DEFINITE INTEGRAL

n
f ( x )dx  lim S n  lim  f ( x k )x k ,
b

b

a n  n 
k 1

a
f ( x ) dx is read as “the definite integral of f(x)

with respect to x from x  a to x  b , where f (x) is called the integrand, a & b are called the lower
and upper limits(boundaries) of integration respectively.

1st Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Let f (x) be a continuous on [ a, b] & let x be any no. in [ a, b] . If F is the function defined
by

x
F ( x)  
a
f (t ) dt , then F ' ( x )  f ( x ) *
d x
dx a
f (t )  f ( x)

If x  a , then the derivative * may be a derivative from right.

If x  b , then the derivative * may be a derivative from left.

Examples: A. Compute for the derivative of each of the following:

d x 1 d 5
1. 
dx 1 t 3  1
dt 2.
dx x
1  t 2 dt 3.
d x2
dx 3
cos t dt

x
t2
F ( x)  
x
4.  2
1 t  1
dt 5. F ( x )   x
t 3 dt 6.
sin x
F ( x)  0
t dt

B. Supplementary Examples: 1st Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Do as indicated showing the details of your work.
x2
1. If  x sin x  
 f (t )dt , where  f is a continuous function, find f(4).
0

1  x 1/ 2 
2. Evaluate  lim   (1  tan 2t) dt 
x 0  x 0 


13
 x
3. If f is differentiable function such that  
 f (t ) dt  [ f ( x )]2 for all x, find f.
0

 1  2x 3 
4. Evaluate  lim    1  t dt  .

x0  x 2 
 
x x
 f (t )dt  xe 2x   e t f (t )dt
5. If f is a continuous function such that 
   for all x, find an explicit 
0 0
formula for f(x).

2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f (x ) is continuous on [ a, b] & if F (x ) be any indefinite integral of f (x) , then

f ( x) dx  F ( x) a  F (b)  F ( a )
b

b
a
Properties of Definite Integral

If f (x) and g (x ) are continuous functions on [ a, b]

a b b b
1.  f ( x)dx  0
a
4.  [ f ( x )  g ( x )]dx   f ( x )dx   g ( x) dx
a a a
b a c b b
2.  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx 5.  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx , where a  c  b
a b a c a
b b
3.  cf ( x)dx  c  f ( x)dx , c any constant
a a

ODD & EVEN FUNCTION

a a
If f (x) is an even function , that is, f (  x )  f ( x) , then  a f ( x )dx  2 0 f ( x) dx
a
If f (x) is an oddfunction , that is, f (  x )   f ( x) , then a f ( x) dx  0

WALLIS’ FORMULA

 m  1 m  3 m  5...  n  1 n  3 n  5...   
2 2

 sin m x cos n xdx 

2 1 1
0  m  n  m  n  2 m  n  4... 12
 1 , if at least one of m or n is a  odd int eger
where  
 2 , if m, n or both m & n are both  even int egers
Examples: Evaluate each of the following definite integrals:
3

  3  2 x  x  dx
1. 3 9.

17.  2 d
 sin 3  d
2 4

0 0 0 5  4 cos

14
 2
 y2  5
2. dy 10.
 x 2 sin 2 x dx 18.
 x  3 dx
2

3 y  4 y
2
0 2

4 
 e x
 22 (sin x  x) dx
1
3. 11. 19.

1 x
dx 
1
x  x dx

 x 
5 


1
4. 12. 20.

2


sin x dx 6
 3 x 4  x 2 dx 2
sin 4 x dx
2 1 0

ln e 
5.  sinh 2 x 13. 21.
 sec 6 t dt
4
 dx
0 cosh x  1  4

 sin 7 x cos 2 x dx
2

0
4 7
6.  dy 14.  dy 22. 

 sin 6 2 x cos 4 2 x dx
4
 
 4 16  y2 0 1  3 y 1 0

2
15.  x 2 dx 
7. 3 23.
 2 y  y 2 dy  sin 5 3 cos 3 3 d
6

3
0 16  x 2 0

 x  1 dx
1 4
8. 16.  xdx 24.


 sin 6 2 d
2
 2  2
1 x  1 2 x  3x  2 0

Exercises: I. Use the first fundamental theorem of calculus to find F (x)

x x
1. F ( x)   1
5
t dt 3. F ( x)   0 t cos t dt 5.
x2
F ( x)   (3t  2) dt
2
4

F ( x)  2
x ln x
x2
2. F ( x)   cos t 2 dt 4. t 3  1 dt 6. F ( x)  0 t dt
0

Exercises: II. Do as indicated showing the details of your work.

g( x ) cos x
g( x )  
 1
1. If  f ( x )   dt , where   [1  sin(t 2 )]dt , find  f ( 2 ) .
0 1  t3 0
g(x )
2. If  f ( x ) 
 t 2 sin(t 2 ) dt,  find  f (x ) .
0

1 x2
 f (x )dx   f (1  x )dx .
3. If f is continuous on [0, 1], prove that 
 
0 0
b
4. If  f   is continuous on [a, b], show that  2
 f ( x )  f ( x )dx  [ f (b)]  [ f ( a )]
2 2
.
a
x2
 1
5. If  g ( x )   dt , find g (2).
0 4  t5

Exercises: III. Evaluate each of the following definite integrals:

 2x  x  3 dx


 0 x  3 dx
1 4
 sin 5  d
2
1. 8. 4
15.
2 0

15
 1 1
 ( x  x ) dx
2
 xx
2 

 sec 6 t dt
4
2.  dx 9. 16. 
0 x 2  x  1

4
8 23 x
y 1 
 e
 (sin x cos x  sin x cos x) dx
e 3
3. dy 10.  y 4 ln y dy 17. 2
  2
0 1  e y 1


 e sec 2 z tan 2 z dz
sec 2 z 1 1
 x sin 1 x 2 dx  1  2 x  x 2 dx
2
4.  11. 0
18. 1
3

 xe 


5. 0 t3
12. 
2
d 19. 1

 
x2
t2 e 2
dt   3x 5  3 x 4  x 2 dx
2 0 1  sin   cos 1

5

 ydy 

 1  tan 2  d 
4
6. 13.  20. 2
sin 6 x dx
0 1 2 y 1 0


 1  sin x dx
4 2 

7. 14. rr r 2  x 2 dx 21.  sin 6 3 x cos 4 3x dx

6

0 cos 2 x 0

IMPROPER INTEGRALS

b
An integral of the form 
a
f ( x ) dx is said to be an improper integral if any of the following
circumstances holds:

i) Either the lower or upper, or both limits of integration(a or b, or both a & b) increase
numerically without bound.
ii) The integrand f (x) has an infinite discontinuity at the lower or upper or at a number
between the limits of integration ( at a or at b or at c, where a  c  b )
Cases Involved

A. Improper Integrals with Infinite Integration Limits

Case 1. Infinite Upper Limit of Integration

If f is continuous on  a,   , then

 b

a
f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx
b  a
if the limit exists.

Case 2. Infinite Lower Limit of Integration

If f is continuous on   , b  , then

b b


f ( x )dx  lim
a   a  f ( x )dx

16
 if the limit exists.

Case 3. Infinite Lower and Upper Limits of Integration

If f is continuous on   ,   , c  R , then

 c 
 
f ( x )dx   
f ( x) dx  
c
f ( x)dx

if both the improper integrals on the right exist.

B. Improper Integrals with Infinite Discontinuities

Case 4. Infinite Discontinuity at the Upper Limit of Integration

If f is continuous on  a, b  and if lim f ( x)   , then

x b

b w
 a
f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx
w b a
if the limit exists.

Case 5. Infinite Discontinuity at the Lower Limit of Integration

If f is continuous on  a, b and if lim f ( x )   , then

xa

b b
 a
f ( x) dx  lim  f ( x)dx
z a z
if the limit exists.

Case 6. Infinite Discontinuity at a Number Between the Limits of Integration

If f is continuous on  a, b , except for some c   a, b  , and if lim

x c
f ( x)   then

b c b
 a
f ( x)dx  
a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
c

if both the improper integral on the right exist.

NOTE: If the limit defining each of these improper integrals exists, that is, has a finite value, then it is
said to be convergent, otherwise it is divergent.

Examples: Evaluate the given improper integral. Tell if it is convergent or divergent.

A. Cases 1,2& 3
 
dx
2.  3. 
 dx
1. 0 2  x dx  
5 x 1 1 x3

17
 2
xdx
5. 
1 x 0 2 x
4.   e dx 
 1  x 2
6.    x e dx
   x
  x dx  e dx
3
7. 8.

 
 e  x dx dx
9.  10. 

  1  e  2 x  x  9
2

B. Case 4, 5 & 6
1 1
dx   dx
1. 
 2 . 0 2
tan x dx 3. 
0 x 0 1 x

4 4 2
 dx  dx xdx
4.  5.  6. 

2 16  x 2
1  x  2 2
0 1 x

Exercises: Evaluate the given improper integral. Tell if it is convergent or divergent.

 3
1.  dx  dx
 5. 
1 x3 0 3 x

2 5
dx  dx
2.  
 6. 
 x  4
2
3 25  x 2

 5
 xdx  dx
3.  7. 
 ( x  3)
2 2
2  x  3 2
2 2
4.  dx dx
 8. 

0 3x 1 x

18
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