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typical value for a probability distribution. It may also be called a centre or location of the
distribution. Colloquially, measures of central tendency are often called averages. The
The most common measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the
median and the mode. A central tendency can be calculated for either a finite set of values
or for a theoretical distribution, such as the normal distribution. Occasionally authors use
central tendency to denote “the tendency of quantitative data to cluster around some
central value.”
variability, dispersion and central tendency are the often characterized properties of
distributions. Analysts may judge whether data has a strong or a weak central tendency
Problems 5-7
.
1
ARITHMETIC MEAN
“Statics is the science of average”
(Dr Bowly)
MEANING
Arithmetic mean is the most widely used and popular measure of central tendency,
which is based on all items of the central tendency, which is based on the all items of the
series.
Arithmetic mean is obtained by adding all items and dividing the total by total
number of items.
Therefore,
ADVANTAGES OF MEAN
In the calculation of Arithmetic Mean every item of the series is taken into
account.
necessary.
sampling fluctuations.
DISADVANTAGES OF MEAN
In case of open end class interval we have to assume the limits of such intervals
and a little variation in (X) can take place. Such is not the case with median and
If the data are not symmetrically distributed, Arithmetic Mean does not represent
MEDIAN (M)
“ Median is the value of the middle item in an array.”
(J.R. Stockton and Clark)
MEANING
Median is the value of the middle item of a series when the series is
their size from the smallest to the largest and descending means arrange of value in
ADVANTAGES OD MEDIAN
It is useful in case of open end classes. It means if the extreme values are not
It can be determined easily in open end series and unequal class intervals. It can be
calculated graphically.
DIADNANTAGES OF MEDIAN
It is not based on all the observation of the series, hence may not be representative
many causes.
It is not capable to future algebraic treatment like mean, geometric mean and
harmonic mean.
It cannot be determined if the data are not arranged in proper from either ascending
or descending order.
At time, it produce a value which is never found in series and gives functional and
impracticable result.
4
MODE (Z)
Mode is the value which has greatest frequency density in its immediate
neighborhood.”
(A.M Tuttle)
MEANING
Mode may be defined as the value that occurs most frequently in a statistical
distribution. In French language “Mode” means “Fashion” around this value. There is high
concentration of the values. It is neither the central value nor the average value of total
ADVANTAGES OF MODE
Mode is the term that occurs must in the series . Hence, it is not an isolated value
like median.
series.
For open end intervals it is not necessary to known the length of open intervals.
With only just a single glance on data we can find it’s value, it is simplest.
DISADVANTAGES OF MODE
Mode is based only on concentrated value, other values are not taken in account.
If the number of term is too large, only then we can call it as vthe representative
value.
5
Mode is not so rigidly defined, solving the problem by different methods we would
It cannot be determined from a series of unequal class interval unless they are
PROBLEM
The following are the marks secured by students in their annual examination of
19 28 94 99 97 92 98 80 88 89
38 68 78 78 37 76 74 85 27 17
59 94 82 88 89 84 77 78 65 81
32 61 55 49 91 79 63 76 57 74
15 37 84 89 79 65 79 91 87 78
90 93 49 89 62 65 65 67 79 91
46 45 80 81 74 63 65 67 68 68
CALCULATION OF MEAN
X F M FM
10-20 2 15 30
20-30 2 25 50
30-40 4 35 140
40-50 4 45 180
50-60 3 55 155
60-70 14 65 910
70-80 15 75 1125
80-90 15 85 1275
90-100 11 95 1045
Total ∑70 ∑4915
CALCULATION OF MEDIAN
X F CF
10-20 2 2
20-30 2 4
30-40 4 8
40-50 4 12
50-60 3 15
60-70 14 29
70-80 15 44
80-90 15 59
90-100 11 70
TOTAL N=70
= 70 = 35th item
2
= 35th item represent 70–80
7
= 70 + 70/2-29 X 10
15
= 70 + 35-29 X 10
15
= 70 + 6 X 10
15
= 70 + 4 = 74
CALCULATION OF MODE
GROUPING TABLE
ANALYSIS TABLE
CONCLUSION
Statics may be called as the science of average. The average is also called central value.
Thus average are the value which lie between 2 definite value and it is the reason that the values
Mean, Median and Mode are three statistical measures commonly used to summarize data
sets. They are known by the common name average. In its broadest sense, the average is simply
REFERANCE
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