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NAME OF LEAST
CAPACITY
EQUIPMENT COUNT/ACCURACY
ID= ((C-D)/(A-D))*100
SLOW <.75
FAST .75-1.25
VERY FAST >1.25
Dolomite 6-11
Limestone 0.25-8
Shale 0.2-8
Test cell
ROCK SPECIMEN
• The instrument is useful for testing specimen from 50mm dia to 100mm and
of thickness of half the diameter.
• The specimen is held in circular jaws, this is primarily similar to a
compression machine and consists of a small load frame having sturdy base
with two vertical threaded rods and an adjustable cross head.
• The hydraulic jack is fitted at the centre of the base of the load frame
• The jack of the load frame is self retracting and two plain platens are
supplied.
• A pressure gauge capacity 0-100 kN is fixed at the base of jack
• A maximum pointer is also provided on the gauge, a pair of semi circular
platens for 50mm dia samples also provided.
Ms. Anjana R Menon,Asst.Prof., Dept of
• The instrument can be used in field also. Civil Engg
Ms. Anjana R Menon,Asst.Prof., Dept of
Civil Engg
Ms. Anjana R Menon,Asst.Prof., Dept of
Civil Engg
PROCEDURE
• In the Brazilian test, a disc shape specimen of the rock is loaded by two
opposing normal strip loads at the disc periphery.
• The specimen diameter shall preferably be not less than NX core size (54
mm), or at least 10 times the average grain size.
• The thickness/diameter ratio should be 0.5 to 0.6.The load
is continuously increased at a constant rate until failure of the sample occurs
within few minutes.
• The loading rate depending on the material and may from 10 to 50 kN/min.
• At the failure, the tensile strength of the rock is calculated as follows.
where ,
P- load at failure (N),
D- diameter of the test specimen (mm)
t -thickness of the test specimen measured at the center (mm).
Ms. Anjana R Menon,Asst.Prof., Dept of
Civil Engg
5.Beam Bending Test on Rocks
• This is also called as flexure test.
• The beam(rock specimen) is subjected to bending till failure occurs.
• Generally 4 –point flexural loading system is used. The bottom surface of
the beam is supported at two points, one near each end.
• The top portion of the beam is loaded at the third points. This system
produces pure bending in the middle third of the beam.
• The flexural strength (modulus of rupture) is given by
• Insitu tests preferred –esp. for determining insitu rock stresses and
deformability, shear strength of rock mass, rock mass permeability
• Limitations of insitu tests-
– High and non uniform strain rates
– No control over drainage conditions
– Expensive and time consuming
– Poorly defined boundary conditions
Ms. Anjana R Menon,Asst.Prof., Dept of
– Affected by site conditions Civil Engg
Requirements of insitu rock testing
Reduce cost
Use compact
without
and simple
compromising
equipments
the test quality
Loading
Influence area conditions must
must represent be nearest to
the average actual
rock behaviour anticipated
conditions
Demerits
• Some disturbance is imparted to the ground by the insertion of instrument
• Empirical correlations have to be applied to interpret and obtain
engineering properties.
• Govern the strain conditions that develop around an excavation during its
initial changes.
– (b) to evaluate the correct design of rock support measures that must be able to
accommodate the expected deformation without failure.
• Plate load test on rocks is for finding the deformation modulus as rock
mass usually doesn‟t behave elastically.
• Applications:
– • Bearing capacity of shallow and deep foundations
– • Resistance of anchors
• Two units, one readout unit that rests on the ground surface and a probe that
is inserted into the borehole.
• Probe inserted into the borehole upto desired depth supported by guard
cells
• The pressure within the measuring cell is held constant for approximately 60
seconds and the increase in volume required to maintain the constant pressure
is recorded.
Ms. Anjana R Menon,Asst.Prof., Dept of
• Stress controlled and strain controlled Civil Engg
Ms. Anjana R Menon,Asst.Prof., Dept of
Civil Engg
III. STRENGTH TESTS
• Bearing capacity test: Plate load test
• Compressive strength test:
– Load applied on a rock column through jacks deformation recorded by
dial gauges Loading pad ensures uniform loading loaded till failure
empirical relations used
• Tensile strength test:
– Commonly used test is pull test
– 20-25cm deep hole drilled into rock mass Pull applied inserting
hydraulic jack failure envelope forms a cone around the drilled hole
tensile strength estimated as a function of radius of cone formed
• Consists of : a flat jack (2 metal sheets welded around), feeder tube, and pins.
• Two pins drilled into the test surface, at a measured distance „d‟
• Slit( 35-50mm) cut between the pins thus releasing the insitu pressure.
• If the normal stress is compressive the pins move closer when slot is cut.
• Flat jack inserted into the slot pressurized by oil or water stresses
increase pins move apart
• When the initial stress state is recovered, the pins will be back at the initial
position this pressure is recorded
• Principle: Rock element containing the strain measuring device is relieved from
the stress imposed by the surrounding rock and the resulting strains are measured
which help in determination of stresses known by stress-strain relation
• Equipments: electrical strain gages, bore hole deformation meter, bore hole
inclusion stress meter and bore hole strain gauge devices.
• Small diameter borehole drilled strain gauge placed inside Larger borehole
drilled concentrically over detached thick cylinder formed stress relief
occurs deformation measured