Transportation Energy Technologies

By:
Antonio Eduardo Mogro Zambrano, MSc.
 Academic Background:
ANTONIO E. MOGRO Tecnológico de Monterrey
➢ PhD in Engineering Sciences (coursing)
➢ Master in Automotive Engineering
University of the Armed Forces (Former ESPE)
➢ Automotive Engineer

Experience in the Automotive field:

Experience in the research field:

1. Energy and Climate Change research group GIECC
Born in Quito – Ecuador 2. Research Center in Automotive Mechatronics CIMA
28 years old

Strengths:
Internal Combustion Engines and Alternative Fuels
Sustainable Mobility
Automotive Systems
2
Transportation Energy Technologies Table of Contents
1. Introduction
a. Global environmental framework

b. Emission inventory in Ecuador

c. Vehicle emission regulatory framework

d. Divergence between road transportation CO2 official

emissions and real-world emissions
2. Considerations and alternatives to mitigate air
pollution
a. Vehicle Design perspective

b. General Mitigation actions

c. NAMAs in Ecuador
3. GIECC proposal
4. Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Platforms
a. Hydrogen as an eco-fuel in combustion engines or as
an energy source in fuel-cells
3
Introduction
Environmental Framework
&
Vehicle Emissions
Air pollution

It exceeds air quality limits (WHO global ambient air quality database, 2018)

Air pollution is the fourth highest risk factor for human health around the
world [1]

Energy Sector (production, generation and use) is the greatest source of air
pollution [1]

Photo credits: (a) © Bankwatch, https://goo.gl/NYsznY, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0; (b) and (d) © GraphicObsession; (c) © Global
Source: International Energy Agency, “Energy and Air Pollution,” World Energy Outlook - Spec. Rep., p. 266, 2016. [1] Alliance for Clean Cookstoves; (e) © Roberto Venturini, https://goo.gl/FVGrfU, CC BY 2.0
World emissions
Others* Others*
14% CH4 7%
9% Services
3%

Residential
Agriculture 6%
Electricity and heat
12%
generation
42%

CO2 Industry
90% 19%
Energy
68%
Industrial
processes
7%

N2O Transport
1%
24%

* Others include large-scale biomass burning, post-burn decay, peat

* Other includes agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and
decay, indirect N2O emissions from non-agricultural emissions of NOx and
heat generation, and other emissions not specified elsewhere.
NH3, Waste, and Solvent Use.

Estimated shares of global anthropogenic GHG, 2014 World CO2 emissions from fuel combustión by sector, 2015.
Source: International Energy Agency, “CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: Overview (2017 edition),” p. 14, Source: International Energy Agency, “CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: Overview (2017
2017. [3] edition),” p. 14, 2017. [3]
 Emission Inventory
Global emissions Inventory:
- Point Sources (industries)
- Mobile sources (vehicles)
- Area sources (shops, services, houses)
- Natural sources (soil erosion and biogenic emissions,
among others).
Source: INECC, “Elaboración del Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Fuentes Móviles para México 2013 y
proyección 2030 mediante el uso del modelo Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator ( MOVES ),” vol. 52, no. 5000, p.
192, 2014. [2]

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Ministry of Energy, 2014.
 Distribution of net emissions of National Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Ecuador (NGHGI) 2012

“IPCC Guidelines for national

inventories of GHG – revised
version 1996”

Belongs to the Non – Annex I Party of the UNFCCC

and as such, it has no mandatory commitments
to reduce GHG emissions, however:
LULUCF (land use, land-use
• 1992 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change and forestry)
Change (UNFCCC) – commitment on Periodical GHG
inventory
• 1999 the Kyoto Protocol
• 2001 First National Communication
• 2011 Second National Communication
• 2016 The Paris agreement
• 2017 Third National Communication

(MAE, 2017)

* (land use, land-use change and forestry)

Road Transportation CO2 emissions
"Limit global warming to not exceed
2°C, relative to pre-industrial levels”
(COP21, 2015) [4].
“Energy generation causes two
thirds of GHGs and 80% of CO2“
(IEA, 2017) [5].
“ European Standards such as EURO VI
are set to control commercial vehicles
and require new technologies to reduce
car pollution.”
(ICCT, 2014) [8].
"Ground transportation is responsible
for 50% of NOx emissions worldwide,
resulting in the largest contributor to
air pollution“
(IEA, 2016) [1].
GHG in Mexico - "CO2 is responsible
for approximately 71%, and motor
transport is also the main responsible
sector with 23.4%.”
(INECC, 2015) [6].
“Ground transportation is the largest
consumer of petroleum-based fuels in
the world with approximately 25%, and
therefore is the largest emitter of air
pollutants in urban centers with more
than 75%. “
(EIA, 2017) [7].
Environmental framework
Light Duty Vehicle CO2 emissions future targets for major vehicle
markets.
Source: G. Fontaras, N. G. Zacharof, and B. Ciuffo, “Fuel consumption and CO2emissions from passenger
cars in Europe – Laboratory versus real-world emissions,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 60, pp. 97–131,
2017. [9]

Year of
Country - Region CO2 Target [g/km] enactment
(expressed as NEDC equivalent values)
European Union Historical fleet CO2 emissions performance and current or proposed
passenger vehicle standards [11]
(Passenger Cars) 95 2021
European Union
(Light Comercial
Vehicles) 147 2020
United States &
Canada 97 2025
Japan 122 2020
China 117 2020
India 113 2021
South Korea 97 2020
Brazil 138 2017
Historical fleet CO2 emissions performance and current or proposed light
10
Mexico 145 2016 commercial vehicle/light truck standards [11]
Emission Models Emissions measurements in vehicles

HOMOLOGATION TUNNEL REMOTE REAL

STUDIES SENSING CONDITIONS
TESTS

➢ Current status
▪ Standard tests ▪ Inaccuracy ▪ Inaccuracy ▪ Tests on board
➢ Modeling Air Quality ▪ Road
▪ Laboratory ▪ Few states ▪ Few states
➢ Implement Strategies determination
▪ Several states
▪ Several states
Emission
inventory

Source: V. Franco, M. Kousoulidou, M. Muntean, L. Ntziachristos, S. Hausberger, and P. Dilara, “Road vehicle emission 11
factors development: A review,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 70, pp. 84–97, 2013. [15]
 Emissions models
• Used to generate inventories
IPCC-suggested heavy vehicle emission factors
• There are models for estimating
emission factors based on measurement Symbol Name Unit Value
IPCC Type of
Organization
Code control
campaigns: 4.36 19019 Advanced US
• I/M (Inspection and Maintenance) CO Emission 5.01 19037 Moderate US
EF CO Factor g/km
• In-Use Verification Program 4.85 19055 Not controlled US
• Euro 1 to 6 9 19253 Moderate EU

• Few measurements in real conditions CO2 Emission

987 19025 Advanced US
1011 19043 Moderate US
• Most used models are moves (United EF CO2 Factor g/km
1097 19061 Not controlled US
770 19259 Moderate EU
States) and Copert (Europe) 3.52 19010 Advanced US
• Other models: EF NOx
NOx Emission
Factor g/km
7.96 19028 Moderate US
10.3 19046 Not controlled US
• EMFAC
10 19244 Moderate EU
• Ive
• IPCC suggests general emission factors
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Moderate: Changes in injection time and combustion system design
Advanced: Modern control of injection system, use of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation)
by vehicle category (not recommended
for inventories, MOBILE5A) 12 National
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Hayama, Kanagawa. Japan, 2006. [14]
Real conditions

• Real operating conditions of the

vehicle (road)
• Used to measure fuel emission and
consumption factors
• Obtained by:
• PEMS (Portable emissions Measurement
System)
• Gravimetric tank or flowmeters
• Operation in different regions:
• Urban areas
• Motorways

13
 Homologation Tests Real Conditions
PERSISTING DIVERGENCE

Manufacturers’ type-approval CO2[8] Comparison of NOx emissions and standards for different Euro
classes [10]
Homologation Tests Real Conditions

Reality vs Certification gap estimation for an average 2015 passenger car; breakdown of factors contributing to the gap. [9]
 Considerations and
alternatives to mitigate air
pollution
Technology Roadmap
Ecuador Mitigación Policies
Ecuador’s NAMA in the passenger transportation sector
NAMAs Improvement in the
operation of the Public
(Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) Transport (Step 1 - 2)

Efficient Driving
Non-motorized
(Step 7)
Transportation
Incentive (Step 3)

NAMA aligns with the sectoral policies and programs currently

Actions
implemented as:
• Plan of renovation of the Automotor Park and scrapping Management of Economic
(Renova) the Traffic mechanisms and
Demand (PAS 6) incentives for GHG
• National Plan of Good living 2013 – 2017 reduction (Step 4)
• National Bike Trails Plan
• Sustainable Mobility Project Land Use Management
(Step 5)
• National Air quality Plan
• Agreement No. 50 MAE: Reform to the standard of ambient Of the total emission reduction potential of the three municipalities analyzed,
Quito contributes 59% of the total. Cumulative emission mitigation Potential 2018 –
air quality or emission level 2030:
• Introduction of electric vehicles for the postal operation of
Ecuador in urban areas
• Incentives and exemptions for the acquisition and
importation of electric vehicles (VE) and hybrids.
* Focused on the municipalities of Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca.
Ecuador’s NAMA in the cargo transportation sector
NAMAs Technology
(Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) improvement and
fleet renewal
(Step 1 - 2)

Sector
Formalization Logistic
(Step 4) Management
NAMA aligns with the sectoral policies and programs currently
(Step 3)
implemented as:
• Car park renovation Plan and Scrapping (Renova)
• National Plan of Good living 2013 – 2017
• Strategic Mobility Plan
• MTOP 2012 Strategic Plan
• Sustainable Mobility Project
• National energy Efficiency Plan Two mitigation scenarios were estimated:

• National Air quality Plan A - Joint implementation of all measures considering optimistic performance of
measures (upper limits)
• Agreement No. 50 MAE: Reform to the standard of ambient
air quality or emission level 14 MtCO2
B - Joint implementation of all measures considering conservative performance of
measures (lower limits)

9.3 MtCO2
 Alternative Fuels
and
Propulsion Platforms
Hydrogen as an eco-fuel in
combustion engines or as an energy
source in fuel-cells
24
25

TOTOTA copyrigth
 THANKS!
Any questions?

You can find me at

antoniomogroz@gmail.com
References
Timeline
 Regulatory framework
Year Source type Source Description Reference
EU Official Journal L
Decision No 1753/2000/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 2000 establishing a scheme to
2000 European Union Law http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2000/1753/oj 202, 10/08/2000 P.
monitor the average specific emissions of CO2 from new passenger cars
0001 - 0013
Journal within the European Union Michaelis P, Zerle P.
2006 https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560600601686 From ACEA's voluntary agreement to an emission trading scheme for new passenger cars
Law 2006.
Special edition in
Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 setting emission
Croatian: Chapter 15
2009 European Union Law http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/443/oj performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO 2
Volume 010 P. 212 -
emissions from light-duty vehicles
226

Official Journal of the

Official Journal of the European Union Regulation (EU) No 333/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014 amending
European Union:
2014 European Union Law Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to define the modalities for reaching the 2020 target to reduce CO 2 emissions from

29
http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/333/oj Chapter 15 Volume
new passenger cars
010 P. 212 - 226

The International Council on https://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/improving-conversions- Improving the conversions between the various passenger vehicle fuel economy/CO2 emission standards around the
2014 Zifei Y. 2014
Clean Transportation between-passenger-vehicle-efficiency-standards world
Elaboración del Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Fuentes Móviles para México 2013 y proyección 2030 INECC, vol. 52, no.
2014 [2] Environmental Agency Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático
mediante el uso del modelo Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) 5000, p. 192, 2014
2015 Book Springer International Publishing Divergence and Convergence of Automobile Fuel Economy Regulations Iguchi M. 2015
IEA, Nature, vol. 479,
2015 [4] Environmental Agency International Energy Agency Energy and Climate Change no. 7373, pp. 267–268,
2015.
2016 [8] Environmental Organization The International Council on Clean Transportation A technical summary of Euro 6/VI vehicle emission standards ICCT, 2016
European
2016 Environmental Agency https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/policy-context Climate change policies Environmental Agency.
2016
2016 [1] Environmental Agency International Energy Agency Energy and Air pollution – World Energy Outlook IEA, P.266, 2016
International Energy Agency

2017 [3] Environmental Agency http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: Overview (2017 edition) [online] IEA, 2017
/CO2EmissionsFromFuelCombustion2017Overview.pdf.
[Accessed: 07-Nov-2018].
2017 [7] Environmental Organization U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2017 EIA, 2017
2018 [5] Environmental Agency International Energy Agency Global Energy & CO 2 Status Report IEA, 2018
Presentación de los Resultados del Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases y Compuestos de Efecto
2018 [6] Environmental Agency Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático INECC, 2018
Invernadero
 Divergence of official and real-world emissions
Year Source type Source Description Reference
The International Council on Clean
Transportation Improving the conversions between the various passenger vehicle fuel economy/CO2 emission standards
2014 [11] Environmental Organization ICCT, 2014
around the world
Online Article
2016 [10] Environmental Agency European Environmental Agency Explaining road transport emissions EEA, 2016
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science Georgios Fontaras, Nikiforos-
Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from passenger cars in Europe – Laboratory versus real-world
2017 [9] Journal – State of art Georgios Zacharof, Biagio
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2016.12.004 emissions
Ciuffo. 2017
From laboratory to road: A 2015 Update of Official and "Real-World" Fuel Consumption and CO2 values for
2017 Journal – State of art White Paper ICCT ICCT, Tietge, et al 2017
Passenger Cars in Europe
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications IOECD/IEA. (2017). International Comparison of Light-duty Vehicle Fuel Economy 2005-2015 Ten years of fuel
2017 International Energy Agency IEA. 2017
/publication/wp15ldvcomparison.pdf economy benchmarking. International Energy Agency.
 Emission factors
Year Source type Source Description Reference

2006 [14] Environmental Organization The International Council on Clean Transportation - Guidelines 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories ICCT, 2006

2009 Book TRL – Published project: Report PPR361 Emission Factors 2009: Final summary report P. G. Boulter et al. 2009

2013 [15] Journal - Review Atmospheric Environment Road vehicle emission factors development: A review Vicente Franco et al. 2013
 Driving Cycles
Source type Source Description Reference
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering · July 2002
S Samuel, L Austin and D
2002 Proceedings - Journal Automotive test drive cycles for emission measurement and real-world emission levels—a review
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258176837 Morrey* 2002
DOI: 10.1243/095440702760178587
2009 Book TRL – Published project: Report PPR354 A reference book of driving cycles for use in the measurement of road vehicle emissions T. J. Barlow et al. 2009
Transport Reviews: A transnational
2010 [12] Journal - Review A Framework for developing driving cycles with On-Road Driving Data H. Y. Tong 2010
transdisciplinary Journal

Journal in cleaner transportation

2015 Journal - Review Driving Cycle Developments and Their Impacts On Energy Consumption Of Transportation H. Achour and A.G. Olabi 2015
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280933380
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.007
J. Huertas, M. Giraldo, L.
2018 [13] Journal Energies Driving Cycles Based on Fuel Consumption
Quirama, and J. Díaz, 2018