ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION

EE-033
ASSIGNMENT -1

SUBMITTED BY:
KRISHNA MAHESHWARI (1505220028)
NISHI KATIYAR (1505220029)
PRAKHAR CHAURASIYA (1505220030)
1. BUILDING’S ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION
The energy audit in a building is a feasibility study. For it not only serves to identify energy use
among the various services and to identify opportunities for energy conservation but it is also a
crucial first step in establishing an energy management programme. The audit will produce the
data on which such a programme is based. The study should reveal to the owner, manager, or
management team of the building the options available for reducing energy waste, the costs
involved, and the benefits achievable from implementing those energy-conserving opportunities
(ECOs).
The energy management programme is a systematic on-going strategy for controlling a building's
energy consumption pattern. It is to reduce waste of energy and money to the minimum
permitted by the climate the building is located, its functions, occupancy schedules, and other
factors. It establishes and maintains an efficient balance between a building's annual functional
energy requirements and its annual actual energy consumption.
STAGES IN ENERGY PROGRAMME
The energy audit may range from a simple walk-through survey at one extreme to one that may
span several phases. These phases include a simple walk-through survey, followed by monitoring
of energy use in the building services, and then model analysis using computer simulation of
building operation. The complexity of the audit is therefore directly related to the stages or
degree of sophistication of the energy management programme and the cost of the audit
exercise.
The first stage is to reduce energy use in areas where energy is wasted and reductions will not
cause disruptions to the various functions. The level of service must not be compromised by the
reduction in energy consumed. It begins with a detailed, step-by-step analysis of the building's
energy use factors and costs, such as insulation values, occupancy schedules, chiller efficiencies,
lighting levels, and records of utility and fuel expenditures. It includes the identification of
specific ECOs, along with the cost-effective benefits of each one. The completed study would
provide the building owner with a thorough and detailed basis for deciding which ECOs to
implement, the magnitude of savings to be expected, and the energy conservation goals to be
established and achieved in the energy management programme. However, the ECOs may yield
modest gains.
The second stage is to improve efficiency of energy conversion equipment and to reduce energy
use by proper operations and maintenance. For this reason, it is necessary to reduce the number
of operating machines and operating hours according to the demands of the load, and fully
optimize equipment operations. Hence the ECOs would include the following:
• Building equipment operation,
• Building envelope,
• Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation equipment and systems,
• Lighting systems,
• Power systems, and
• Miscellaneous services.
The first two stages can be can be implemented without remodelling buildings and existing
facilities.
The third stage would require changes to the underlying functions of buildings by remodelling,
rebuilding, or introducing further control upgrades to the building. This requires some
investment.
The last stage is to carry out large-scale energy reducing measures when existing facilities have
past their useful life, or require extensive repairs or replacement because of obsolescence. In
this case higher energy savings may be achieved. For these last two stages, the audit may be
more extensive in order to identify more ECOs for evaluation, but at an increased need for
heavier capital expenditure to realize these opportunities.
SURVEYING THE BUILDING
A walk-through survey of a building may reveal several ECOs to the experienced eye of the
auditor. The survey could be divided into three parts.
Preliminary survey
Prior to the walk-through survey, the auditor may need to know the building and the way it is
used. The information can be obtained from:
• architectural blueprints,
• air-conditioning blueprints,
• electrical lighting and power blueprints,
• utility bills and operation logs for the year preceding the audit, • air-conditioning manuals and
system data, and
• building and plant operation schedules.

Walk-through
Thus having familiarized with the building, the walk-through process could be relatively
straightforward, if the blueprints and other preliminary information available describes the
building and its operation accurately. The process could begin with a walk around the building to
study the building envelope. Building features such as building wall colour, external sun-shading
devices, window screens and tint, and so on are noted as possible ECOs.
If a model analysis is included in the study, the building must be divided into zones of analysis.
The survey inside the building would include confirmation that the air-conditioning system is as
indicated on plans. Additions and alterations would be noted. The type and condition of the
windows, effectiveness of window seals, typical lighting and power requirements, occupancy and
space usage are noted. This information could be compared against the recommendations in the
relevant Codes of Practices.
System and plant data could be obtained by a visit to the mechanical rooms and plant room.
Nameplate data could be compared against those in the building's documents, and spot readings
of the current indicating panels for pumps and chillers recorded for estimating the load on the
system.
Operator's input
The auditor may discuss with the building maintenance staff further on the operating schedules
and seek clarification on any unusual pattern in the trend of the utility bills. Unusual patterns
such as sudden increase or decrease in utility bills could be caused by changes in occupancy in
the building, or change in use by existing tenants. It is not uncommon for tenants to expand their
computing operations that may increase the energy use significantly.
Report
At this stage, ECOs could be found in measures such as:
• Reduce system operating hours,
• Adjust space temperature and humidity,
• Reduce building envelope gain,
• Adjust space ventilation rates and building exfiltration,
• Review system air and water distribution, • Adjust chiller water temperatures, and
• Review chiller operations.
MEASUREMENTS
The capability of the energy auditor and the scope of an audit could be extended by the use of in
place instrumentation and temporary monitoring equipment. In-place instrumentation refers to
existing utility metering, air-conditioning control instrumentation and energy management
systems (EMS). The use of in-place utility metering and temporary monitoring equipment in
energy auditing can yield valuable information about the building systems such as:
• Energy signature and end-use consumption analysis,
• Discovery and identification of ECOs,
• Quantification of energy use and misuse,
• Establishing bounds for potential energy reduction, and
• Data acquisition for further calculation and analysis.

Existing information
Existing instrumentation such as utility meter readings, and energy billings could be used to
establish energy consumption patterns for the building. The regularity of consumption pattern is
an indicator that no significant change in consumption occurred prior to the audit. This can also
be used to check the validity of projections based on extrapolated short-term monitored data.
Utility data could be used to establish useful indices such as kWh/m2/year to compare relative
energy performance of buildings.
Air-conditioning control instrumentation such as chilled water temperature probes, water flow
meters could be used to estimate cooling load demand and plant operation. For example, chilled
water temperature outside the designed range may indicate that cooling coils may be operating
under offdesign conditions.
Short term monitoring
The building may not be equipped for monitoring energy consumption and it may be necessary
to install temporary measurement devices such as instantaneous recorders (strip chart, data
loggers, etc) and totalizing recorders (kWH meters) to obtain data over the period of a week for
the study. Monitored data is also useful for completing the energy model of a building for use in
some building energy simulation software. For example the total building energy consumption
would include energy used in the vertical transportation system and potable water pumps which
are not modelled in the software. An estimate for annual consumption is extrapolated from the
typical week consumption profile. Regularity of the weekly consumption profile means that the
annual consumption could be estimated with confidence and the value used to cross check with
the annual energy bills.
MODEL ANALYSIS
Building energy consumption in simplest terms is just the product of rate of consumption of a
system and the period of operation. In lighting systems, its energy consumption could be
determined manually with precision as it does not interact with other consumption variables.
Energy consumption of cooling systems, however, is many times more complicated as it is
affected by the internal heat gain within a building as well as weather variables, which varies in a
complex manner over time.
Building model analysis using computers offers several improvements over manual calculations.
These include:
• Precise schedule of building parameters,
• Precise determination of weather impact,
• Specification of part load performance of plant and equipment, and
• Consideration of parameter interactions such as lighting load on air-conditioning consumption.

Software
Some software permit hour-by-hour calculations of building consumption for the entire 8760
hours of the year, but require thorough knowledge of the software to carry out accurate and
meaningful analysis. Simplified software based on consumption analysis on characteristic days
may also be considered. However, the improvements in computational power of the desktop PC
has introduced several powerful features and user-friendly graphical interface possible in more
recent versions of such software making it more accessible to the practicing engineer.
Analysis
The general procedure for an analysis would be to establish a model giving an annual
consumption within 10% of the measured data. This establishes the base model. The impact of
ECOs on energy consumption would be compared against the base model. ECOs could be
considered singly or in combinations to determine interactions between them. The results of the
energy savings in each analysis should not be taken as absolute but rather taken to be relative to
the base run so as to give an indication of the order of magnitude of savings. Thus those ECOs
which shows significant gains would be implemented.
SUMMARY
The objective of energy audit is to identify the end use of energy in building and its ECOs; and as
a feasibility study leading to implementation of an energy management programme. The audit
procedures can be expanded as needed in the various phases of the energy programme, with
the application of each succeeding phase yielding more information on energy use, and more
opportunities for raising energy efficiency.
2. ENERGY AUDIT OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
The energy audit is one of the first tasks to be performed in the accomplishment of an effective
energy cost control program. An energy audit consists of a detailed examination of how a facility
uses energy, what the facility pays for that energy, and finally, a recommended program for
changes in operating practices or energy-consuming equipment that will cost-effectively save
dollars on energy bills.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN ENERGY AUDIT
The audit process starts by collecting information about a facility’s operation and about its past
record of utility bills. This data is then analyzed to get a picture of how the facility uses—and
possibly wastes—energy, as well as to help the auditor learn what areas to examine to reduce
energy costs. Specific changes—called Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECO’s)—are
identified and evaluated to determine their benefits and their cost-effectiveness. These ECO’s
are assessed in terms of their costs and benefits, and an economic comparison is made to rank
the various ECO’s. Finally, an Action Plan is created where certain ECO’s are selected for
implementation, and the actual process of saving energy and saving money begins.

The Auditor’s Toolbox

To obtain the best information for a successful energy cost control program, the auditor must
make some measurements during the audit visit. The amount of equipment needed depends on
the type of energy-consuming equipment used at the facility, and on the range of potential
ECO’s that might be considered.
Tools commonly needed for energy audits are listed below:
Tape measures
Light meter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter/Power Factor Meter
Combustion Analyzer
Thermometers
Airflow Measurement Devices
Blower Door Attachment
Smoke Generator

Preparing for the Audit Visit

Some preliminary work must be done before the auditor makes the actual energy audit visit to a
facility.
Data should be collected on the facility’s use of energy through examination of utility bills, and
some preliminary information should be compiled on the physical description and operation of
the facility.
Energy Use Data
The energy auditor should start by collecting data on energy use, power demand and cost for at
least the previous 12 months. Twenty-four months of data might be necessary to adequately
understand some types of billing methods. Bills for gas, oil, coal, electricity, etc. should be
compiled and examined to determine both the amount of energy used and the cost of that
energy.
Rate Structures
To fully understand the cost of energy, the auditor must determine the rate structure under
which that energy use is billed.
• Electrical Demand Charges: The demand charge is based on a reading of the maximum power
in kW that a customer demands in one month.
• Ratchet Clauses: Some utilities have a ratchet clause in their rate structure which stipulates
that the minimum power demand charge will be the highest demand recorded in the last billing
period or some percentage (i.e., typically 70%) of the highest power demand recorded in the last
year.
Disounts /Penalties: Utilities generally provide discounts on their energy and power rates for
customers who accept power at high voltage and provide transformers on site. They also
commonly assess penalties when a customer has a power factor less than 0.9.
• Wastewater charges: The energy auditor also frequently looks at water and wastewater use
and costs as part of the audit visit. Wastewater charges are usually based on some proportion of
the metered water use since the solids are difficult to meter.
These data are used initially to analyze potential
ECO’s and will ultimately influence which ECO’s are recommended. The auditor should consider
ECO’s that would involve using certain equipment during the night shift when the peak load is
significantly less than the first shift peak load.

Physical and Operational Data for the Facility

The auditor must gather information on factors likely to affect the energy use in the facility.
Geographic location, weather data, facility layout and construction, operating hours, and
equipment can all influence energy use.

Safety Considerations
Safety is a critical part of any energy audit. The audit person or team should be thoroughly
briefed on safety equipment and procedures, and should never place themselves in a position
where they could injure themselves or other people at the facility. Adequate safety equipment
should be worn at all appropriate times. Auditors should be extremely careful making any
measurements on electrical systems, or on high temperature devices such as boilers, heaters,
cookers, etc. Electrical gloves or asbestos gloves should be worn as appropriate.
Safety Checklist
1. Electrical:
a. Avoid working on live circuits, if possible.
b. Securely lock off circuits and switches before working on a piece of equipment.
c. Always keep one hand in your pocket while making measurements on live circuits to help
prevent cardiac arrest.
2. Respiratory:
a. When necessary, wear a full face respirator mask with adequate filtration particle size.
b. Use activated carbon cartridges in the mask when working around low concentrations of
noxious gases. Change the cartridges on a regular basis.
c. Use a self-contained breathing apparatus for work in toxic environments.
3. Hearing:
a. Use foam insert plugs while working around loud machinery to reduce sound levels up to 30
decibels.

Conducting the Audit Visit

Once the information on energy bills, facility equipment and facility operation has been
obtained, the audit equipment can be gathered up, and the actual visit to the facility can be
made.
Introductory Meeting
The audit person—or team—should meet with the facility manager and the maintenance
supervisor and briefly discuss the purpose of the audit and indicate the kind of information that
is to be obtained during the visit to the facility.
Audit Interviews
Getting the correct information on facility equipment and operation is important if the audit is
going to be most successful in identifying ways to save money on energy bills.
Walk-through Tour
A walk-through tour of the facility or plant tour should be conducted by the facility/plant
manager, and should be arranged so the auditor or audit team can see the major operational
and equipment features of the facility.
Getting Detailed Data
Following the facility or plant tour, the auditor or audit team should acquire the detailed data on
facility equipment and operation that will lead to identifying the significant Energy Conservation
Opportunities
(ECO’s) that may be appropriate for this facility. This includes data on lighting, HVAC equipment,
motors, water heating, and specialized equipment such as refrigerators, ovens, mixers, boilers,
heaters, etc.
What to Look for
• Lighting
• HVAC Equipment
• Electric Motors
• Water Heaters
• Waste Heat Sources
• Peak Equipment Loads
• Other Energy-Consuming Equipment

Post-Audit Analysis
Following the audit visit to the facility, the data collected should be examined, organized and
reviewed for completeness. Any missing data items should be obtained from the facility
personnel or from a re-visit to the facility. The preliminary ECO’s identified during the audit visit
should now be reviewed, and the actual analysis of the equipment or operational change should
be conducted. This involves determining the costs and the benefits of the potential ECO, and
making a judgment on the cost-effectiveness of that potential ECO.
The Energy Audit Report
The next step in the energy audit process is to prepare a report which details the final results and
recommendations. A residential audit may result in a computer printout from the utility. An
industrial audit is more likely to have a detailed explanation of the ECO’s and benefit-cost
analyses.
An outline for a complete energy audit report is shown below.
Energy Audit Report Format
Executive Summary
A brief summary of the recommendations and cost savings
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the energy audit
Need for a continuing energy cost control program
Facility Description
Product or service, and materials flow
Size, construction, facility layout, and hours of operation
Equipment list, with specifications
Energy Bill Analysis
Utility rate structures
Tables and graphs of energy consumptions and costs
Discussion of energy costs and energy bills
Energy Conservation Opportunities
Listing of potential ECO’s
Cost and savings analysis
Economic evaluation
Action Plan
Recommended ECO’s and an implementation schedule
Designation of an energy monitor and ongoing program
Conclusion
Additional comments not otherwise covered
3. ENERGY AUDIT ON HVAC
A commercial energy audit offers a chance to determine your HVAC system’s energy needs and
identify possible areas of concern by examining energy use and performing a component-by-com
ponent examination of system health.
Periodic audits should be part of any preventative maintenance program, as they offer the data
needed to improve system performance and energy. A commercial building energy audit answer
many important questions about equipment health and energy expenditures, including:
– How much energy does the HVAC system consume?
– Where and when is energy use heaviest and lightest?
– What areas and equipment cause the most energy loss?
– What are the ages, types, and conditions of system components?
– Does the system pose a health risk?

Benefits of Completing a Commercial Energy Audit Checklist

A completed commercial energy audit checklist is a valuable tool for facility and maintenance
managers. Once a commercial building energy audit is completed, you’ll be able to:
– Minimize energy loss and maximize system efficiency by resolving previously unidentified
problems
– Protect the health and productivity of building occupants by improving air quality and
temperature regulation
– Stay in compliance with government rules and regulations regarding commercial building air
quality and energy use
– Understand how the age and condition of the HVAC system affects the building’s value and
sale price.
In addition, an HVAC energy audit provides data facility managers can use to convince upper
management of the need to invest in retrofits, preventative maintenance, and replacement costs
especially when planning budget proposals.

How to Conduct a Commercial Building Energy Audit

An HVAC energy audit is a complicated process. The auditor will gather data on energy use from
multiple sources, including occupancy patterns, utility bills, maintenance records, and accounting
documents. This information is referred to throughout the physical audit, which examines every
system and component within the larger HVAC system.
Once data gathering is completed, information is analyzed with the help of building energy use
software to establish energy use patterns and uncover issues which the physical inspection and
maintenance crews may have missed. Finally,the auditor delivers a report of all findings including
recommendations for any upgrades, retrofits, change outs, or alterations to operating and
maintenance schedules.

The Commercial Energy Audit Checklist

A commercial building energy audit is a complex process, taking into every aspect of the HVAC
system and energy use. During the physical inspection, a commercial energy audit checklist cover
such components as:
– Air filters
– Boilers
– Cooling coils and condensation drip pans
– Cooling towers and chillers
– Ducted returns
– Exhaust fans
– Face and bypass dampers
– Garage ventilation
– Heating and reheating coils
– Mechanical rooms
– Mist eliminators
– Mixing plenum
– Outside air intake and air quality
– Pressurized ceiling supply plenum
– Preventative maintenance supplies
– Print room exhaust
– Return air plenum
– Return fans and chambers
– Room partitions and stairwells
– Spray humidifiers / air washers
– Steam humidifier
– Supply ductwork
– Supply fans and chambers
– Terminal equipment
– Thermostats and humidity sensors
– Toilet exhausts
– VAV box.
Without a comprehensive HVAC audit, it’s impossible to fully understand how a commercial
building uses electricity. If your maintenance schedule keeps the HVAC running, an audit helps
ensure it’s running to its maximum potential.