Core 5 Final Exam Reviewer

Barrel Model
Superstructure

- Worldview; the perception of the self, society,

and the world around us

- A society’s shared sense (view) of identity; a

collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values

Social Structure

- Social organization; the patterned social arrangements of individuals within a

society

- The rule-governed relationships that hold members of a society together

- Includes power-relations

Infrastructure

- Economic base; the mode of subsistence

- Practices and materials used to make it into a living

Environment
 - Natural resources in a society’’s habitat

Sociocultural Evolution of Society

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE:

● Learned - we grow up with culture

● Shared - the actions of individuals are intelligible to other members of their

society

● Based on Symbols - human behavior is mediated by symbols

● Integrated - for culture to function properly, its various parts must be

consistent with one another

● Dynamic - culture must be flexible enough to allow adjustments in the face of

unstable or changing circumstances

VARIATIONS OF CULTURE:

● High - society’s elite

● Popular - other people in society

Globalization

- the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international

influence or start operating on an international scale; was started by trading

 Sociocultural Evolution of Society
Sociology on Society

- “The type of society we live in is the fundamental reason for why we become

who we are”

Hunting and Gathering (8,000 B.C. and Earlier)

- A human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival

- The men hunt and the women gather

LIVING CONDITIONS AND SITUATIONS (Hun & Gath)

● Shaman - the healing specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits

who cause disease or injury; witch doctor (unisex)

● Nomadic - small groups that roam about from place to place

● Equalitarian - equal footing between male and female, young or old (no

exemptions)

● There Are No Rulers - have the most leisure of all human groups

● Anism - is the religious belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a

distinct spiritual essence

Pastoral and Horticultural (8,000 B.C..)

 - People discovered that they could tame and breed livestock and cultivate

plants; where we got the first revolution

Pastoral

- A society based on the pasturing (herding) of animals; were also nomadic

(wherever animals went, they follow)

Horticultural (13,000 - 17,000 B..C.)

- Based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools

- Can stay on a piece of land as long as the soil is fertile

- The have bigger numbers

Domestication Revolution

- The first revolution; based on the domestication of plants and animals

LIVING CONDITIONS AND SITUATIONS (Pastor and Horti)

● Creation of Metal Tools - helped the group survive; hoes and knives

● Created a Surplus of Food - the primary reason as to why the group had

grown bigger

● Barter System - a monetary system of trade that began in this group

● Conflict - some have more and some have less

● Subjugation and Slavery - people were captured, enslaved, for one’s own

benefit
 ● Division of Labor - a system that distributes task to everyone in a society

● Gender Roles - the social stratification

● Polytheism and Monotheism - ancestor worship and the religions they

believed in

● Geographic Peripheries and Cultural Loss - were the difficulties of this society

● Migration Routes - caused immigration problems

Agricultural (6,000 B.C.)

- A society based on large-scale agriculture

LIVING CONDITIONS AND SITUATIONS: (Agri)

● Started Building - the cause for better production

● Wheel - meant for transportation

● Hieroglyphs - was the early system of writing

● Class Division - a rift between poor and rich people

● Rich - are elites; have more land and more wealth

● Poor - are at a disadvantage; have less of everything

● Protection of Wealth - was the cause for the creation of royalty and political

systems

● Period of Colonization - started due to land which gives them more food and

resources
 ● Inequality between Men and Women - women’s positions were demoted and

men were the dominant sex which happened quite rapidly →men brought the

goods while women only stayed, waited, and served (Elise Boulding)

● Developments - dance, cultural activities, music, monuments, philosophy, and

easier access to food

Industrial (1765)

- A society based on harnessing of machines powered by fuels

LIVING CONDITIONS AND SITUATIONS: (Indus)

● Oil and Coal - petroleum products found

● Steam Engine - used in manufacturing

● Production Line - created by Henry Ford; increased goods and there was more

supply

● Location Transfer - people transferred from farms to cities

● Homes - were afforded and deemed a necessity

● Bigger Towers - were built due to the increase in money

● Creation of Cars - were made for easier transportation

● Abolition of Slavery (December 2) - was done because work was now very

easy due to machinery

● Equality - was fought for by women for their right to vote

● Down with Monarchy - when the people have more money than the ruling

families
 ● Equal Rights - freedom of expression

Post Industrial or Information (Present Time)

- Based on information, services, and high technology rather than raw materials

and manufacturing

- Production of knowledge

LIVING CONDITIONS AND SITUATIONS: (Post Indus)

● Asking Questions - a common social interaction done to increase in knowledge

● Developing Information - creating new knowledge through innovation

● Lawyers, Doctors, Financial Analysts - give services from the brain

● Information - is what they considered power

● Microchip - used to make an integrated circuit

● Mass Transportation - a system of large-scale public transportation in a given

metropolitan area

Human Ecology
- Refers to the relationships between people and their environment

Ecology

- The sequence of relationships between living organisms and their

environment
Ecosystem

- Perceives an environment →is everything in a specified area

Biological Community

- Living parts of an ecosystem

Social System

- Everything about people, their population, psychology, and social organization

- Central concept in human ecology because human activities that impact on

ecosystems are influenced strongly by the society they live in

Economic Services

- Moves materials, energy, and information to the social system

EXAMPLES OF ECONOMIC SERVICES:

● Pollination ● Spiritual Health

● Pes or Disease Management ● Cultural Identity

● Freshwater, Food and genetic ● Erosion Prevention

Resources ● Protection from Danger

● Recreation Tourism

Technology
 - Defines the repertoire of possible actions in relating to harnessing material

from the environment

HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM:

● Use of resources

● Return the materials as waste

● Intentionally modify or reorganize existing ecosystems or create new ones

The Individual and Society

Socialization

- Life long process of social interaction through which people acquire their

identities and survival skills in society

Political Socialization

- A process which enables the development of citizens to function efficiently

within a political system

Internalization

- Process of accepting the social norms, attitudes, roles, and values transmitted

by people and social groups as one’s own

Social Context
 - Particular circumstances of a society or culture, language, social structure,

social class, ethnicity, and gender, social, and historical events, mechanisms of

power and control, institutions, and individuals

Content

- Ideas, beliefs, behavior, and other information passed on by members of

society to the individual

Process

- Methods of interaction that enable content to be given to a person

Result

- Outcomes of socialization; are evident when individuals practice behaviors,

attitudes, and values

Enculturation

- Process of accepting the being socialized into specific culture

- Learn cultural symbols, norms, values, and language through interaction and

observation

Agents of Socialization and Enculturation

- People or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other

orientations towards life

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION:

● Family - primary agent of socialization

● School - teach students important values like competitiveness, cooperation,

conformity, and universality regardless of social background

● Peer group

- People who share the same interests or characteristics such as ages and

social background

● Religion and State - socializes through laws and other regulations that

reinforce appropriate behavior

● Major Social and Historical Events - significant socializing forces for an entire

generation

● Mass Media - forms of communication (printed, broadcast, internet)

MASS MEDIA AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION:

● Pluralist - an ideological marketplace that enhances debate and other electoral

choice (talk shows)

● Market - reflects views of the general public where media presents what they

think the people want (shows or movies)

● Dominant-Ideology - link between media and political and social elite (media

coverage)

● Elite-Values - bias is a product of personal views of media professionals

(interviews or media coverage)

Conformity

- Process of altering one’s thoughts and actions to adapt to accepted behavior

within society

TYPES OF CONFORMITY:

● Compliance - outward conformity; motivated by desire to gain reward and

avoid punishment; least enduring type

● Identification - adopting a certain behavior; enables individuals to have a

satisfying relationship with other members; adopting the opinions and values

of the group

● Internalization or Acceptance - involves both public compliance and internal

acceptance; the most permanent and deeply-rooted response to social

influence

Deviance

- Violation of norms (rules or expectations)

- Behavior that elicits negative reaction from group members

DEVIANCE ACCORDING TO SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE:

● Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland)

 - “From the different groups we associate with, we learn to deviate from or

conform to society’s norm”

- These groups give us messages about conformity and deviance but we tend to

end up with more of either one (an “excess of definition”)

● Control Theory (Walter Reckless)

- Two control systems →inner controls (conscience, principles, integrity, desire to

be “good”) and outer controls (family, friends, and police) →work against our

tendencies to deviate

● Labelling Theory (Howard Becker)

- The labels people are given affect their own other’s perception of the thus

channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity →significance of

reputations

● Broken Windows Theory (James Wilson and George Kelling)

- Visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban

environment that encourages further crime and disorder

- Maintaining een an appearance of order is sufficient to discourage deviance

Beliefs

- Convictions that certain actions are morally wrong

TYPES OF BELIEFS ACCORDING TO SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE:

 ● Attachments - our affection and respect for people who conform to

mainstream norms

● Commitments - have a stake in the society that you don’t want to risk

● Investments - participating in approved activities

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE:

● Strain Theory (Robert Merton) - causes when a society socializes a large

numbers of people to desire a cultural goal, but withholds from some of the

institutionalized (approved) means of reaching that goal

● Cultural Goals - objectives held out in as legitimate or desirable for the

members of society to achieve

● Institutionalized Means - approved ways of reaching cultural goals

FOUR DEVIANT PATHS:

● Innovation - acceptance of the cultural goals of society but use illegitimate

means to achieve them

● Ritualism - abandonment of the cultural goals but cling to the conventional

rules of conduct

● Retreatism - rejection of both the cultural goals and the institutionalized

means of achieving those goals

● Rebellion - the rejection of both cultural goals and its institutionalized means

and seeks to provide new goals and means for society

 Four Deviant Paths CULTURAL GOALS INSTITUTIONALIZED MEANS

Innovation ✓ X

Ritualism X ✓

Retreatism X X

Rebellion X X

Anomie

- A condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values

or from a lack of purpose or ideals

- Breakdown of social regulations where people are left to their own devices

Conflict Theory Perspective

- Analyzes deviance in the framework of competing interests between social

groups and the maintenance of power among the cities

Social Control

- A group’s formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

- Any systematic means and practices used to maintain rules and laws,

regulate conflict, and discourage deviant behavior

(Negative) Sanctions

- Most common means of social control; often employed to address conflicts

and violations of social norms

TWO TYPES OF SANCTIONS:

● Formal - provided by the law and other regulations in society

● Informal - commonly imposed by smaller societies; no sets of laws or

regulations define these sanctions

(NOTE: The severity of the system we impose on others depends on our individual

perspectives.)

Social Group

- A collection of individuals who have relations with one another and make

them interdependent to a significant degree

Interdependence

- Ensures members to pursue shared goals or promote common values or

principles

MAJOR CATEGORIES OF GROUPS:

● Category - people that have similar characteristics and are classified together

● Aggregate - individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but do

not see themselves as belonging together

● Primary Groups - small groups characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-

face, association, and cooperation

● Secondary Groups - are larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal,

and impersonal groups based on some interest or activity

● In-Group - group towards which one feels loyalty and a sense of identity

● Out-Group - groups toward which one feels antagonistic and which one does

not belong and feel a sense of hostility

● Reference Group - a group to which an individual compares himself or herself

considered the standard for self-assessment

● Social Network - social ties radiating outward from the self that link people

together; interconnections, ties, linkages, between people, their groups, and the

large social institutions to which they belong

©️ JOSHUA AMPOSTA 11 - Loyola