Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONTENTS
Experiment Page
Name of the Experiment
Number Number
To prepare a saturated solution of common salt at
1. 3
laboratory temperature and to determine its solubility
2. To prepare a solution of known composition 4
To study separation of two immiscible liquids using a
3. 4
separating funnel
Distillation - To study the separation of two miscible liquids
4. 5
by distillation
5. To obtain pure water from distillation of saline water 5
Determination of linear dimensions and density of solids
6. 5
and liquids
7. Measurement of temperature 9
8. To study colloids and Tyndall effect 10
To study the chemical reaction of an iron nail with aqueous
9. 11
copper sulphate solution
10. To study the burning of magnesium ribbon in air 12
To study the reactions of dil. hydrochloric acid an sulphuric
11. 12
acid with zinc and aluminium
To study the reaction of sodium hydroxide with aluminium
12. 13
metal
13. To study of double displacement reactions 13
To study the sublimation of solids and to use it to separate a
14. 13
mixture of solids
To measure change of temperature during chemical
15. reactions and differentiate between exothermic or 14
endothermic reactions
Distinguishing between electrolytes and non-electrolytes by
16. 15
continuity test
17. Measurement of conductivity using a conductivity meter 15
18. To measure pH of different solutions 16
19. Electrolysis of water 17
20. Determination of Avogadro number 18
21. Preparation of carbon dioxide 19
22. Preparation of sulphur dioxide 20
Page 1
Chemistry Experiments
Page 2
Chemistry Experiments
Page 3
Chemistry Experiments
Mix 10 mL of sunflower oil with 20 mL water in a beaker and stir well. Transfer the mixture to a
100 mL separating funnel and allow layers to separate. After the layers have been clearly separated, open
the stopcock carefully and run down the lower layer (water) into a beaker. After all the water layer has
been drained off, close the stopcock.
Drain the oil layer to a separate beaker.
Page 4
Chemistry Experiments
Take a 100 mL sample of brackish water (or prepare a sample by dissolving about 10 g common
salt in water) in the distillation assembly as shown in the figure. Heat the flask. Water starts boiling; the
vapours condense in the Liebig condenser and collect in the receiver. Continue distillation till about 80%
of the solvent has been distilled off.
(Note: Circulation of cold water is not necessary as steam gets condensed due to cooling by the
surroundings; but the condensation becomes faster if cold water is circulated through the Liebig
condenser.)
Apparatus:
Regular solid rods of different metals, digital Vernier caliper, digital balance, beakers, thread, pure
water, salt and pipette.
Density is the fundamental property of a solid. We say copper (Cu) is heavier than aluminum
(Al).This means density of Cu is higher than Al. How to measure density of solid? In this experiment we
will determine the density of solid objects made of different metals.
Mass is weighed in gram (g) in a digital balance. Volume in cm3 (cubic centimeter (cc)).
1cm 1cm 1cm= 1cm3; 100 cm= 1m; therefore100cm100cm 100cm = 106cm3 = 1m3
1000 g = 1 kg; Density of water = 1.000g/cc at 4C equals 1000 kg/m3.
Page 6
Chemistry Experiments
d
Brass Cylinder
h
d
Cu Cylinder
h
d
Al Cylinder
h
Steel Sphere d
Buoyancy method:
Archimedes principle is the supreme principle to determine the density of materials in any shape. It
states that the buoyant force experienced by a submerged object is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by the object. Because of buoyant force weight of an object inside the liquid feels lighter. If
is the mass of the object in air, ML is the mass of the object when it is submerged into a liquid of density
DL, then the Density of the object D.
We do this experiment with water. Density of water at room
×
temperature is nearly equal to 1 g/cc.
is : = g/cc
. ×
Therefore density of an irregular shape object =
g/cc
Procedure:
a. Take a 50 ml beaker and fill it up with water up to 2/3 of its height. Put the water with beaker on
electronic balance. Make its mass zero by pressing ‘TARE’ on the balance.
b. Tie the given object using a thin cotton thread.
c. Submerge the object into the water and make it rest on bottom of beaker. It gives mass of the
object . This value is equal to mass of the object in air. (You can verify this).
d. Lift the object with the thread keeping the object immersed in the water. Object should not touch
the wall of the beaker. Read the mass of the object in the water. This is the water displaced
due to Buoyancy. We call this as mass under Buoyancy.
Observations Table:
Mass of the object Mass of the object Density of the Object
Object
(g) under Buoyancy (g) ( / ) g/cc
Cu
Stone
Al
Page 7
Chemistry Experiments
After tare Object at the bottom Pull the object in Pull the object in
water salt water
Figure : Buoyancy method
C. Density of liquids:
I. Direct method: density of liquid = g/cc
Procedure:
A 10 ml pipette can be used to measure 10 ml of water. Take 50 ml empty beaker. Put on the
balance and tare. Add 10 ml of water from the pipette to the beaker and find the mass. You will find the
mass of water less than 10 g (about 9.985g) at 25C. Therefore density of water = 9.985 g/ 10.00 cc =
0.985 g/cc. Repeat 5 times. For measuring density of other liquids use propipette and do not suck the
liquid by mouth.
II. Buoyancy method:
Take the given cylindrical rod of Cumetal. Take two 50 ml beakers and fill up to 2/3 with pure
water in one beaker and salt water in the second beaker.
Mass of Cu in air by placing at rest in pure water = _____ g
Mass of Cu under Buoyancy in pure water = ______ g
×
Density of Cu = g/cc
Hence density of salt water = ×
Page 9
Chemistry Experiments
Multimeter Thermocouple
Digital thermometer
Experiment:
a) Pass laser light through water. Does it pass through water without getting scattered?
Page 10
Chemistry Experiments
b) Pass laser light through K2CrO4 solution. Does it pass through the solution?
c) Prepare a colloidal solution of sulphur by adding 2 mL of dil. HCl to a solution of 0.5 g of
sodium thiosulphate (hypo) in water
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl →2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O
Pass the laser light through the colloid. Observe how light is scattered.
.
Page 11
Chemistry Experiments
Transfer the white solid formed into a test tube, add about 2 to 3 ml water and shake. Dip strips of
blue litmus and red litmus papers into the suspension. Observe the colour change. Red litmus paper turns
blue indicating the suspension of magnesium oxide is basic in nature.
Reaction: MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2
Page 13
Chemistry Experiments
Cotton plug
Inverted funnel
Spirit lamp
Weigh out separately 3.2 g barium hydroxide and 1.0g ammonium chloride. Avoid lumps as far as
possible. Stand the beaker on a watch-glass containing a few drops of water, so that the base of the beaker
is touching the water. Note the room temperature. Mix the two solids in the beaker and stir with a glass
rod. The mixture becomes slushy as a liquid is formed, together with a white suspension.
The presence of ammonia can be detected by smell. Observe the drop in temperature, which is
confirmed by the fact that the beaker freezes to the watch-glass.
Initial temperature=_______oC
Final temperature = _______oC
By continuity test
These can be easily identified by the continuity test in an electric circuit. A typical electrical circuit
to test continuity is shown below. The bulb glows in an electrolyte solution when there is continuity in
the circuit. The source of electricity is a 9 V battery and the electrodes are two metal plates (or two metal
nails) dipped in the solution.
Observations:
Inference:
Bulb
Solution electrolyte or
glows?
non-electrolyte
i) Common salt
ii) Distilled water
iii)Distilled water + a
few drops of HCl
iv) Sugar
v) Urea
vi) Sodium hydroxide
Page 15
Chemistry Experiments
Conductance = 1/ Resistance
Conductance is expressed in Siemens
Prepare a series of solutions of the compounds in distilled water. (Make sure that the glassware
used for preparing solutions are free from any electrolytes, by washing them using distilled water). Set up
the instrument. Wash the electrode by dipping it in distilled water and wipe the outer surface dry using
tissue paper. Dip the electrode in the solution whose conductivity is to be measured. The conductivity is
read directly from the meter (in mS or μS).
You are given the solutions which are mentioned in the table. Find the conductance using a
conductivity meter and find which one is an electrolyte of higher conductance.
Sample Conductivity (mS/μS) Conductivity in μS only
1. Distilled Water
2. 0.1 M HCl
3. 0.1M Acetic acid
3. 0.1 M NaOH
4. 0.1 M CaCl2
5. 0.1 M NH4Cl
6. 0.1 M NaCl
7. 0.1 M urea
8. 0.1 M glucose
9. 0.1 M Sucrose
Therefore, pH of water = 7
[H+] 100 10-1 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14
[OH-] 10-14 10-13 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-4 10-2 100
pH 0 1 2 4 6 7 8 10 12 14
Acidic Neutral Alkaline
Page 16
Chemistry Experiments
Page 17
Chemistry Experiments
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
One mole of water, on electrolysis, gives one mole of H2 and half a mole of O2. For this to occur, 2
mol of electrons, i.e., 2 x 6.022 x 1023 electrons travel from anode to cathode.
Charge on one electron is – 1.602 x 10-19 C
Total charge travelling from anode to cathode = 2 x 6.022 x 1023 x (–1.602 x 10-19 C)
= - 192,945 C
Total charge travelling from cathode to anode (i.e., in opposite directions) is + 192,945 C
Current source
Stop watch
CuSO4 solution
=( . × )
n =_________
Reaction at the cathode: Cu2+ (1 mole) + 2e- (2 moles) → Cu (1 mole)
According to the above balanced equation, one mole of copper metal (63.54g) will be deposited by
using 2 moles (2 × Avogadro number, 2N) of electrons.
So Avogadro number of electrons will deposit 63.54 g /2 = 31.773 g of copper.
(M2-M1) g of copper was electrodeposited with ‘n’ electrons.
× .
Avogadro number= ( )
Set up apparatus as shown in the figure. Take about 10 g of marble chips in the round bottom flask.
Add 10 mL of dil. HCl to the flak. Collect the carbon dioxide produced in a test tube by upward
displacement of air.
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 (g)
Observations:
i) Colour and odour of the gas ………………………..
ii) Introduce a burning splinter into the jar containing CO2. Does it support combustion?
Page 19
Chemistry Experiments
ii) Pass the gas through 5 mL of water taken in a test tube. Test the solution with litmus paper and
pH paper. Record the observations.
iii) Pass the gas through lime water. Lime water turns milky due to the formation of calcium
carbonate. If more gas is passed the milkinesss disappears and the solution becomes again clear. This is
due to the conversion of calcium carbonate into calcium hydrogen carbonate which is soluble.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 + H2O
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2
Our exhaled breath contains CO2. Confirm this by conducting the lime water test.
Properties:
i) Expose moist blue litmus / red litmus papers to the gas. Record any colour change observed.
ii) Pass the gas through 5 mL water in a test tube. Test with litmus papers and record the
observation.
iii) Pass the gas through a dilute solution of KMnO4 (acidified with dil. sulphuric acid). Record the
observation.
2KMnO4+ 5SO2 + 2H2O → K2SO4+ 2MnSO4+ 2H2SO4
iv) Pass the gas through a dilute solution of potassium dichromate (acidified with dil. sulphuric
acid). Record the observation.
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 ↓ K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
Page 20
Chemistry Experiments
Page 21
Chemistry Experiments
Copper metal
Procedure
Place about 125 cm3 of tap water in a 250 mL conical flask. Add one or two drops of phenol red
indicator solution to the water. Then add two drops of sodium hydroxide solution to produce a red
solution.
Talk or blow gently into the flask until a colour change is observed. (Swirling will speed up the
reaction)
(The amount of carbon dioxide in each breath is small, so it takes a lot of breaths to react with the
alkali.)
Notes
Phenol red indicator changes from yellow to red over the pH range 6.8 – 8.4. An alternative
indicator is bromothymol blue; the colour change is blue (alkaline) to yellow (acid) over the pH range
6.0 – 7.6
Page 22
Chemistry Experiments
Eventually sufficient carbon dioxide from the students’ breath dissolves and produces enough acid
in the solution to change the colour of the indicator:
CO2(aq) + H2O(l) → H+(aq) + HCO3–(aq)
CO2 also reacts with NaOH. This reaction produces the less alkaline Na2CO3:
2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) → Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
The equilibrium between carbon dioxide and water can be reversed by heating the weakly acidic
solution to just below boiling. The solubility of carbon dioxide in water decreases as the temperature is
raised, and it is driven off into the atmosphere. The concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide therefore
drops, causing the equilibrium to shift to the left and the indicator colour to change back to red. On
cooling the solution and blowing exhaled breath into the flask again, the sequence can be repeated.
a) pH Test -Test the pH of the solution with pH paper. Record the values
b) Foam Test -Transfer 5 mL each of the above solutions to three different identical test tubes.
Stopper the test tubes and shake them continuously for 10 seconds. Record the height of the foam formed.
c) Oil Test - Add 5 drops of oil to each of the test tubes used in the previous test. Stopper and shake
each of the tubes continuously for 10 seconds. Observe what happens to the oil layer in each tube. What
happens to the amount of foam in each test tube – increased or decreased compared to the previous step?
d) Hard Water Test- Take 5 mL each of the soap, commercial soap and detergent solutions in
three different test tubes. Add 20 drops of 1% CaCl2 solution to each of the test tubes and shake
continuously for 10 seconds. Record the height of the foam formed in each case.
Repeat the test with 20 drops of 1% MgSO4 solution and 1% FeCl3 solutions and record your
observations.
The zinc electrode is the anode and this is where the oxidation takes place.
Zn(s) –> Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-
The zinc metal is oxidised to zinc ions which go into solution.
The copper electrode is the anode, where reduction takes place.
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- –> Cu(s)
The copper ions present in the CuSO4 solution receive the electrons to form copper atoms, which
deposit on the electrode.
The net ionic equation is shown below:
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) –> Zn2+(aq)+ Cu(s)
Electrons produced at the anode travel through the external circuit to the cathode, creating an
electric current in the reverse direction. The salt bridge allows transfer of ions to balance charges.
Cu++ + 2e- = Cu; Eo = + 0.34 V
Zn++ + 2e- = Zn; Eo = - 0.76 V
Eocell = + 0.34 - (-0.76) = +1.1 V
Page 24
Chemistry Experiments
Electric Bunsen
burner
Calculation:
Calculate the molar masses of H2O and CuSO4 (Relative atomic masses: H=1, O=16, S=32, Cu=64)
Calculate the mass of water driven off, and the mass of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate formed in
your experiment
Calculate the number of moles of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate formed
Calculate the number of moles of water driven off
Calculate how many moles of water would have been driven off if 1 mole of anhydrous copper(II)
sulphate had been formed
Write down the formula for hydrated copper (II) sulphate.
Observation:
Mass of empty porcelain crucible, M1 = _____g
Mass of porcelain crucible + copper sulphate crystals, M2 = ____g
Mass of copper sulphate crystals taken, M3 = (M2-M1) = ____g
Page 25
Chemistry Experiments
Procedure:
Prepare 100 mL of 0.1 M solutions of copper sulphate, lead nitrate, zinc sulphate and magnesium
sulphate. Cut approximately 5 mm length pieces of copper, zinc, lead foils and magnesium ribbon and
clean the surface with emery paper.
Using a dropper, put a little of the zinc sulphate solution in four of the depressions in the spotting
tile, using the following illustration as a guide. Label this row with the name of the solution. Rinse the
dropper well with water afterwards.
Do this for each metal ion solution in turn.
Put a piece of each metal in each of the solutions, using the illustration as a guide.
Over the next few minutes observe which mixtures have reacted and which have not.
Page 26
Chemistry Experiments
1 Iron
2 Zinc
3 Magnesium
Chemicals required
Magnesium ribbon - two strips of 1 cm length, 0.1M Aceticacid - 15 mL, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid-
15 mL,0.4 Msodiumhydroxide, 0.4 M sodium carbonate - 5 mL, universal indicator solution (full range,
pH 1-14)
Procedure
a) Add 4 mL of the acetic acid to each of the three test tubes and hydrochloric acid to three test
tubes.
b) Add three drops of universal indicator solution to one of the acetic acid tubes and to one of the
hydrochloric acid tubes. Note the pH values.
c) Add one drop of sodium carbonate (0.4 M) solution using a dropper to the test tube containing
acetic acid and the universal indicator. Stir with a glass rod and note any observations. Continue
to add drops until the pH is neutral. Count the number of drops you have used.
d) Repeat the procedure by adding the sodium carbonate to the tube containing hydrochloric acid
and indicator.
e) Repeat the steps ‘b-d’ using another set of test tubes, but adding sodium hydroxide solution (0.4
M) instead of sodium carbonate.
Page 27
Chemistry Experiments
f) Add a small piece of magnesium ribbon to the remaining hydrochloric acid tube. Try to identify
the gas given off.
g) Repeat step fusing the remaining acetic acid tube. Compare the rate of reaction with that of
hydrochloric acid.
Notes:
The hydrochloric acid will show pH = 1, and the acetic acid will show pH = 3.
Only a few drops of sodium carbonate solution and sodium hydroxide solution will be needed to
neutralise the acids as the alkaline solutions are eight times more concentrated than the acids. The
hydrochloric acid will fizz strongly with the sodium carbonate solution, whereas for acetic acid the
fizzing will be detectable but less vigorous.
The hydrochloric acid will fizz with the magnesium. Hydrogen is given off. Hydrogen is given off
more slowly with acetic acid.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid which means it does not fully dissociate into ions in water.
CH3COOH → H+ + CH3COO-
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and dissociates fully.
HCl → H+ + Cl-
This means that the concentration of H+ ions in 0.05 M HCl is higher than that in 0.05 M acetic
acid, so pH of HCl is lower and its reactions are faster. When alkalis are added, however, the acetic acid
equilibrium position moves to the right, so eventually all the acid reacts, as shown in the equations below:
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Na2CO3 + 2CH3COOH → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Mg + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
Page 28
Chemistry Experiments
Page 29
Chemistry Experiments
Page 30
Chemistry Experiments
Note: Some of the compounds do not follow this sequence. If you heat Iodine, Ammonium chloride
and Camphor, they sublime. This means that, they go to the vapour state from solid directly.
Page 31
Chemistry Experiments
Page 32
Chemistry Experiments
Page 33
Chemistry Experiments
Calcium Orange
Potassium Lilac
Normal spirit lamp LiCl mixed with alcohol in the spirit lamp
Page 34
Chemistry Experiments
Page 35
Chemistry Experiments
Page 36