a tool for internal and external security
V- despite having a better quality of life , there is a growing gap between rich and poor,
this is due to the problems of public finances , aging, industrial relocation and economic
recession. EU proposes to act jointly and coordinated .
VI- The EU promotes humanitarian and progressive values , which are achieved with the
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU , which comes into force with the Treaty of
Lisbon ( 2009).

TEN HISTORICS STEPS

I- After II WW there were new ideals, settled in treaties guaranteeing the rule of law and
equality of all countries, one of those ideals were from Schuman, which creates ECSC
(compound by 6 countries), which the exchanged of their raw materials are used like
instruments for reconciliation and peace.
II- "The 6" created the Euratom and the EEC with the Treaty of Rome (1957) with that a
common market is formed, in addition to abolish customs among them.
III- in 1973 was the 1st enlargement (Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom); also new
social and environmental policies and the creation of FEDER.
IV- In 1975 was 1st direct elections to the European Parliament.
V – In 1981 was the 2nd enlargement (Greece, Spain and Portugal)
VI- After the Economic Recession there was an europessimism; in response, the
European Commission published (1985) The White Paper, with thath the European Single
Market will be built, finally, will enter into force in 1987.
VII- In 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall. Then, in 1993, the Maastricht Treaty of 1990 was
signed and the EU, which promotes the Germany's unification
VIII- 1995, 3rd enlargement (Austria, Finland and Sweden); new technologies and the
internet, which will have positive and negative consequences, modern economies and
increased globalization, and on the other hand, stresses social and cultural shows. In
2002, the Euro was established as a single currency.
IX- 4th and major expansion in 90, then Bulgaria and Romania (2007) and finally Croatia
(2013), completed the 28 members
X- (2009) With the Lisbon Treaty, the European Council President and new mechanism
will be created against the crisis, to ensure continuity of banks, reduce debt and coordinate
policies.

Enlargement and neighborhood policy

The union of 28 , complete with countries that achieve democratic freedom , then can join.

Ongoing negotiations.
- EU was much doubted with Turkey because of their geographical and historical
situation (2005 )
– Balkan countries requested to enter in order to improve relations and accelerate
economic reconstruction.
– Iceland applied in, but has been paralyzed due to the crisis ( 2013 )
– Albania , Montenegro and Bosnia are candidates for EU countries. The last one
that I named, it's a potential candidate.

CONDITIONS OF ACCESSION

Legal requirements.
– that respects the Lisbon Treaty (values of freedom , democracy, equality, the rule of
law and human rights).
– on the other hand , it has an economic and political process

criteria of Copenhagen
1) stable institutions (democracy , rule of law , human rights, respect)
2) viable market economy ( market pressure to cope
3) ability to assume the obligations accession process

accession process.
the candidate country usually receives financial aid before joining .
there is also a stabilization and association agreements --> economic and administrative
reforms

III ) How can the EU expand ?

A ) Geographical Borders ( each country has its own geopolitical interest regarding borders
, so there would be democracy but could have 47 member states )
 B ) neighborhood policy ENP -> because of security threats : illegal immigration , energy
supply disruption , environmental degradation, organized border crime and terrorism.

– This policy applies to:

Eastern European countries (Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Georgia , Moldova and
Ukraine )
Southern countries ( Algeria, Egypt , Israel, Jordan , Lebanon, Libya , Morocco ,
Palestinian territories , Syria and Tunisia

IV) How the EU works ?

I. The responsible decision-making institutions.
A) European Council (main political institution ) its objective: EU set targets and sets the
framework for their achievement; take decisions; addresses foreign policy and common
security.
composed of the heads of member states , the President of the European Commission
and a permanent president .

B ) the council. compound : National ( ministers ) Governments presidents take turns every
6 months. Its objective is to adopt EU standards and adopt the budget. the vote of each
country corresponds with population size

C ) Parliament Citizens (represents the citizens)

– Martin Schulz is chairman Parliament
– Great debates ( monthly ) is Estraburgo , additional in Brussels ( : In addition to
work ) ; Administrative tasks Cotidianas in Luxembourg and Brussels by Secretary General
- Participate in legislative work .
– It adopts the budget responsibility (in the case that the turning away of the Council
re- do)
– Democratic political power of the EU and the European Commission.
– Adopt fiscal responsibility

D ) EUROPEAN COMMISSION (only entitled to develop proposals for new EU legislation

that sends a parliament and Council to discuss and approve)
Your child members elected by Members and Country United have UN Commissioner for
each.
RESIGNATION : Parliament approves censure motion. Great independent exercise ' '
Guardian of the Treaties ' '. is the executive arm of the EU.
Manages Common Policy Research, Technology, foreign aid and regional development.
Manages Common Policy Research, Technology, foreign aid and regional development.
E) Court of Justice of the EU (Luxembourg)
Composed of a judge and nine general lawyers. Its role is to ensure respect for EU law.
F) EUROPEAN COURT OF AUDITORS. Composed of one member from each country
(chosen by each Member State) verifies: legality of income and expenses.
II) other agencies
A) European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)
Decision making on a number of policy areas . Composed of groups of economic and
social interests , civil society organizations , appointed by councils ( every 5 years).

B. Committee of Regions (COR) Composed of representatives of Local and Regional

Authorities (every 5 years ) The commission consult you Dębe paragraph: Regions
issues .
C. European Investment Bank (EIB) ( in Luxembourg ) Provides loans and guarantees
and Aid to less developed regions.
CI.

WHAT DOES THE EUROPEAN UNION?

1. Innovation Policy ( EU activities affecting everyday life)

A) Environment and sustainable development

EU objective: to prevent climate change by reducing emissions of greenhouse gas.

To achieve the objective, the EU invests in new technologies, so as to enhance economic
growth and Jobs.
Regulation, evaluation and authorization of public substances (REACH): improve public
health, which is managed by the European Agency for Chemical Substances and Mixtures
(Helsinki) and maintaining the competitiveness of European industry.
B) technological innovation.
Founders of the EU and EEC Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community), whose
objective is the exploitation of nuclear energy with the help of the Joint Research Centre
(IRC). To an increasing rate: diversify and remove obstacles.
joint research in the EU: Complementary national research programs.

C) Energy.
75 % of fossil fuels.
Matter more than 50%, the EU is more vulnerable to price increases.
In the future:
Saving, investing in renewable energy sources (I+D)
projects: storing CO2 (fuel cell vehicles hydrogen); Clean sky (less polluting aircraft)

2. solidadaridad policies ( corrects market imbalances for the proper functioning of the
single market )
A) regional and cohesion policy Help . objectives: growth, employment , climate
change, economic dependence. and it is funded by ERDF , ESF and Cohesion
Fund
B ) common agricultural policy and the common fisheries policy objectives (Treaty
of Rome) : ensuring fair standard of living for consumers, stabilize markets, ensure
reasonable prices and to modernize farming infrastructure. and they are financed by
EAGF and EAFRD . CAP ensure " rural way of life ," for it, protecting wildlife and
feeding the world.
the European Commission , which grants the CAP sustainable agriculture :
preserving biodiversity and protecting local products.
EU fisheries policy reform to protect fishery resources and reduce excess fishing fleets
C)social dimension
EU attempts to correct imbalances with the Social Fund in addition to making use of
legislation
all this is reflected in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU

III. pay for Europe: the EU budget , which is composed of the customs of
imported goods , tax VAB , and the contributions of countries according to their
wealth.

this budget more expenses make up the “multiannual financial framework “