CALCULATION OF "IMPRESSED CURRENT" CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM

Calculation of Current Demand

ρ Ω.cm ρ=Electrolyte Resistance (can be Soil, Fresh Water, Sea Water, etc)
I' mA/m2 I'=current density requirement
A m2 A=protected surface area
CE % CE= Coating Efficiency
Icp 0A Icp=current demand for cathodic protection
SF1 25 % SF1=Safety Factor for Current Demand
Is 0A Is=current demand (with safety factor)

Calculation of Number of Anodes

Anode Type
Anode Type Name

γA mA/m2 γA=current density rating of selected anode

d cm d=diameter of selected anode
L cm L=length of selected anode
I 0 mA I=total current required=Is in mA
N #DIV/0! anodes N=required number of anode (based on current demand and anode current output)

W kg W=weight of single anode

C kg/Amp.yrs C=Anode consumption rate
Y years Y=Design life of cathodic protection system
I 0A I=total current required=Is*120%
N #DIV/0! anodes nb=required number of anodes (based on total required anodes mass and mass of one anod

Nf #DIV/0! anodes Nf=Required minimum number of anodes which satisfy the two calculated values of N
Nrec #DIV/0! anodes Nrec=recommended minimum number of anodes

Nd anodes Nd=the determined number of anodes to be used in Cathodic Protection System

Calculation of Circuit Resistance

Anode Resistance
Anode Configuration
t cm t=depth below surface
S cm S=spacing between anodes
ρ 0 Ω.cm ρ=Soil or Water Resistance
L 0 cm L=length of selected anode
d 0 cm d=diameter of selected anode
Ra Anode Resistance Cannot be Specified Ω (Ra=resistance of single anode)

N 0 anodes N=number of anodes=Nused

Rm Anode Resistance Cannot be Specified Ω (Rm=resistance of multiple anodes)

RN Anode ResisΩ RN=resistance of N anode(s)=Rgb,re

Structure-to-electrolyte Contact Resistance

r'c Ω.f2 r'c=average specific coating resistance
As 0 f2 As=protected surface area=A converted to f 2
ρ 0 Ω.cm ρ=Soil or Water Resistance
Rpipe #DIV/0! Ω Rpipe=resistance of structure to remote earth=R s,re

Cable Resistance
ρc,s Ω.cm ρc,s=selected cable resistivity (usually the material used is copper)
lc,s cm lc,s=length of negative cable from the structure (negative side of voltage source-structure)
Ac,s mm2 Ac,s=cross sectional area of the cable
Rc,s #DIV/0! Ω Rc,s=resistance of negative cable from the structure

ρc,a Ω.cm ρc,a=selected cable resistivity

lc,a cm lc,a=length of negative cable from the structure (negative side of voltage source-structure)
Ac,a mm2 Ac,a=cross sectional area of the cable (usually same with A c,s)
Rc,a #DIV/0! Ω Rc,a=resistance of positive cable from the structure

ρc,gb Ω.cm ρc,gb=selected cable resistivity

lc,gb cm lc,gb=length of cable in the groundbed (if groundbed is used)
Ac,gb mm2 Ac,gb=cross sectional area of the cable (usually same with A c,s)
Rc,gb #DIV/0! Ω Rc,gb=resistance of negative cable from the structure

RC #DIV/0! Ω RC=total cable resistances=Rc,s+Rc,a+Rc,gb

Total Resistance
RT #VALUE! Ω RT=Total resistance of Impressed Current System Electrical Circuit=R gb,re+Rs,re+Rc

Calculation of Power Supply Rating

I 0A I=total current demand (with safety factor)

RT #VALUE! Ω RT=Total resistance of Impressed Current System Electrical Circuit
EO #VALUE! V EO=Required Voltage of Power Supply

Efps % Efps=Efficiency of Power Supply

PO #VALUE! W PO=Required Power Rating of Power Supply=I*E O*Efps
 notes:

ρ can be obtained from test or based on Reference 1

I' can be obtained from Reference 2, or also can be known from related project document
A can be known from related project document
CE can refer to Reference 3. Typical value of CE is 80%, CE is 0% if totally uncoated, 100% if fu
[UFC 3-570-02A page 2-2]
["DESAIN SISTEM PROTEKSI KATODIK ARUS PAKSA (ICCP) UNTUK PIPA AIR DIDALAM TANAH"

can refer to Reference 4

γA is obtained from manufacturer's specification

d is obtained from manufacturer's specification
L is obtained from manufacturer's specification

e current output) [Saudi Aramco Desktop Standards: "Designing Cathodic Protection Systems"

W is obtained from manufacturer's specification

C is obtained from manufacturer's specification, or can refer to Reference 4

"the total current required is usually multiplied by 120% to adequately size the anode bed" [
ss and mass of one anode) [Saudi Aramco Desktop Standards: "Designing Cathodic Protection Systems"

culated values of N

ction System Nused is based on Nrec, and also should comply the manufacturer's requirement
 t is based on the Design of Cathodic Protection System
S is based on the Design of Cathodic Protection System

Formula for Ra calculation refer to Reference 5

Formula for RN calculation refer to Reference 5

RN=Ra if N=1 or RN=Rm if N>1

r'c can refer to Reference 3

[Facilities Instructions, Standards, and Techniques Volum

can refer to Reference 6

tage source-structure) lc,s is based on the Design of Cathodic Protection System
can refer to Reference 7

["Bolyestad's Circuit Analysis" Chapter 3: Resistance, page 37]

ρc,a usually same with ρc,s
tage source-structure) lc,a is based on the Design of Cathodic Protection System
Ac,a usually same with Ac,s

["Bolyestad's Circuit Analysis" Chapter 3: Resistance, page 37]

ρc,a usually same with ρc,s
lc,gb=0 if groundbed is not used
Ac,gb usually same with Ac,s

["Bolyestad's Circuit Analysis" Chapter 3: Resistance, page 37]

n be known from related project document

is 80%, CE is 0% if totally uncoated, 100% if fully coated and the structure is electrically insulated
0-02A page 2-2]
SA (ICCP) UNTUK PIPA AIR DIDALAM TANAH" page 6]

rds: "Designing Cathodic Protection Systems" page 12]

, or can refer to Reference 4

by 120% to adequately size the anode bed" [Saudi Aramco Desktop Standards: "Designing Cathodic Protection Systems" page 12]
rds: "Designing Cathodic Protection Systems" page 12]

e manufacturer's requirement
 nstructions, Standards, and Techniques Volume 4-5: "Corrosion and Cathodic Protection", page 33]

Chapter 3: Resistance, page 37]

Chapter 3: Resistance, page 37]

Chapter 3: Resistance, page 37]

[CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual, page 4:56]
on Systems" page 12]
CALCULATION OF "GALVANIC ANODE" CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM

Calculation of Current Demand

ρ Ω.cm ρ=Electrolyte Resistance (can be Soil, Fresh Water, Sea Water, etc)
I' mA/m2 I'=current density requirement
A m2 A=protected surface area
CE % CE= Coating Efficiency
Icp 0A Icp=current demand for cathodic protection
SF1 25 % SF1=Safety Factor for Current Demand
Is 0A Is=current demand (with safety factor)

Calculation of Anode's Driving Voltage

Anode Type
Anode Type Name

Ea,oc mV Ea,oc=nominal potential of anode (at open circuit)

ap mV ap=voltage for allowance of anode polarization
Eap 0 mV Eap=polaried potential of anode
Es,crit mV Es,crit=potential criterion for cathodic protection system
Ecp #DIV/0! mV Ecp=Driving voltage

Calculation of Number of Anodes (based on consumption rate)

W kg W=weight of single anode

C kg/Amp.yrs C=Anode consumption rate
Y years Y=Design life of cathodic protection system
I 0A I=total current required=Is
Ncr #DIV/0! anodes Ncr=required number of anodes (based on consumption rate)

Nd anodes Nd=the determined number of anodes to be used in Cathodic Protection System

Calculation of Circuit Resistance

Anode Resistance
Anode Configuration
t cm t=depth below surface
S cm S=spacing between anodes
ρ 0 Ω.cm ρ=Soil or Water Resistance
L 0 cm L=length of selected anode
d 0 cm d=diameter of selected anode
Ra Anode Resistance Cannot be Specified Ω (Ra=resistance of single anode)

N #DIV/0! anodes N=number of anodes=Ncr

Rm #DIV/0! Ω (Rm=resistance of multiple anodes)

RN #DIV/0! Ω RN=resistance of N anode(s)=Rgb,re

Structure-to-electrolyte Contact Resistance

r'c Ω.f2 r'c=average specific coating resistance
As 0 f2 As=protected surface area=A converted to f 2
ρ 0 Ω.cm ρ=Soil or Water Resistance
Rpipe #DIV/0! Ω Rstructure=resistance of structure to remote earth=Rs,re

Cable Resistance
ρc Ω.cm ρc=selected cable resistivity (usually the material used is copper)
lc cm lc=length of negative cable from the structure (negative side of voltage source-structure)
Ac mm2 Ac=cross sectional area of the cable
Rc #DIV/0! Ω Rc=resistance of negative cable from the structure

Total Resistance
RT #DIV/0! Ω RT=Total resistance of Impressed Current System Electrical Circuit=R a,re+Rs,re+Rc

Calculation of Number of Anodes (based on current demand)

Efa % Efa=Efficiency of anode(s)

Io,a #DIV/0! A Io,a=Current output of anode(s)=Ecp/RT
I 0A I=total current required=Is
Ncd #DIV/0! anodes Ncd=required number of anode (based on current demand and anode current output)

Conclusion

Anode numbers calculation: #DIV/0!

Therefore, the number of anode(s) to be used is: 0
 notes:

ρ can be obtained from test or based on Reference 1

I' can be obtained from Reference 2, or also can be known from related project document
A can be known from related project document
CE can refer to Reference 3. Typical value of CE is 80%, CE is 0% if totally uncoated, 100% if fu
[UFC 3-570-02A page 2-2]
["DESAIN SISTEM PROTEKSI KATODIK ARUS PAKSA (ICCP) UNTUK PIPA AIR DIDALAM TANAH"

can refer to Reference 4

Ea,oc is based on selected anode

ap is usually 50 mV [CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual, page 4:39]
[CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual
Es,crit is usually 850 mV [CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual, page 4:39]
[CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual

W is obtained from manufacturer's specification

C is obtained from manufacturer's specification, or can refer to Reference 4

[Saudi Aramco Desktop Standards: "Designing Cathodic Protection Systems"

ction System Nd must be revised if number of anodes does not sufficient for N cd (number of anodes based
 t is based on the Design of Cathodic Protection System
S is based on the Design of Cathodic Protection System

Formula for Ra calculation refer to Reference 5

Formula for RN calculation refer to Reference 5

RN=Ra if N=1 or RN=Rm if N>1

r'c can refer to Reference 3

[Facilities Instructions, Standards, and Techniques Volum

can refer to Reference 6

age source-structure) Lc is based on the Design of Cathodic Protection System
can refer to Reference 7

["Bolyestad's Circuit Analysis" Chapter 3: Resistance, page 37]

Based on manufacturer's specification or can refer to Reference 4

de current output)
n be known from related project document

is 80%, CE is 0% if totally uncoated, 100% if fully coated and the structure is electrically insulated
0-02A page 2-2]
SA (ICCP) UNTUK PIPA AIR DIDALAM TANAH" page 6]

Technologist Course Manual, page 4:39]

hodic Protection Technologist Course Manual, page 4:39]
n Technologist Course Manual, page 4:39]
hodic Protection Technologist Course Manual, page 4:39]

, or can refer to Reference 4

rds: "Designing Cathodic Protection Systems" page 12]

ot sufficient for N cd (number of anodes based on current demand, which calculated below)
 nstructions, Standards, and Techniques Volume 4-5: "Corrosion and Cathodic Protection", page 33]

Chapter 3: Resistance, page 37]

fer to Reference 4
Reference 1

[PUIL 2011 page 358]

[https://www.snowpure.com

Reference 2
(Converted from the original source)
Current Density
Requirement
Environment (mA/m2)
min max
Soil with resistivity <1000 ohm.cm 64.58 269.10
Soil with resistivity 1000 - 10000 ohm.cm 32.29 64.58
Soil with resistivity 10000 - 30000 ohm.cm 21.53 32.29
Soil with resistivity >30000 ohm.cm 10.76 21.53
Highly aggresive soil with anaerobic bacteria 161.46 430.56
Still fresh water 21.53 43.06
Moving fresh water 43.06 64.58
Turbulent fresh water 53.82 161.46
Hot fresh water 53.82 161.46
Still seawater 10.76 32.29
Moving seawater 32.29 269.10
Concrete 5.38 16.15 [Facilities Instructions, Stan
[UFC 3-570-01 page 78]

Reference 3
[Facilities Instructions, Standards, and Techniques Volume 4-5: "Corrosion and Cathodic Protection", page 34]
Further information of coating resistance can be known from "CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual" pa

Reference 4
Anode Options for Sacrificial Anode System [UFC 3-570-01 page 25]
Anode Type Suitable Environment/Condition
Used in fresh or salt water
Zinc Soil or water resistivity <= 2000 ohm.cm
In some fresh water, zinc should not be used if the temperature is >140 oF
Soil or water resistivity > 2000 ohm.cm
Magnesium
Do not use magnesium anodes for waterfront structures immersed in sea water
Aluminium Better to use in seawater, brackish water, or other low resistivity or high chloride aqueous environment

Anode Options for Impressed Current System [incorr.com.sg, accessed on 08/03/2018]

Anode Type Suitable Environment/Condi
High Silicon / Chromium / Cast Iron Aggressive acidic or alkaline soils and seawater environment
Lead / Silver / Antimony Wharves and jetties, ofshore mobile drilling rigs, ang other structure in sea
Graphite Onshore pipelines and structures. Oil impregnated graphite anodes would b
Mixed Metal Oxide Dimensionally stable in all environments
Mixed Metal Oxide Ribbon Fine sand and Concrete
Platina / Titanium Seawater, seawater with highly chopped supply, highly acid condition.

*Further information about anode selection can refer to: https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/ARMYCOE/PWTB/pwtb_420_49_3

Reference 5

Anode resistances based on configuration, number of anode(s), depth below grade, and spacing between anodes
Number S=Spacing t=depth
Configuration of Formula
between anodes below
Paralelled (cm) surface (cm)
Anode(s)
unspecified t<L
1
unspecified t>L
Vertical
S≥10L unspecified
>1
S<10L unspecified

unspecified t<L
1

Horizontal
 unspecified t<L
1
unspecified t>L
Horizontal

>1 unspecified unspecified

[CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual, page 4:23-4:29]

*if groundbed is used, usually we only consider the anode-to-earth resistance [Saudi Aramco Desktop Standards: "Design
*if anodes is installed in series, it can be assumed as one anode while the L and d value is referred to the anode groups o

Reference 6

Material ρ @ 20oC
Steel,cast 1,611*10-7
Other resistivity references can be obtained from:eddy-curre

["Temperature Coefficient of Resistance" by HSM Wire Intern

["Bolyestad's Circuit Analysis" Chapter 3: Resistance, page 38]

Reference 7
 [DNV-RP-B401 page 32]

ttps://www.snowpure.com/docs/thornton-upw-resistivity-measurement.pdf]

cilities Instructions, Standards, and Techniques Volume 4-5: "Corrosion and Cathodic Protection", page 27]
on", page 34]
logist Course Manual" page 4:13 and other pages

ent/Condition

aqueous environment

able Environment/Condition
vironment
ng other structure in seawater
graphite anodes would be used for ofshore application

[CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course M

ghly acid condition.

/PWTB/pwtb_420_49_37.pdf

between anodes
Notes

Ra = Rv,re

Ra = Ra,h

RN = R n

RN = R v

Ra = Ra,h
 Ra = Ra,h

Ra = Ra,h

RN = Rgb,h

esktop Standards: "Designing Cathodic Protection Systems" page 25]

ed to the anode groups or the groundbed (if groundbed is used)

btained from:eddy-current.com/conductivity-of-metals-sorted-by-resistivity

nce" by HSM Wire International Inc, page 2]

 [CP 3–Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual, page 4:36]

ection Technologist Course Manual, page 2:62]

ual, page 4:36]