A note on calibrating

Pressure Dependant and Pressure Independent Multi Yield Surface Models

(PressureDependMultiYield02 and PressureIndependMultiYield)

Prepared by

Arash Khosravifar

This is the Appendix A from Arash Khosravifar’s dissertation “Analysis and design for inelastic
structural response of extended pile shaft foundations in laterally spreading ground during
earthquakes” of the University of California, Davis.
 204


APPENDIX A

CALIBRATION OF SOIL MODELS

This Appendix contains a summary of the procedures used to calibrate the soil

constitutive models using the NDA. This includes the Pressure-Dependent-Multi-Yield

(PDMY02) model for sands and Pressure-Independent-Multi-Yield (PIMY) for clays by

Yang et al. (2003 and 2008. Calibration of the model requires recognizing the

differences between the stress and strain invariants used to defined yield surfaces in the

constitutive model and the stress and strain terms commonly used in engineering design

practice correlations. For this reason, the following sections review these definitions and

develop relationships necessary for relating the model parameters to common design

correlations.

A.1. YIELD SURFACE

The PDMY02 and PIMY plasticity model is formulated based on multi-surface

yield surface. The yield surfaces are conical shape surfaces with common apex located at

the origin of principal space. The outermost surface defined the failure criterion and the

middle surfaces define the hardening region (Figure 1). The yield surfaces are defined in

J2 yield surface formulation (second invariant). Formulations are derived herein:

ો૚૚ ો૚૛ ો૚૜ ો૚ ૙ ૙

෥ ൌ ൥ ો૛૚
ો ો૛૛ ો૛૜ ൩ ൌ ൥ ૙ ો૛ ૙൩ (1)
ો૜૚ ો૜૛ ો૜૜ ૙ ૙ ો૜

Stress invariants are defined as:

ଵ
෥Ԣሻǡଶ ൌ ሾɐ
ଵ ൌ –”ሺɐ ෥Ԣǣ ɐ ෥Ԣሻଶ ሿǡଷ ൌ †‡–ሺɐ
෥Ԣ െ –”ሺɐ ෥Ԣሻ (2)
ଶ
 205


Volumetric and deviatoric stresses are defined as:

ɐԢଵଵ െ ’ᇱ ɐଵଶ ɐଵଷ

஢ᇲ ା஢ᇲ ା஢ᇲ
’ᇱ ൌ భ మ య
෥Ԣ െ ’ᇱ ሚ ൌ ቎ ɐଶଵ
ǡ•෤ ൌ ɐ ɐԢଶଶ െ ’ᇱ ɐଶଷ ቏ (3)
ଷ
ɐଷଵ ɐଷଶ ɐԢଷଷ െ ’ᇱ

Deviatoric stress invariants are defined as:

ଵ ൌ –”ሺ•෤ሻ ൌ Ͳ

૚ ૚
۸૛ ൌ ሾ‫ܛ‬෤ǣ ‫ܛ‬෤ െ ‫ܚܜ‬ሺ‫ܛ‬෤ሻ૛ ሿ ൌ ሾ‫ܛ‬෤ǣ ‫ܛ‬෤ሿ (4)
૛ ૛

ଷ ൌ †‡–ሺ•෤ሻ

The yield surface is defined by equaling the second invariant to a constant. In this case
ଶ
the constant is  ଶ  ᇱ Τ͵.
ଶ
ଶ ൌ  ଶ  ᇱ Τ͵    ሺͷሻ

Therefore we get:
ଷ
ሾ•෤ǣ •෤ሿ െ  ଶ  ᇱ ଶ ൌ Ͳ (6)
ଶ

By introducing , a second-order deviatoric tensor that defines the center of the

yield surface in deviatoric stress subspace, we get the conical yield surface equation as:
ଷ ଶ
ˆ ൌ ሾ•෤ െ ’ԢȽ ෥ሿ െ  ଶ  ᇱ ൌ Ͳ
෥ሿǣ ሾ•෤ െ ’ԢȽ (7)
ଶ

Assuming a small cohesion at zero effective confining pressure the apex of the

yield surfaces moves towards negative confining pressure by ’ᇱ୰ୣୱ . If no cohesion is used,

for numerical convenience and to avoid ambiguity in defining the normal vector to the

yield surface at zero confining pressure, the apex is moved towards negative confining

pressure by a very small positive constant (0.01 KPa).

૜
܎ ൌ ሾ‫ܛ‬෤ െ ሺ‫ܘ‬ᇱ ൅ ‫ܘ‬ᇱ‫ ܛ܍ܚ‬ሻહ
෥ ሿǣ ሾ‫ܛ‬෤ െ ሺ‫ܘ‬ᇱ ൅ ‫ܘ‬ᇱ‫ ܛ܍ܚ‬ሻહ
෥ ሿ െ ‫ۻ‬૛ ሺ‫ ۾‬ᇱ ൅ ‫ܘ‬ᇱ‫ ܛ܍ܚ‬ሻ૛ ൌ ૙ (8)
૛
 206


where, M defines the size of yield surface. It is necessary to differentiate the following

definitions of shear stress:

x ɒ is the shear stress on the failure plane, obtained from triaxial compression test

(TXC).

x ɐଵଶ ൌ ɒ୦ is the shear stress on horizontal plane, obtained from direct simple shear

test (DSS).

x Octahedral shear stress represents the deviatoric stress in 3D domain and is used

in this model. It is defined as:

ͳ
୭ୡ୲ ൌ ξ•෤ǣ •෤
ξ͵

ͳ
ൌ ඥሺᇱଵଵ െ ᇱ ଶଶ ሻଶ ൅ ሺᇱ ଶଶ െ ᇱ ଷଷ ሻଶ ൅ ሺᇱଵଵ െ ᇱ ଷଷ ሻଶ ൅ ͸ଵଶ ଶ ൅ ͸ଵଷ ଶ ൅ ͸ଶଷ ଶ
͵

(9)

x “ is a different way of representing deviatoric stress, which equals to ሺɐԢଵ െ ɐԢଷ ሻ

in triaxial compression test. “ in general form is defined as:

ξଷ ଷ
“ൌ ξ•෤ǣ •෤ ൌ  (10)
ξଶ ξଶ ୭ୡ୲

A.2. SIZE OF YIELD SURFACE, FRICTION ANGLE

The size of the failure surface (the outermost yield surface) is defined by the

friction angle. The friction angle can be obtained from triaxial compression test (TXC),

or direct simple shear test (DSS). There is a difference between the angle obtained from

TXC and DSS which will be explained later. In order to derive the relation between the

friction angle and the size of the yield surface, consider a triaxial compression test

(Figure 2). By definition, friction angle (ɔ୘ଡ଼େ ) is defined as:

 207

ૌ
૎‫܆܂‬۱ ൌ ‫ିܖ܉ܜ‬૚ ቀ ቁ (11)
ોᇱ

From figure one can derive:

ሺɐᇱଵ െ ɐᇱ ଷ ሻΤʹ
•‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ ൌ
ሺɐᇱଵ ൅ ɐᇱ ଷ ሻΤʹ

(12)

And,

ͳ ൅ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
ɐᇱଵ ൌ ɐᇱ ଷ
ͳ െ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ

(13)

The benefit of a triaxial test is that the axial and radial stresses are the very principal

stresses. Therefore the deviatoric stress (•෤) will be:

ɐԢଵ Ͳ Ͳ ’ᇱ Ͳ Ͳ
ᇱ ᇱሚ ’ᇱ
෥ െ’ ൌ቎ Ͳ
•෤ ൌ ɐ ɐԢଷ Ͳ ቏ െ ቎Ͳ Ͳ቏ ൌ
Ͳ Ͳ ɐԢଷ Ͳ Ͳ ’ᇱ

ʹሺɐԢଵ െ ɐԢଷ ሻ Ͳ Ͳ
ଵ ᇱ ᇱ
቎ Ͳ െሺɐ ଵ െ ɐ ଷ ሻ Ͳ ቏ (14)
ଷ
Ͳ Ͳ െሺɐᇱଵ െ ɐԢଷ ሻ

Therefore,

૛
‫ܛ‬෤ǣ ‫ܛ‬෤ ൌ ሺોᇱ Ԣ૚ െ ોᇱ ૜ ሻ૛ (15)
૜

Depending on whether the vertical axis in Figure 3 is ɒ୭ୡ୲ or “, the slope of the failure

surface will be:

ͳ ͳ ξʹ ᇱ ξʹ ͳ ൅ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
•෤ǣ •෤ ሺɐ Ԣଵ െ ɐᇱ ଷ ሻ െ ͳ൰ ɐᇱ ଷ
ɒ୭ୡ୲ ξ͵ ξ ͵ ͵ ͵ ൬
ͳ ൅ •‹ሺɔ ሻ
ଵ ൌ ᇱ ൌ ൌ ξ ξᇱ ൌ ୘ଡ଼େ
’ ’ᇱ ሺɐ Ԣଵ ൅ ʹɐᇱ ଷ ሻ ͳ ൅ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
൬ ൅ ʹ൰ ɐᇱ ଷ
͵ ͳ ൅ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
͵

ʹξʹ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
ൌ
͵ െ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
 208


(16)

Or,

͵
߬
‫ ݍ‬ξʹ ௢௖௧ ͸ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߮ ்௑஼ ሻ
݉ଶ ൌ ᇱ ൌ ൌ
‫݌‬ ‫݌‬ ᇱ ͵ െ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߮ ்௑஼ ሻ

(17)

Solving (16) for ߮ ்௑஼ results in:

߬௢௖௧
͵݉ଵ ͵
‫݌‬
߮ ்௑஼ ൌ ൌ
ʹξʹ ൅ ݉ଵ ʹξʹ ൅ ߬௢௖௧
‫݌‬

(18)

A.3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION FRICTION

ANGLES (૎‫܆܂‬۱ ) AND DIRECT SIMPLE SHEAR FRICTION ANGLE

(૎۲‫) ܁܁‬

The definition of friction angle in TXC is different to that of DSS. In DSS test the

friction angle is calculated on the horizontal plane, while the maximum shear plane is not

horizontal. Therefore, the calculated friction angle (߮஽ௌௌ ሻ is less than the actual

mobilized friction angle (which is equal to ߮ ்௑஼ ). The relation between these two is

derived below. We formerly had (from Eq. (16)):

ɒ୭ୡ୲ ʹξʹ•‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
ൌ
’Ԣ ͵ െ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ

In direct simple shear test, where ‫ܭ‬௢ ൌ ͳ and ߪ ᇱ ௩ ൌ ߪ ᇱ ௛ we have (Figure 4):
 209

ͳ
߬௢௖௧ ൌ ξ‫ݏ‬ǁ ǣ ‫ݏ‬ǁ
ξ͵

ͳ
ൌ ඥሺߪ ᇱଵଵ െ ߪ ᇱ ଶଶ ሻଶ ൅ ሺߪ ᇱ ଶଶ െ ߪ ᇱ ଷଷ ሻଶ ൅ ሺߪ ᇱଵଵ െ ߪ ᇱ ଷଷ ሻଶ ൅ ͸ߪଵଶ ଶ ൅ ͸ߪଵଷ ଶ ൅ ͸ߪଶଷ ଶ
͵

ξ͸
ൌ ߬
͵ ௛

(19)

And,

஢ᇲ ౬ ା஢ᇲ ౞ ା஢ᇲ ౞
’ᇱ ൌ ൌ ɐᇱ ୴ (20)
ଷ

Therefore we get the followings:

ξ͸
ɒ୭ୡ୲ ɒ୦ ξ͸ ʹξʹ•‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
ൌ ͵ᇱ ൌ –ƒሺɔୈୗୗ ሻ ൌ
’Ԣ ɐ୴ ͵ ͵ െ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ

(21)

ʹξ͵ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ
ɔୈୗୗ ൌ –ƒିଵ ቈ ቉
͵ െ •‹ሺɔ୘ଡ଼େ ሻ

(22)

͵ –ƒሺɔୈୗୗ ሻ
ɔ୘ଡ଼େ ൌ •‹ିଵ ቈ ቉
ʹξ͵ ൅ –ƒሺɔୈୗୗ ሻ

(23)

A.4. DEVIATORIC STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS

The strain vector can be divided into deviatoric and volumetric components. This

section explains the relationship between the deviatoric strain and the deviatoric stress.

Deviatoric stress is defined as:

ͳ
ɒ୭ୡ୲ ൌ ඥሺɐᇱଵଵ െ ɐᇱ ଶଶ ሻଶ ൅ ሺɐᇱ ଶଶ െ ɐᇱ ଷଷ ሻଶ ൅ ሺɐᇱଵଵ െ ɐᇱ ଷଷ ሻଶ ൅ ͸ɐଵଶ ଶ ൅ ͸ɐଵଷ ଶ ൅ ͸ɐଶଷ ଶ
͵
 210


(24)

And the deviatoric strain is defined as:

ଶ
ɀ୭ୡ୲ ൌ ඥሺɂଵଵ െ ɂଶଶ ሻଶ ൅ ሺɂଶଶ െ ɂଷଷ ሻଶ ൅ ሺɂଵଵ െ ɂଷଷ ሻଶ ൅ ͸ɂଵଶ ଶ ൅ ͸ɂଵଷ ଶ ൅ ͸ɂଶଷ ଶ (25)
ଷ

Note that:

૚
ࢿ૚૛ ൌ ࢽ૚૛ (26)
૛

The relationship between ɒ୭ୡ୲ and ɀ୭ୡ୲ (the back-bone curve) at an arbitrary

effective confining pressure ’Ԣ is shown in Figure 5 and is characterized by the following

components:

x
୫ୟ୶ǡ୭ୡ୲ is the low-strain octahedral shear modulus and is pressure dependant:

୮ᇱ ୢ

୫ୟ୶ǡ୭ୡ୲ ൌ
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ ቀ ᇲ ቁ , where
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ is the low-strain octahedral shear
୮౨

modulus at the reference confining pressure (’ᇱ୰ ) and can be obtained from:

ଷ ଷ

୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ ൌ ቀ ቁ
୫ୟ୶ǡ஢ୀଵୟ୲୫ ൌ ቀ ቁ ൫ɏୱ ଶ ൯.
ξ଺ ξ଺

ଷ
The parameter † is a constant which is set to 0.5 in this study. The constant ቀ ቁ
ξ଺

comes from converting

୫ୟ୶ at ɐ୴ ൌ ͳƒ– where ’ ൌ ሺͳ ൅ ʹ‘ሻȀ͵ ɐ୴ to

’ ൌ ͳƒ–, assuming † ൌ ͲǤͷ.

Converting the in-plane low-strain shear modulus (

୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ ) to the octahedral low-

strain shear modulus (

୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ ) is a function of  ୭ :

୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ ൌ ˆሺ ୭ ሻ
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰
த౥ౙ౪ தభమ
Where
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ ൌ and
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ ൌ .
ஓ౥ౙ౪ ஓభమ

Assuming that in an anisotropic shearing ( ୭ ് ͳሻ the  ୭ eventually approaches

to 1 (this happens very fast in this model), one should decide, based on the
 211


purpose of numerical simulation, either to calibrate the shear modulus for low

strains (where  ୭ ് ͳ), and instead, get too much curvature in the back-bone

stress-strain curve (i.e.

Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ curve pushed to the right; Figure 26 and Figure

27), or to calibrate the model to get a better back-bone stress-strain curve.

த౥ౙ౪ தభమ
For  ୭ ൌ ͳ condition
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ ൌ ൌ
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ ൌ
ஓ౥ౙ౪ ஓభమ

x The maximum shear stress ɒ୭ୡ୲ǡ୤ is defined by the failure surface (the outermost

yield surface), which that is defined by the friction angle.

x The backbone relationship is also pressure dependant. For point A, for example,

this relation is defined as:

୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲
ɒ୭ୡ୲ǡ୅ ൌ ሺ
ୱୣୡǤ୭ୡ୲ ሻ൫ɀ୭ୡ୲ǡ୅ ൯ ൌ ൫ɀ୭ୡ୲ǡ୅ ൯
ɀ୭ୡ୲ǡ୅ ’୰ᇱ ୢ
ͳ൅ ቀ ቁ
ɀ୰ ’ᇱ

(27)

ߛ௥ is a reference shear strain which is defined by the model internally. One can

derive it by considering the backbone relation at the reference confining pressure

(‫݌‬௥ᇱ ) as depicted in Figure 6. Point B is located at the maximum shear stress and

we have:

‫ܩ‬௠௔௫ǡ௥ǡ௢௖௧
߬௢௖௧ǡ௥ǡ௙ ൌ ൫‫ܩ‬௦௘௖ǡ௥ǡ௢௖௧ ൯൫ߛ௠௔௫ǡ௥ ൯ ൌ ൫ߛ ൯
ߛ௠௔௫ǡ௥ ‫݌‬௥ᇱ ௗ ௠௔௫ǡ௥
ͳ൅ ቀ ᇱቁ
ߛ௥ ‫݌‬௥

ʹξʹ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߮ ்௑஼ ሻ ᇱ
ൌ ሺ‫ ݌‬ሻ
͵ െ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߮ ்௑஼ ሻ ௥

(28)

ߛ௠௔௫ǡ௥ is the maximum shear strain and is an input parameter of the model. It

defines the octahedral shear strain (at ‫݌‬௥ᇱ ) at which the backbone curve in Figure 6
 212


maximizes. This value is set to 0.10 in this study. The effect of different ߛ௠௔௫ǡ௥ in

monotonic DSS loading response is shown in Figure 7. ߛ௥ can be solved as:

ʹξʹ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߮ ்௑஼ ሻ ᇱ
ቈ ‫ ݌‬቉ߛ
߬௢௖௧ǡ௥ǡ௙ ߛ௠௔௫ǡ௥ ͵ െ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߮ ்௑஼ ሻ ௥ ௠௔௫ǡ௥
ߛ௥ ൌ ൌ
‫ܩ‬௠௔௫ǡ௥ǡ௢௖௧ ߛ௠௔௫ǡ௥ െ ߬௢௖௧ǡ௥ǡ௙ ʹξʹ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߮ ்௑஼ ሻ ᇱ
‫ܩ‬௠௔௫ǡ௥ǡ௢௖௧ ߛ௠௔௫ǡ௥ െ ቈ ‫ ݌‬቉
͵ െ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺ߮ ்௑஼ ሻ ௥

(29)

A.5. ۵Ȁ۵‫ ܠ܉ܕ‬CURVES

The back-bone stress-strain curve can be derived from the yield surfaces (Figure

8). Subsequently the

Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ curve can be derived from the back-bone stress-strain curve

(Figure 9). It is important to distinguish the difference between

୭ୡ୲ Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ǡ୭ୡ୲ which is

derived in the octahedral space and the

Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ curves which are often referred to in

engineering practice (like those from EPRI, 1993). The results shown in future chapters

are all converted to in-plane shear (DSS shear) to be comparable to test data.

The model divides the yield surface angles into equally distributed stresses. The

model has the option to define the

Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ curve manually too. The
Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ curve is

defined as pairs of
୰ୟ୲୧୭ and ɀଵଶ . The product of each
୫ୟ୶ǡଵǡ୭ୡ୲
୰ୟ୲୧୭ and ɀଵଶ should

give the relevant ɒଵଶ at the referenced confining pressure (’ᇱ୰ ). Therefore, it is important

to check that the input

Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ curve results in a reasonable friction angle and that the

back-bone stress-strain curve does not result in softening behavior. This can be checked

by performing the reversed process explained earlier in Figure 8 and Figure 9. The

resulting friction angle from the last pair of ሺ

Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ ሻ and ሺɀଵଶ ሻ is:
 213


૜ሺξ૜ૌ૚૛ǡ‫ ܠ܉ܕ‬ሻȀ‫ܘ‬Ԣ
‫ܖܑܛ‬ሺ૎ሻ ൌ
૟ ൅ ሺξ૜ૌ૚૛ǡ‫ ܠ܉ܕ‬ሻȀ‫ܘ‬Ԣ

(30)

And ɒଵଶǡ୫ୟ୶ is the product of last ሺ

Ȁ
୫ୟ୶ ሻ and ሺɀଵଶ ሻ.

In case of cohesion the resulting friction angle will be (refer to Table 1 and 2):

͵൫ξ͵ɒଵଶǡ୫ୟ୶ െ ʹ…‘Š‡•‹‘൯Ȁ’Ԣ
•‹ሺɔሻ ൌ
͸ ൅ ሺξ͵ɒଵଶǡ୫ୟ୶ െ ʹ…‘Š‡•‹‘ሻȀ’Ԣ

(31)

In this study it was decided to use the yield surfaces generated automatically by

the model because of the smoother response in different element tests, i.e.

drained/undrained monotonic/cyclic tests.

A.6. FLOW RULE

The plastic strain increment is divided into deviatoric and volumetric components.

The deviatoric plastic strain follows associative flow rule, while the volumetric plastic

෩ is a vector normal to the yield surface and 

strain follows nonassociative rule. If  ෩ is a

vector normal to the plastic potential, then they can be divided into deviatoric and

volumetric components:

x ෩ൌ
 ෩ Ԣ is the deviatoric, and ԢԢሚ is the volumetric component of
෩ ᇱ ൅ ԢԢሚ, where 

the vector normal to the yield surface, and

x  ෩ᇱ ൅ ԢԢሚ, where 
෩ൌ ෩Ԣ is the deviatoric, and ԢԢሚ is the volumetric component of

the vector normal to the plastic potential.

Associative and nonassociative flow rules are defined as follows:

x Associative flow rule in deviatoric behavior:  ෩ᇱ

෩ᇱ ൌ 
 214


x Nonassociative flow rule in volumetric behavior: ԢԢ ് ԢԢ

෩ ᇱ which is defined from the yield surface

෩ᇱ can be defined from 
Therefore, 

(associative flow rule). ԢԢ, however, is not defined by the yield surface (nonassociative

flow rule) and should be defined in another way. ԢԢ is defined based on phase

transformation (PT) concept through the following equations (Eq. (32 and (33). This

nonassociativity enables the model to properly capture “contractive” and “dilative”

behavior of soil. As it is shown in Figure 10 the distinction between contraction and

dilation is based on if the current stress state is below or above the phase transformation

angle, respectively.

Different version of PDMY02 material use different equations for dilation and

contraction induced volumetric plastic strain (characterized by ԢԢ). The following

equations are based on PDMY02 ver. 1.16 (October 2009) which was used in this study.

x Contraction ሾሺɒ ൏ ɒ୔୘ ሻ‘”ሺɒ ൐ ɒ୔୘ ƒ†ɒሶ ൏ Ͳሻሿ

ୡయ
ᇱᇱ
ɒ ଶ ’ᇱ ൅ ’ᇱ୭
 ൌ െ ൬ͳ െ ൰ ሺ…ଵ ൅ ɂୡ …ଶ ሻ ቆ ቇ
ɒ୔୘ ’ୟ୲୫

(32)

Where, …ଵ , …ଶ , and …ଷ are model input parameters. ɂୡ is a non-negative scalar that

represents the accumulative volumetric strain (increases by dilation and decreases

by contraction). The term ɂୡ …ଶ is a means to account for fabric damage, i.e. a

strong dilation results in higher contraction rate in the following unloading.

x Dilation ሾɒ ൐ ɒ୔୘ ƒ†ɒሶ ൐ Ͳሿ

ିୢయ
ᇱᇱ
ɒ ଶ
ୢమ
’ᇱ ൅ ’ᇱ୭
 ൌ൬ െ ͳ൰ ൫†ଵ ൅ ɀୢ ൯ ቆ ቇ
ɒ୔୘ ’ୟ୲୫

(33)
 215


where, †ଵ , †ଶ , and †ଷ are the model input parameters. ɀୢ is the octahedral shear

strain accumulated from the beginning of that particular dilation cycle. Therefore,

dilation rate increases by increasing shear strain in that cycle.

Parameters …ଷ and †ଷ simulate the overburden stress effect ( ஢ effect). The effect of input

parameter …ଵ on the contraction rate is shown in Figure 11. More contraction translates as

more increase in the pore water pressure and more reduction in the vertical effective

stress. The effect of input parameter …ଶ on the contraction rate is shown in Figure 12. As

explained earlier, the term ɂୡ …ଶ in Eq. (32) accounts for fabric damage. In the DSS

loading response shown in Figure 12 the first dilation is denoted by a circle. After the

first dilation, ɂୡ starts to accumulate and in the subsequent unloading the model shows a

more contractive behavior in a case where the fabric damage is activated (i.e. …ଶ ൌ ͷǤͲ).

A recommended value for …ଶ is 5.0. It also defines how close to zero vertical effective

stress we can get after initiation of the butterfly shape loops. Higher …ଶ values result in

closer-to-zero vertical effective ratio after initiation of butterfly-shape loops.

The effect of overburden stress ( ஢ effect) and input parameter …ଷ on contraction

rate is shown in Figure 13. The DSS loading responses for two different initial vertical

stresses are shown for when  ஢ effect is activated (i.e. …ଷ ൌ ͲǤʹሻ. It should be noted that
ୡయ
୮ᇲ ା୮ᇲ౥
when a non-zero …ଷ is used, the term ቀ ቁ increases the contractive tendency for
୮౗౪ౣ

୮ᇲ ା୮ᇲ౥
ቀ ቁ ൐ ͳ (which is shown in Figure 13), however decreases the contractive tendency
୮౗౪ౣ

୮ᇲ ା୮ᇲ౥
for ቀ ቁ ൏ ͳ (not shown here).
୮౗౪ౣ

The effect of input parameter †ଵ can be better observed in shear stress-strain

curve after the initiation of dilative behavior (Figure 14). The initiation of dilative
 216


behavior comes with the reduction in vertical effective stress and the butterfly shape

shear stress-vertical effective stress (not shown here). Decreasing †ଵ decreases the

dilative tendency and that, in return, increases the accumulated shear strain per cycle. The

accumulated shear strain can be adjusted to be about 1 to 1.5% after the initiation of

dilative behavior by adjusting the †ଵ parameter.

The effect of input parameter †ଶ is shown on Figure 15. The term ɀୢ ୢమ in Eq. (33)

accounts for fabric damage. To assess the effect of this factor, it should be noted that ɀୢ

is the shear strain accumulated in the current dilation and, therefore, is usually a small

number (smaller than 1) in common engineering applications. Therefore, changing †ଶ

from 3.0 to 0.3 in the range of ୢ ൏ ͳ results in an increase in ୢ ୢమ and, therefore, a

higher dilative tendency. A higher dilative tendency results in smaller shear strain

accumulation per cycle, as it is shown in Figure 15. Note that setting †ଶ ൌ Ͳ works the

opposing way because it sets ୢ ୢమ ൌ ͳ, which is much higher than usual values of ୢ ୢమ

with non-zero †ଶ . A recommended value for †ଶ is 3.0.

The effect of overburden stress (  effect) input parameter †ଷ in the dilative

୮ᇲ ା୮ᇲ౥
behavior can be very complicated based on whether ቀ ቁ is less than 1 or above 1. In
୮౗౪ౣ

this study †ଷ is set to zero.

A.7. MODEL INPUT PARAMETERS

The model was calibrated for four different sands with various Standard

Penetration Test (SPT) blow counts [(N1)60] and three different clay models with various

undrained shear strengths (Su). The model input parameters for PDMY02 are presented in

Table A.1 and the model input parameters for PIMY are presented in Table A.2.
 217


Table A.1. Model input parameters for sand model (PDMY02)

Parameter Value Description

ሺଵ ሻ଺଴ 5 15 25 35
ୖ 33% 57% 74% 87% Relative density can be obtained
from:
ሺଵ ሻ଺଴
ୖ ൌ ඨ
Ͷ͸

ୱ 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.65 Soil particle specific density, for
example for Nevada sand
‡୫୧୬ 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Minimum void ratio, for example for
Nevada sand
‡୫ୟ୶ 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 Maximum void ratio, for example for
Nevada sand
‡* 0.76 0.67 0.60 0.55 Void ratio can be derived from:
‡ ൌ ‡୫ୟ୶ െ ୖ ሺ‡୫ୟ୶ െ ‡୫୧୬ ሻ
* 1.94 1.99 2.03 2.06 Density can be derived from:
ton/m3 ton/m ton/m ton/m3
3 3
ሺ
ୱ ൅ Ǥ ‡ሻ
 ൌ ୵
ͳ ൅ Ǥ ‡
’ᇱ୰ * 100 100 100 100 Referenced effective confining
KPa KPa KPa KPa pressure, at which other model input
parameters will be calibrated.
ୱଵ 141 174 195 210 Shear velocity at ’ᇱ୰ (1 atm) is
m/s m/s m/s m/s derived from [modified from Andrus
and Stokoe, 2000]:
ୱଵ ൌ ͺͷሾሺଵ ሻ଺଴ ൅ ʹǤͷሿ଴Ǥଶହ

୫ୟ୶ǡଵ 38.3 60.2 77.2 91.3 In-plane low-strain shear modulus at
MPa MPa MPa MPa ’ᇱ୰ (1 atm) is derived from:

୫ୟ୶ǡଵ ൌ Ǥ ୱଵ ଶ

୫ୟ୶ǡଵǡ୭ୡ୲ * 46.9 73.7 94.6 111.9 Octahedral low-strain shear modulus
MPa MPa MPa MPa at ’ᇱ୰ (1 atm) is derived from:
͵

୫ୟ୶ǡଵǡ୭ୡ୲ ൌ ൬ ൰
୫ୟ୶ǡଵ
ξ͸
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ * 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Maximum octahedral shear strain is
the strain at which the octahedral
shear stress maximizes at ’ᇱ୰ (1 atm).
It was picked to be 0.1.
 218


୭ 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Lateral pressure ratio was picked to

be 0.5.
Ԃ 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 Poison’s ratio is derived from:
୭
Ԃൌ
ͳ ൅ ୭
ሺΤ
ሻ 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 The bulk modulus to shear modulus
ratio is derived from:
ʹሺͳ ൅ Ԃሻ
ሺΤ
ሻ ൌ
͵ሺͳ െ ʹԂሻ
୰ * 125.1 196.8 252.6 298.3 The bulk modulus was derived from
MPa MPa MPa MPa the octahedral shear modulus:
୰ ൌ ሺΤ
ሻǤ
୫ୟ୶ǡଵǡ୭ୡ୲
†* 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 The pressure dependency coefficient
defines the dependency of the
maximum octahedral shear modulus
and the bulk modulus in the effective
confining pressure.
ୢ
’Ԣ

୫ୟ୶ǡ୭ୡ୲ ൌ
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ ቆ ᇱ ቇ
’୰
ୢ
’Ԣ
 ൌ ୰ ቆ ᇱ ቇ
’୰
ɔୈୗୗ 30° 35° 40° 45° Direct simple shear test friction angle
was picked from empirical equations.
ɔ୔ୈ୑ଢ଼ * 25.4° 30.3° 35.8° 42.2° The model’s friction angle, which is
the same as the friction angle in
triaxial test, can be obtained from the
friction angle in direct simple shear
test using the following equation:
ɔ୔ୈ୑ଢ଼ ൌ ɔ୘ଡ଼େ
͵ –ƒሺɔୈୗୗ ሻ
ൌ •‹ିଵ ቈ ቉
ʹξ͵ ൅ –ƒሺɔୈୗୗ ሻ
ɔ୔୘ * 20° 25.3° 30.8° 32.2° The phase transformation angle was
chosen and adjusted with dilation
parameters to produce desired
dilation tendency. In this study it was
assumed to be 5 degrees lower that
ɔ୔ୈ୑ଢ଼ *
ଵୟ୲୫ǡଷΨ 0.09 0.16 0.29 N.A. The cyclic resistance ratio to reach
single-amplitude shear strain of 3%
 219


in 15 cycles under 1 atm effective

confining pressure and zero initial
static shear stress in undrained cyclic
direct shear loading test. This value is
obtained from design liquefaction
triggering correlations (Idriss and
Boulanger, 2008).
The model was calibrated to undergo
roughly 13 cycles before hitting the
phase transformation line (dilative
behavior) and roughly 2 more cycles
to produce 3% shear strain.
…ଵ * 0.06 0.019 0.005 0.001 This parameter controls the
contraction rate, and then volumetric
plastic strain rate, and therefore pore
water pressure generation rate. Refer
to Eq. (32) for better understanding
its role. It was adjusted to result in 13
cycles of shear loading before
dilation in undrained cyclic shear test
at ଵୟ୲୫ǡଷΨ for the loose sand. For
the dense sand it was picked to cause
very little decrease in the effective
confining pressure.
…ଶ * 5.0 3.0 1.0 0.5 This parameter accounts for fabric
damage and was picked 5.0 for the
loose sand as recommended by the
manual [ref]. For the dense sand,
however, it was picked a small value
to decrease the contractive tendency.
Assigning the recommended value
(5.0) for the dense sand could cause
too much contraction because of the
preceding dilation (refer to Eq. (32).
As explained earlier, it defines how
close we can get to zero vertical
effective stress ratio after the
initiation of butterfly-shape loops. It
was assumed that for loose sand we
can get pretty close to zero and not
 220


that much for denser sand. Selected

values of 3.0, 1.0 and 0.5 are rather
arbitrary.
…ଷ * 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 This parameter accounts for the over
burden stress effect ( ஢ effect) and
was chosen to be close to the
recommendations in the user’s
manual (Yang et al. 2009)
†ଵ * 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.4 This parameter, combined with
ɔ୔ୈ୑ଢ଼ െ ɔ୔୘ , control the dilation
rate after hitting the phase
transformation line. Therefore,
firstly, the ɔ୔ୈ୑ଢ଼ െ ɔ୔୘ needs to be
set, and then †ଵ should be adjusted to
produce desired accumulated shear
strain per cycle after initiation of
dilative behavior. For the loose sand
this parameter was adjusted to
produce 1.5% shear strain
accumulation per cycle after
initiation of dilative behavior in
undrained cyclic shear test at
ଵୟ୲୫ǡଷΨ . For the dense sand it
was picked a high value to show a
very dilative tendency.
†ଶ * 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 This parameter accounts for fabric
damage and was picked 3.0 as
recommended by the manual.
†ଷ * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 This parameter enables the effect of
over burden stress ( ஢ effect) on the
dilation rate and was chosen to be
zero. The  ஢ effect was accounted by
…ଷ solely.
Ž‹“ଵ * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Parameters Ž‹“ଵ and Ž‹“ଶ control the
liquefaction-induced perfectly plastic
shear strain (ɀ୷ ). This feature
activates for effective confining
pressures less than Ž‹“ଵ . The
maximum of this plastic shear strain
is limited to Ž‹“ଶ .
 221


Ɏ’Ԣ
ɀ୷ ൌ Ž‹“ଶ …‘• ଷ
ʹŽ‹“ଵ
This feature is disabled in the current
study by assigning Ž‹“ଶ ൌ Ͳ.
Ž‹“ଶ * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
* 20 20 20 20 Number of yield surfaces
…•ଵ * 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Parameters …•ଵ , …•ଶ , and …•ଷ define
the critical state line.
୮ᇱ ୡୱయ
‡ୡୱ ൌ …•ଵ െ …•ଶ ቀ ቁ if …•ଷ ് Ͳ,
୮౗౪ౣ
and
୮ᇱ
‡ୡୱ ൌ …•ଵ െ …•ଶ Ž‘‰ ቀ ቁ if …•ଷ ൌ Ͳ.
୮౗౪ౣ

The model checks the updated void

ratio with the critical state line and if
it passes the line, sets the volumetric
plastic strain (contraction or dilation)
to zero, i.e.  ᇱᇱ ൌ ͲǤ This feature is
disabled in the current version (ver.
1.16).
…•ଶ * 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
…•ଷ * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
…‘Š‡•‹‘* 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Shear strength at zero effective
confining pressure (cohesion), as
shown in Figure 1.
Note:
ξͺ
ɒ୭ୡ୲ǡ୮ᇲୀ଴ ൌ …‘Š‡•‹‘
͵
ʹξ͵
ɒଵଶǡ୮ᇲ ୀ଴ ൌ …‘Š‡•‹‘
͵
“୮ᇲ ୀ଴ ൌ ʹ…‘Š‡•‹‘
*
Model input parameters
 222


Table A.2. Model input parameters for clay material (PIMY)

Parameter Value Description

୳ 20 KPa (40, and 80 KPa) Undrained shear strength of the clay
ɏ* 1.6 ton/m3
’ᇱ୰ * 100 KPa Reference effective confining
pressure (it doesn’t matter here since
† ൌ Ͳ.

୫ୟ୶ 14 MPa (28, and 56 MPa) In-plane low-strain shear modulus is
derived from :
୫ୟ୶ ൌ ͹ͲͲ୳

୫ୟ୶ǡ୭ୡ୲ * 14 MPa (28, and 56 MPa) Octahedral low-strain shear modulus
is equal to
୫ୟ୶ .
ɀ୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ * 0.1 Maximum octahedral shear strain is
the strain at which the octahedral
shear stress maximizes. It was picked
to be 0.1.
ሺΤ
ሻ 5.0 The bulk modulus to shear modulus
ratio was picked to be 5.0.
Ԃ 0.41 ͵ሺΤ
ሻ െ ʹ
Ԃൌ
͸ሺΤ
ሻ ൅ ʹ
୭ 0.68 Ԃ
୭ ൌ
ͳെԂ
୰ * 70 MPa (140, and 280 The bulk modulus was derived as:
MPa) ୰ ൌ ሺΤ
ሻǤ
୫ୟ୶ǡ୭ୡ୲
†* 0.0 The pressure dependency coefficient
defines the dependency of the
maximum octahedral shear modulus
and the bulk modulus in the effective
confining pressure. It was set to zero.
ୢ
’Ԣ

୫ୟ୶ǡ୭ୡ୲ ൌ
୫ୟ୶ǡ୰ǡ୭ୡ୲ ቆ ᇱ ቇ
’୰
ୢ
’Ԣ
 ൌ ୰ ቆ ᇱ ቇ
’୰
ɔ୔ୈ୑ଢ଼ * 0.0° The friction angle is set to zero.
* 20 Number of yield surfaces
…‘Š‡•‹‘* 17.3 KPa (34.6, and 69.3 Shear strength at zero effective
KPa) confining pressure (cohesion), as
shown in Figure 1.
Note:
 223


ξͺ
ɒ୭ୡ୲ǡ୮ᇲୀ଴ ൌ …‘Š‡•‹‘
͵
ʹξ͵
ɒଵଶǡ୮ᇲ ୀ଴ ൌ …‘Š‡•‹‘
͵
“୮ᇲ ୀ଴ ൌ ʹ…‘Š‡•‹‘
*
Model input parameters
 224


Vc3 —s:s
s = Vc-(pcpcres)G
pc
—2
e  M
Vc fac —3
sur
re
pcG ilu
pcres Fa
pc

Vc2 pcres

Vc1

Figure 1. Multi surface yield criteria

 225


Vc1
W

Vc
Vc3 Vc3 W
W tan-1(ITXC)= 
Vc

Vc1 ITXC Vc

Vc3 Vc1

Figure 2. Triaxial compression test to find the yield surface size

 226


1 —3
Woct =  — s:s q =  — s:s
—3 —2

e
ce ac
rfa 2— 2 sin(ITXC) u rf 6 sin(ITXC)
s u r es 
i lu re I )
m1= 3 - sin(
Fa
ilu m2 =
3 - sin(ITXC)
F a TXC

pc pc

Figure 3. Different definitions for shear strain

 227


Wh
Vcv
Wh

Vch Vch=Vcv Wh
tan-1(IDSS)= Vc
v

IDSS Vcv
Vcv

Figure 4. Definition of friction angle in direct simple shear test (࣐ࡰࡿࡿ )

 228

Woct Woct,f
Gmax,oct Gsec,oct

Woct,f
Woct,A
A
e
ac
At confining u rf
es 2 — 2 sin(ITXC)
pressure = pc ilu r I )
Fa m1= 3 - sin(
TXC

Joct,A Joct pcr pc pc

Figure 5. Deviatoric octahedral stress-strain relationship at effective confining pressure

࢖Ԣ
 229

Woct Woct,f

Gmax,r,oct Gsec,r,oct
Woct,r,f
B c e
u rfa
At confining es 2 — 2 sin(ITXC)
ilur m1= 
pressure = pcr Fa 3 - sin(ITXC)

Jmax,r Joct pcr pc

Figure 6. Back-bone curve at reference confining pressure ࢖ᇱ࢘

 230

40

30

Woct (KPa)
20

10 Jmax,r = 0.05
Jmax,r = 0.02 Jmax,r = 0.10

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Joct

Figure 7. Effect of ࢽ࢓ࢇ࢞ǡ࢘ on stress-strain relationship

 231

Woct Woct,f
G1=Gmax,oct Gn GNYS

Yield surfaces
Joct pc

Figure 8. Back-bone stress-strain curve obtained from the yield surfaces

 232

1
G1/Gmax,oct

Gn /Gmax,oct
Gn/Gmax,oct

GNYS/Gmax,oct
0
1E-006 1E-005 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

Joct

Figure 9. ࡳȀࡳ࢓ࢇ࢞ curve obtained from the back-bone stress-strain curve

 233


Woct
Failure surface

Phase transformation
surface (PT)

WPT
W

pc r pc

Figure 10. Phase transformation surface

 234


0.1

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

c1=0.06
0.05
c1=0.03

-0.05

-0.1

0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

Figure 11. Effect of input parameter ࢉ૚ on contraction rate

 235


0.1

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.05
c2=5.0
0 c2=0.0

-0.05
first dilation
that causes
-0.1 accumulation of Hc

0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

Figure 12. Effect of input parameter ࢉ૛ (fabric damage) on contraction rate

 236


0.1 Vcvo=100 KPa

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.05 Vcvo=800 KPa

-0.05

-0.1

0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

Figure 13. Effect of over burden stress (࢑࣌ effect) and input parameter ࢉ૜ on contraction

rate
 237


1% 3.6%

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.1
d1=0.15
d1=0.05

-0.1

-0.04 0 0.04
Shear strain,J12

Figure 14. Effect of input parameter ࢊ૚ on dilation rate

 238


1%

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.1
d2=3.0
d2=0.3

0.4%
-0.1

-0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02

Shear strain,J12

Figure 15. Effect of input parameter ࢊ૛ (fabric damage) on dilation rate

 239

400 400
(N1)60 = 5 (N1)60 = 5
Shear stress W12 (KPa)

Shear stress W12 (KPa)

300 300
Vcvc = 800 KPa I'DSS = 30º Vcvc = 800 KPa

200 200

100 Vcvc = 100 KPa 100

Vcvc = 100 KPa

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Shear strain J12 Vertical effective stress (KPa)

300 -2E-005
(N1)60 = 5 (N1)60 = 5

Volumetric strain HvHc

0
200
Vcvc = 100 KPa
PWP (KPa)

Vcvc = 800 KPa

2E-005
100

4E-005
Vcvc = 100 KPa
0 Vcvc = 800 KPa

6E-005
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Shear strain Shear strain

Figure 16. Undrained monotonic DSS loading response for (N1)60=5 under 'vc=100 and

800 KPa
 240

1600 1600
(N1)60 = 35 (N1)60 = 35
Shear stress W12 (KPa)

Shear stress W12 (KPa)

1200 1200
Vcvc = 800 KPa

800 800
Vcvc = 800 KPa
I'DSS = 44º

400 Vcvc = 100 KPa 400

Vcvc = 100 KPa

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 400 800 1200 1600
Shear strain J12 Vertical effective stress (KPa)

400 -0.00016
(N1)60 = 35 (N1)60 = 35 Vcvc = 100 KPa

Volumetric strain HvHc

-0.00012
0
-8E-005
PWP (KPa)

Vcvc = 800 KPa

-400 -4E-005 Vcvc = 800 KPa

0
-800
4E-005
Vcvc = 100 KPa
-1200 8E-005
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Shear strain Shear strain

Figure 17. Undrained monotonic DSS loading response for (N1)60=35 under 'vc=100 and

800 KPa
 241

0.4 0.4

Shear stress ratio (WV'vc)

Shear stress ratio (WV'vc)

0.2 0.2

0 0

(N1)60 = 5 -0.2
(N1)60 = 5
-0.2
V'vc = 100 KPa V'vc = 100 KPa
D= WsV'vc = 0.0 D= WsV'vc = 0.0
-0.4 -0.4
-0.08 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (V'v/V'vc)

0.4 0.4

Shear stress ratio (WV'vc)

Shear stress ratio (WV'vc)

0.2 0.2

0 0

(N1)60 = 5 (N1)60 = 5
-0.2 -0.2
V'vc = 100 KPa V'vc = 100 KPa
D= WsV'vc = 0.1 D= WsV'vc = 0.1
-0.4 -0.4
-0.08 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (V'v/V'vc)

0.4 0.4
Shear stress ratio (WV'vc)
Shear stress ratio (WV'vc)

0.2 0.2

0 0

(N1)60 = 5 (N1)60 = 5
-0.2 -0.2
V'vc = 100 KPa V'vc = 100 KPa
D= WsV'vc = 0.2 D= WsV'vc = 0.2
-0.4 -0.4
-0.08 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (V'v/V'vc)

Figure 18. Undrained cyclic DSS loading response for (N1)60=5 under 'vc=100 KPa and

=0.0, 0.1, and 0.2

 242


0.08

Shear stress ratio (WV'vc)

0.04

-0.04
(N1)60 = 5
V'vc = 100 KPa
-0.08 D= WsV'vc = 0.0

-0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02

Shear strain

Figure 19. Undrained cyclic DSS loading response for (N1)60=5 under 'vc=100 KPa and

=0.0
 243

0.6
(N1)60 = 5

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

D= 0.0
3% shear strain
0.4

0.2 Vcvc = 1 atm

Fit with b=
8 atm
0.53

0.47
0
1 10 100
Number of uniform cycles

Figure 20. Cyclic shear stress ratio versus number of uniform loading in DSS loading to

cause single-amplitude shear strain of 3% for (N1)60=5 under 'vc=100 and 800 KPa and

=0.0
 244

0.4 0.4

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.2 0.2

0 0

(N1)60 = 35 -0.2
(N1)60 = 35
-0.2
Vcvc = 100 KPa Vcvc = 100 KPa
D= WsVcvc = 0.0 D= WsVcvc = 0.0
-0.4 -0.4
-0.0004 -0.0002 0 0.0002 0.0004 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

0.4 0.4

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.2 0.2

0 0

(N1)60 = 35 (N1)60 = 35
-0.2 -0.2
Vcvc = 100 KPa Vcvc = 100 KPa
D= WsVcvc = 0.1 D= WsVcvc = 0.1
-0.4 -0.4
-0.0004 -0.0002 0 0.0002 0.0004 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

0.4 0.4
Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)
Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.2 0.2

0 0

(N1)60 = 35 (N1)60 = 35
-0.2 -0.2
Vcvc = 100 KPa Vcvc = 100 KPa
D= WsVcvc = 0.2 D= WsVcvc = 0.2
-0.4 -0.4
-0.0004 -0.0002 0 0.0002 0.0004 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

Figure 21. Undrained cyclic DSS loading response for (N1)60=35 under 'vc=100 KPa and

=0.0, 0.1, and 0.2

 245

0.12 0.12

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.08 0.08

0.04 0.04

0 0

-0.04 -0.04
(N1)60 = 35 (N1)60 = 35
Vcvc = 100 KPa -0.08 Vcvc = 100 KPa
-0.08
CSR = 0.09 CSR = 0.09
-0.12 -0.12
-0.0001 0 0.0001 0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

0.6 0.6

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0

-0.2 -0.2
(N1)60 = 35 (N1)60 = 35
-0.4 Vcvc = 100 KPa -0.4 Vcvc = 100 KPa
CSR = 0.50 CSR = 0.50
-0.6 -0.6
-0.01 0 0.01 0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

1.5 1.5
Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)
Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5
(N1)60 = 35 (N1)60 = 35
-1 Vcvc = 100 KPa -1 Vcvc = 100 KPa
CSR = 1.00 CSR = 1.00
-1.5 -1.5
-0.01 0 0.01 0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Shear strain Vertical effective stress ratio (Vcv/Vcvc)

Figure 22. Undrained cyclic DSS loading response for (N1)60=35 under CSR = 0.09, 0.50,

and 1.00
 246

60 60

(N1)60 = 5
W12 vs. Vcv
W12 and Woct (KPa)

W12 and Woct (KPa)

40 40 Woct vs. pc

I'DSS = 30º
20 (N1)60 = 5 20
W12 vs. J12
I'oct = 25.4º
Woct vs. Joct

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 40 80 120
J12 and Joct Vcv and pc(KPa)

Figure 23. Drained monotonic DSS loading response for (N1)60=5 under 'vc=100 KPa
 247

0.6 500

(N1)60 = 5
Shear stress ratio, W12/Vcvo

Shear stress, W12 (KPa)

400 Vcvo = 100 KPa
Vcvo = 800 KPa
0.4
300

200 I'DSS = 30º

0.2 (N1)60 = 5
Vcvo = 100 KPa
100
Vcvo = 800 KPa

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 200 400 600 800
Shear strain, J12 Vertical effective stress, Vcv(KPa)

Figure 24. Drained monotonic DSS loading response for (N1)60=5 under 'vc=100 and 800

KPa
 248

120 120

(N1)60 = 35
W12 vs. Vcv
W12 and Woct (KPa)

W12 and Woct (KPa)

80 80 Woct vs. pc

I'DSS = 45º
40 (N1)60 = 35 40
W12 vs. J12
I'oct = 42º
Woct vs. Joct

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 40 80 120
J12 and Joct Vcv and pc(KPa)

1.2 1000

(N1)60 = 35
Shear stress ratio, W12/Vcvo

Shear stress, W12 (KPa)

800 Vcvo = 100 KPa
Vcvo = 800 KPa
0.8
600

400
0.4 I'DSS = 45º
(N1)60 = 35
Vcvo = 100 KPa
200
Vcvo = 800 KPa

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 200 400 600 800
Shear strain, J12 Vertical effective stress, Vcv(KPa)

Figure 25. Drained monotonic DSS loading response for (N1)60=35 under 'vc=100 and

800 KPa
 249

0.8
(N1)60 = 5 1 Vcvo = 100 KPa
Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

Vcvc = 100 KPa Vcvo = 800 KPa

0.4 0.8

Gsec/Gmax
0.6
0
EPRI (1993)
0.4 for depth 0-6 m
and 36-76 m
-0.4
0.2

-0.8 0
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 1E-006 1E-005 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

Shear strain, J12 Shear strain, J12

0.8 60
(N1)60 = 5
Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

Vcvo = 100 KPa

Equiv. damping ratio (%)

Vcvc = 800 KPa
0.4 Vcvo = 800 KPa
40

0
EPRI (1993)
20
for depth 0-6 m
and 36-76 m
-0.4

-0.8
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 1E-006 1E-005 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Shear strain, J12 Shear strain, J12

Figure 26. Drained strain-controlled cyclic DSS loading responses for (N1)60=5 under

'vc=100 and 800 KPa

 250

1.2
(N1)60 = 35 1 Vcvo = 100 KPa
Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

0.8 Vcvc = 100 KPa Vcvo = 800 KPa

0.8
0.4

Gsec/Gmax
0.6
0
EPRI (1993)
0.4 for depth 0-6 m
-0.4
and 36-76 m

-0.8 0.2

-1.2 0
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 1E-006 1E-005 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

Shear strain, J12 Shear strain, J12

1.2 60
(N1)60 = 35
Shear stress ratio (WVcvc)

Vcvo = 100 KPa

Equiv. damping ratio (%)

0.8 Vcvc = 800 KPa
Vcvo = 800 KPa
40
0.4

0
EPRI (1993)
20
for depth 0-6 m
-0.4
and 36-76 m

-0.8
0

-1.2
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 1E-006 1E-005 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Shear strain, J12 Shear strain, J12

Figure 27. Drained strain-controlled cyclic DSS loading responses for (N1)60=35 under

'vc=100 and 800 KPa

 251

100

Su = 80 KPa
80

W12 (KPa)
60

Su = 40 KPa
40

Su = 20 KPa
20

0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16
J12

Figure 28. Monotonic DSS loading response for Clay material (PIMY material) with

Su=20, 40, and 80 KPa