SINGAPORE STANDARD CP 4: 2003 (ICS 91.040; 93.020) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Foundations Published by Complimentary ‘SPRING Singapore 2 Bukit Merah Central ‘Singapore 159635 SPRING Singapore Website: www. spring.gov.sg Standards Website: www.standards.org.sg SPRING singaporeaf SINGAPORE STANDARD CP 4: 2003 [acs 91.040; 93.020) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Foundations —————S ct iP Hong Yu Lin Carman Uo Engineer Givi & Structural Engineering Dh 5 SS oven U Ip). Griahts reserved. Uniess otherwise specified, no part ofthis Singapore Wy Standard may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, / electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and micrafiiming, without fa, Permission in writing from the SPRING Singapore at the address below: Programme Director ‘Standardisation Department “SPRING Singapore | 2 Bukit Merah Central ‘Singapore 159835 ry ‘Telephone: 62786666 Telefax: 62786667 [ | Email: sin@spring.gov.sg 1, _ ISBN 9971-67-914-9cP 4: 2003 APs Singapore Standard wes epproved by Buiding and Construction Standards Committee on behalf of the Standards Council of Singapore on 20 January 2003. First published 1976 First revision, 2003 {The Buiiding and Construction Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the following members: Name Organisation Chairman —: Mr Goh Chong Chia ‘Standards Council 1* Deputy Chairman: Dr Tam Chat Tim ‘Standards Councit 2™ Deputy Chairman =: Mr Ten Tian Chong ‘Standards Council Secretary1 : MrHen Kin Sew SPRING Singapore Secretary2 : Mr Kenneth See Khoon ‘SPRING Singapore Members Mr Boo Geok Kwang Singapore Civil Defence Force Dr Jimmy Chen Wie Ying Individual Capacity ‘Assoc Prof Chiew Sing Ping Nanyang Technological University Mr Desmond Hill ‘Singapore Contractors Association Limited Mr Koh Boon Jeng Building and Construction Authority Mr Benedict Lee Khee Chong Singapore Institute of Architects Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock Housing & Development Board’ Er. See Sing Kok ‘Singapore Confederation of Industries Dr Tan Guan Association of Consutting Engineers Singapore Er. Tan Seng Chuan Institution of Engineers, Singapore Assoc Prof Tan Thiam Soon National University of Singapore Mrs Tham Siyou Kim Land Transport Authority te Technical Committee for the review of CP4 Code of Practice for Foundation, appointed by the then Construction Industry Practice Committee and responsible for the preparation ef this standard, consists of representatives from the following organizations: Name Organisation Chairman: Er. & Prof Yong Kwet Yew National University of Singapore Deputy zi Chairman + Er. & Assoc Prof Chang Ming- Nanyang Technological University Feng Secretary: Mr Mohamed Bin Awi ‘SPRING Singapore Members: Er. &DrB. Chandrasekaran Individual Capacity Er. Chan Chee Weng Land Transport Authority Mr Chua Hock Lye ‘Singapore Confederation of industries (til August 2000)CP 4: 2003 Members Er. Fong Weng Cheong Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore Er. & DrV. Ganashan ‘Individual Capacity Er. Hee Ah Mui Jurong Town Corparation Er. Thanabal Kallannan Building and Construction Authority (from ‘September 2000) Er. Lim Thian Loke CPG Comoration Pte Lid Er. Ng Chee Ho ‘PSA Corporation Lid (from October 2000) Er. Robert Ooi ‘Singapore Contractors Association Limited Er. Poh Chee Kuan Jnstitution of Engineers, Singapore Er. John Wei Housing & Development Board Mr Gabriel Yu Shu sing PSA Corporation Lt (til August 2000) Acknowledgement is made to Prof Bengt B. Broms of Nar nyang Technological University who served 88 Cheliman ofthe Technical Commitee from February 1899 us to Marr 1995, oknawledgement is also made for the contributions made by the following individuals in assisting in the initial review of the standard: Mr Chiam Sing Lih Mr Chua Tong Seng Mr Heng Yee Siang ‘Mr David Jeyasesian Mr Sam Man Keong ‘Mr Nachhattar ‘SinghcP 4: 2003 eH {blank page) 4cP 4; 2003 i Contents fi : Page ay, Foreword Bue eee 9 qs CODE OF PRACTICE ‘Section One - General 1.1 Scope instinsiASianaee H 10 1.2 Definitions 10 Section Two - Design of foundations 21 General 20 22 — Geotechnical considerations 24 —_ eS _ 23 Structural considerations "24 Design in relation to construction procedure 85 _ qq Section Three - Shallow foundations u 3.1 General i 58 8 3.2 Design considerations 58 3 eee Section Four - Deep foundations 41° General 62 42 ‘Types of deep foundations 62 —————————_.- 43 Ground movements within and around. deep excavations, 65 ee eee 44” Design considerations 69 ES acer ‘Seotion Five - Cofferdams 54 General 73 5.2 Materials and stresses 73 5.3. Design considerations 75 —_—- Section Six ~ Geotechnical pracesses: groundwater. lowering, grouting and other methods of changing the ground characteristics in situ i 84 General 92 62 Site investigations 92 By Control of groundwater and ground B 63 deformation 101 i — } 6.4 Methods of dewatering excavations 104 a 55 Special methods for excluding water fom excavations 15 : ind ' 5.6 Methods of improving the physical properties of the ground 120 ree 5.7 Ground treatment by grouting 123 3 _ Section Seven - Pile foundations 4 71 General 134 ‘| 7.2 Preliminary investigations, 132 ‘ 7 BEES eee SEE EEECP 4: 2003 Page 7.3 Design considerations 133 7.4 Typss of pile 146 7.5 Axial load capacity and test loading 472 7.8 Special loading tests 187 7.7 Integrity testing of concrete piles 198 ee Section Eight ~ Tide work and underwater concreting 81 Tide work 199 8.2 Underwater conereting 202 83° Diving FEE Teer eer eee Ce EeEPCEEEPEEPTI Section Nine - Site preparation for foundation work 81 Proliminary considerations 208 9.2 Design of foundations 208 83 Stablity 206 94 Drainage 206 $3 Work preliminary to demoition shoring and underpinning of ‘existing stuctures 207 9.6 Demolition 207 9.7 Shoring 208 8.8 Underpinning 210 EEE Section Ten - Durability of imber, metal and conerete structures 10.4 General 212 10.2 Timber 212 10.3 Metals 28 10.4 Concrete OSE om Section Eleven - Safety precautions 14.4 General 225 14.2 Cofférdams and caissons 228 11.3 Excluding water from excavations 29 11.4 Pile foundations 231 14.5 Tide work 234 11.8 Diving 234 14.7 Safety precautions connected with demollion, use of explosives and underpinning 235 ANNEXES: A Derivation of charts forthe determination of allowable’ bearing Pressures on weak and broken rocks 237 B Recommendations and sialutory requirements affecting the safety welfere and health of persons at work 240 ee C References 244GP 4: 2003 Page TABLES 24 Rock strength grade based on uniaxial compression test 25 2.2 Rock weathering cassification for Bukit Timah Grane and Gombak Nore (motified trom Anon 1970) nt a 2.3 Rock weathering classification for Jurong Formation according to Approach 2 28 24 Presumed bearing values for foundations under vertcel static loading and settlement not fen tee ath Eg Sup foundations not oxcoeding 3 m wide, enkty say ot than ten times width, bearing on surface of rack (modified from Tornliee 1995) 30 2.5 Weathering classification of Old Alluvium 26 Fresumed bearing values for foundations in sands and gravels ata ‘minimum depth £10.78 m below ground level (modifed from Tomineon 1995) 42 ——____ 3t Pah 4 27 Presumed bearing values for foundations on lays at a minimum: depth of 1m i below ground level (modified from Tomlinson 1665) 42 al 28 Classification of sands and gravels by standard penetration tosh eee eres i 29 ‘Undrained shear ‘strength of cohesive ‘soils 45 «| 51 Minimum values for depth of cutoff for cohesioniese cote Where there is no significant lowering of the extemal water level 83 61 ‘Types of grout 126 62 Grout tests 129 7 7-1 Cement content and cube strength of concrete for precast reinforced concrete piles 149 t 104 Natural durabilly classifcation of Melaysian timbers 214 ay 102 Preservative requirements for treated timber in Singapore 217 eS 10.3 Timbers for specific uses 217 10.4 Resistivity and redox potential values 221 a * 10.5 Concrete exposed to sulphate attack Serer eee 7 At Influence value Yor foundation analysis (Lysmer and Duncan 1969) ——____ 238 (BS 5930:1999) s 26 22 Relation between ROD and mean discontinuity frequency (after Priest and Hudson 1976) 23 u 23 Allowable bearing pressures for square pad foundations bearing on rock la {for settlement not exceeding 0.5% of foundation width) 39 ee 5.1a Cofferdam types 5.1b Cofferdams using sheetpiing 5.2 Cofferdams showing depth of cutoff (cohesionless soils) J 8.1 Approximate guide to application of various Seatechnical processes to soils 62 Modes of occurrence of groundwater SEE ee SeeargGP 4: 2003, Page 6.3 Permeability and drainage characteristics of soils 99 6.4 Types of gartand drain 408 85 Collepse of excavation caused by seepage from steep slopes 107 8.6 Stable excavated slopes resulting from flat gradient and Provision of deep drainage trench 107 5.7 Reduction of water levels below and excavation by bored well ‘groundwater lowering system 103 —— 6.8 Muit-stage well point system for deep excavation 12 ree 8.8 Reduction of ground level before instaling well point system 112 6.10 Design rules for filters 114 eee 7-41 Types of pile 135 7.2 Testing rg for compressive test on pile using kenlledge for : reaction (after Tomlinson 1995) 181 7.3 Testing rg for compressive test on pl using tension ples for reaction (after Tomlinson 1995) 181 a 7-4 Typical rig for compressive test an pile using cable anchors for reaction a ie 7-5 Testing rig for pul-out test on H-section pile using ground as reaction (after Tomlinson 1995) 182 7-8 Typleal setup for applying tensie loads fo pile using hydraulic jacks acting between test beam and reaction frame anchored to pile (after Growiner 1988) 43 7-7 Typical set-up for applying tensile loads to ple using hydraulic Jack acting at ends of beam anchored to ple (after Crowther 1888) 184 eects eee ee 7-8 Relationship of load, settlement and tine in pile loading testusing maintained loads __1a5 7-9 Penetration in constant rate of penetration tests : 188 fee ee cee 7-40 Typical set-up for appiying lateral load with conventional hydraulic jack 3) (efter Crowther 1988) 191 711 Testing rig for push and pull lateral loading test on @ pair of piles (efter Tomlinson 1998) 192 7-12 Example of fixed-head test set-up for lateral test on individual Ble aga 7-43, Typical example of set-up for combined lateral and axial compressive load (afier Crowther 1988) 193 7-14 Testing arrangement for over-water lateral load tests of piles in a bent (efter Raymond Intemational) 194 ee 7-48(a) Schematic of quasi-static load test 195 Se 7-15(b) Quest-static/static load vs displacement curves 195 ee 7-46(a) Schematic of ‘builtin load cell test 196 7-16(b) Load displacement curves of ‘builtin load cell test 197 ee 7-16(c) Constructed equivalent pile top load vs displacement curve 197ala i cP 4: 2003 ee 4 2003 Foreword This Singapore Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee for Cade of Practice for Foundations under the direction of the then Building and Construction Industry Standards Committee, {tis a revision of CP 4: 1976, ‘The major changes in the revised edition of CP 4 : 2001 are as follows? (a) Clause 2.2 Design considerations in CP 4: 1976 has been completely revised to address the local soilock conditions in Singapore. (b) ‘Section CP 4: 1976 was replaced by the relevent clauses Of Section 9 of BS 8004 : 1986. {c) Inclusion of a section on durability of timber, metal and concrete structures, which was taken from BS 8004 : 1986 but modified to suit local needs. (2) _ Introduction of a separate section on Safely Precaution which was taken from BS 8004 : 1986 but modified to suit conditions in Singapore. ‘This code fs an adoption of British Standard BS 8004 : 1986 and was implemented with permission of {he British Standards Institution. Acknowledgement is made for the use of Figure 19 of BS 5930 - 1999 which is reproduced as Figure 2.1 in this standard, . Figures 7.6. 7-7, 7-40, 7.12, 7.13 and 7.14 published in this code are adapted with permission from “ASTM 3688-80 (1995) Standard Test Method for Individual Piles Under Static Axial Tensile Locd” and “ASTM D3966-80 (1895) Standard Test Method for Piles Under Lateral Loads” respectively, copyright ASTM Intemational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohacken, PA 19428." Figures 72, 7.3 end 7.4 and Figure 7.11 published in this code are similar to Figures 11.8, 11.9, 11.17 ang, 1.19 respectively of the publication, Pile Design and Construction Practice’ Fourth Edon, by MJ. Tomlinson and are reproduced with the permission of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. 1. Singapore Standards are subject to periedic review to keep abreast of technological changes: and new technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of either amendment slips or revised editions. 2 Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.eee ere GP 4: 2003 SaaS Code of practice for foundations Section One — General 1.1 Scope This Code of Practice provides recommendations for the design and construction of foundations for the normal renge of buildings and engineering structures. It serves ag a guideline for ‘achieving a ‘echnieally sound, safe, and economical solution in the design and construction of these fourdetions, In principle, one should consider site geological and subsurface conditions, nature of buildings or iclures to be supported, availabilty of consiniction materials, and construction methods ond ccare in the design of foundations for buildings and structures. 1.2 Definitions FFor the purpose of this Singapore Standard, the folowing deffnitions apply. 1.2.4 Allowable pile load ‘The load that may be safely applied to a pile after taking into account its ultimate bearing capacity, egallve ficton, pile spacing, overall bearing capacity of the ground below the ples and lemon settlement. 1.22 Allowable net bearing pressure The maximum allowable net loading intensity at the base of the foundation, teking into account the timate bearing capacity, he amount and kind of settlement expected and the ability of the structure x commodate this settiement. It is a combined function both of the sile conditi¢ne, including all onstructich In the vicinity, and the characteristics of the proposed structure, 1.2.3 Anvil ‘The pat of a pawer-operated hammer which receives the blow of the ram and transmits it to the pile. 124 Barrettes Constem of pling involving the excavation of iarge rectangular panels under bentonite. The ‘echniques used in thelr constuction are very similar to those used for diaphragm walling, 1.2.5 Bentonite suspension/sturry A mixture of bentonite and water. 1.2.6 Boiling or quick condition phenomenon involving soll particles suspended in water when a coh. ‘o an upward seepage force under @ hydraulic gradient exceeding the critical gradient of the soll. This 40 f | po Lteee —— GP 4: 2003 eS, 4.2.7 Bored cast-in-place pile ‘Aplle formed with or without a casing by excavating or boring @ hole in the ground and subsequently filing it with plain oF ceinforced concrete. 4.2.8 Box pile Apile made of rolled steel sections welded together to form a hollow pile, 4.2.9 Bracing ‘The internal system of walings, struts and other members which enables a cofferdam ta resist external pressures. 4.2.10 Caisson structure that is sunk through ground or water for the purpose of excavating and placing work at the prescribed depth and which subsequently becomes an integral pert of the permanent work. 4.2.11 Box caisson ‘caisson which is closed at the bottom but open to the atmosphere at the top. 1.2.12 Open caisson Acaisson open both at the top and at the bottom. 1.2.13 Cased pile Apile formed with @ permanent shell or casing filed with concrete. 1.2.14 Cleat A structure, usually temporary, built for the purpose of excluding water or soil sufficiently to permit construction to proceed without excessive pumping and to support the surrounding ground. A land Cofferdam is one constructed from e land surface; a water cofferdam Is one constructed in open water. 1.2.16 Cellular cofferdam ‘Acofferdam consisting of a series of filled cells of circular or other shape in plan. 1.2.47 Double-wall cofferdam A cofferdam enclosed by a wall consisting of two parallel lines of sheeting tied together, with fling between them and which is usually self-supporting against extemal pressure. 1.2.18 Colloidal solution A suspension in which the particles do not settle because they respond to molecular movement in the fluid. “1CP 4: 2003 io ee 4.2.19 Contiguous bored piling 4 system of retaining wail construction in which bored plles are installed in single or double rows so that they are touching or in close proximity to each other. 4.2.20 Crib A layer of timber or steel in either one or two directions placed beneath @ column, shore, post, sil or Soleplate for the purpose of spreading the load. This is also called a grilage. 4.2.21 Cutoff level ‘The prescribed elevation at which the top of @ pile is cut. This may be above or below ground level. 1.2.22 Cylinder ‘An altemative name for an open caisson or monolith of cylindrical form. 1.2.23 Deflocculants ‘Agents to promote the dispersion of flocs, or solid particles which are coalesced into larger groups. 1.2.24 Depth of cut-off ‘The depth reached by the sheet piling or cofferdam walls below excavation level. 1.2.25 Diaphragm wall A system of construction in which a bentonite slurry is employed to maintain a pressure head and Stabilize trench being formed with boring or grabbing equipment. When the required depth has been reached the trench is concreted from the bottom upward using the’ tremie method, Gisplacing the slurry for removal. The wall is usually reinforced with steel. 1.2.26 Displacement piles Piles installed which cause displacement of the soil or ground through which they are driven. 1.2.27 Dolly A cushion of hardwood or other material placed on top of the driving cap or helmet to receive the blows of the hammer. 1.2.28 Double-acting hammer A hammer operated by steam, compressed cir or intemal combustion, the energy of its blaws being derived mainly from the source of motive power and not from gravity, 1.2.29 Downdrag (negative skin friction) ‘Adormward frictional force applied to the shaft of a ple caused by the consolidation of compressible Stats, 2.9. under recently placed fll. Downerag has the effect of adding load to the pile and reducing the factor of safety. 1.2.30 Driven cast-in-place pile pile installed by drivin 'd @ permanent or temporary casing end filing the hole so formed with plain or reinforéed concrete. 12 fiescP 4: 2003 1.2.31 Driven pile A pile driven into the ground by the blows of @ hammer or by a vibrator, 4.2.32 Driving cap rer steel cap placed an top of a steel ple to distribute the blow over the cross Section end to ininza damage tothe ple head during driving 1.2.33 Driving shoe. ‘choo or point fited to the tin of pile or eriving tube to fecitate its penetration, 1.2.34 Drop hammer ‘Aweight, usually of metal, raised by a winch and allowed to fll Under gravity. 4.2.35 Drop or stroke ‘The distance which the hammer or ram is allowed to fall, 1.2.36 Emulsion ‘A Gpersion of discrete partici or droplets of one material in a continuous phase or another material in which it is not soluble. 1.2.37 Emulsion breaker 1.2.38 Enlarged base ‘An enlargement ofthe base area of a pile, famed either (2) with a base larger then the sheft of a pre-formed pile; (©) instu, by diving a plug of concrete into the Surrounding ground; or (©) Insitu, by undereutng (under-reaming) the sol at the ‘base of a bored pile, 1.2.38 Epoxide {epoxy) A thermosetting plastics in which a chain is formed by reactions of a polyhycric alcohol end epichlorhydrin, 1.2.40 Factor of safety ‘The ratio of the ultimate bearing capa the ultimate load to the applied loed. 1.2.41 Filler city to the intensity ofthe applied bering pressure or the ratio of A finely avided solid which, while taking no pat in the chemical reaction in a system, modifies its ow Properties and subsequent mechanical behaviour, 13cP 4: 2003 eee 1.2.42 Flight auger ‘An open screv-type rotary boring tool with a helically arranged cutting edge. Spoil is removed by spinning off once clear of the bore. 1.2.43 Flying shore A strut or series of struts in the same vertical plane framed together to provide a horizontal restraint ‘betwesn two walls to prevent iateral movernent of one or both walls towards each other. No part of a flying shore takes @ bearing on the ground. 1.2.44 Follower ‘A removable extension that transmits the hammer blows to the pile when the pile head is to be driven down below the ground surface and out of reach of the hammer. It is Sometimes also called a long dolly. 1.2.45 Foundation ‘That part of the substructure designed and constructed to be in direct contact with and transmitting Joads to the ground. 1.2.46 Gross loading intensity The intehsity of vertical loading on the ground at the base level of a foundation due to alll loads above that level. 4.2.47 Ground beam A beam in a substructure transmitting load(s) to a pile, pad or other foundation. 1.2.48 Grouted micropile A small diameter pre-bored pile with an axial steel reinforcement. i 1.2.49 Heave ‘The upward displacement of ground as a result of operations within it, 1.2.50 Helmet & temporary stest cap placed on top of a precast concrete pile to minimize damage to the pile head during driving. 1.2.51 H-pile ‘steel wide-flange column or other section often rolled with a uniform thickness in web and flange. 1.2.52 Jacked pile pile, usually in short sections, which is forced into place by jacking it against a reaction such as the weight of the structure. A jacked pile is commonly used in underpinning work. 14 i ; i ( Pea fara ‘haarCP 4: 2003 1.2.53 Jetting See eieat eehon sat" under pressure atthe point of = dven pile as an aid to pile eer frivngIs encountered the jet pioe may be formed in ihe ple shat ov oes Separately dongside the pile, 1.2.54 Kelly bar driven rotary table. 1.2.55 Kentledge Materia used to add temporary loading to a structure, e.g. to the (0p of caissons to assist in sinking or ‘as dead weight in a loading test. 1.2.56 Lacing Asystem of les connecting one set of walings or siruts to another. 12.57 Leaders jitel channels or tubes used for locating and guidin forming part of a pile frame, or suspended from the 1 base or standing on the ground secured by guy ropes- 1.2.58 Load-bearing pile ig the hammer and pile during driving, ether of a mobile crane or supported on a mobile A pile driven or formed in the ground for {ransmitting the weight of structure to the soil by the jesistance developed at the pile point or base and by fiction along its surface. if the pile supports the {oad mainly by the resistance developed at is Point or base, itis referred to as an end-bearing pile; mainly by fiction along its surfaces, as a fiction ple, 1.2.59 Micrapile Akal diameter, cast.in-place, reinforced concrete pile formed by driling or slender, tubuiar steel {ube or bars installed by driving or jack in, 1.2.60 Mudding-in ‘re. lochnique of string bentonite powder and water Using an auger into granular soll to feclitate the {nstallation of temporary casing, 1.2.61 Net loading intensity {he increase or decrease in intensity of vertical loading at the base level of a foundation due to the pareetot the new sirucire incuding earthworks (Ramtec aes excavation. Usually itis the dference elween the gross loacing intensiy before bulla Qperations are commenced end the gross loading ‘nfensty efter the structure is complete and full noeke 1.2.62 Packing A pad of resilent material contained betwoen the helmet and the top of a reinforced concrete pile to ‘minimize damage to the pile head during driving 1.2.63 Pad foundation An Isolated foundation to spread a concentrated load, 15CP 4: 2003 1.2.64 Penetration The total d jeplh below extemal ground level reached by a caisson, a pile or the sheet piles of a cofferdam, 1.2.65 Permanent set ‘The net distance by which a driven pile penetrates into the ground at each blow of the hammer. 1.2.86 Pile cap A concrete block cast on the head the pile or group of piles. 1.2.87 Pile frame Of @ pile or @ group of piles to transmit the load from the structure to A movable steel or timber siructure for driving piles in the correct position and alignment by a hammer operating in the leaders of the frame. 1.2.68 Piled raft AA foundation formed of piles and a raft acting together. tis generally used where swelling forces appt Py the soll to a raft atthe base of an excavation need to be resisted or where the setlicnront ot ‘an unpiled raftis expected to be excessive. 1.2.69 Pipe pile Apile consisting of a length of stes! Pipe, driven either open-ended or with a shas. 1.2.70 Preboring Ragroval, by boring, of soil that may cause heave or obstruction during ple erving. The pile is placed In the prebored hole and driven as usual 1.2.71 Precast pile A reinforced or prestressed concrete ple cast and cured adequately before driving. 1.2.72 Preliminary pile A pile installed before the commencement of the main piling works for the suitability of the chosen type of ple and for confining the design, (620 also Test pile), Purpose of establishing the dimensions and bearing capacity 1.2.73 Presumed bearing value ‘The net loading intensity considered appropriate to the particular purposes. Values for various types of ground are usually given in the form of @ table. ‘The particular Yaike 's based ether on experience or on calculation from laboratory strength tests or field loading tests using a factor of safety against bearing capacity failure. 1.2.74 Proof load Alload applied to a selected wo for the load at the settlement sf load on the pile, king pile to confirm that itis properly constructed and that itis suitable ecified, A proof load should not normally exceed 200% of the working 16 Ph oo tm L [ ae Bae es‘Las yey ey ye a coy co 2 a cor: cP 4: 2003 4.2.75 Puncheons eo aac erntths the weight of the bracing to the excavated ground surface inside a Conorsem orto leat, or verteal struts, transmitting the weight ofa bracing frame to the fremo below. 1.2.76 Raft foundation A foureation continuous in two directions, usually covering an area equel to or greater than the base area of the structure. 1.2.77 Raking pile ‘Apile installed at an inclination to the vertical. Itis sometimes called a batter pile, 1.2.78 Raking shore 1.2.79 Ram ‘The rising and falling part of he hammer which delivers the blow. 1.2.80 Rock socket he ,Portion of the pile boring which penetrates into a rock formation beneath less competent overburden, 1.2.81 Runner A vertical member supported by walings used to Support the sides or face of an excavation and Freee astvel criven or lowered as the excavation proceeds, is Tones end being kept below the bottom 1.2.82 Screw pile A.pile consisting essentially of a shaft provided with a helix or helices at its base and screwed into the ground. 1.2.83 Secant piling 1.2.84 Segmental piles Precast concrete shaft units which can be formed into load-bearing piles of any desired lengths by ‘means of special couplings. 1.2.85 Sheet pile One of 2 row of piles driven or formed in the ground ‘adjacent to one another in a continuous wall, each generally provided with a connecting joint or intertock usually designed to resist mainly lateral forces and to reduce seepage; It may be vertical or at an inalinatios 7