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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
must be null, and, as well, the integral over any plane through the
specimen. In Fig. 1, two parts of such a body that we will refer
to as "bulk" and "near surface" regions are shown separated. Suppose
that for some reason the near-surface is elongated plastically. Then
it is compressed elastically to join it to the bulk and released.
The bulk puts this region under compression, while the near-surface
exerts tension on the bulk. Bending can result, depending on the
magnitude of the stress and ~e1ative thicknesses of the layers. In
almost every real situation we can think of residual stress arises
in this manner.
Je::=::t.L
"'C====::JIt-
Fig. 1. If the near surface region is'longer than the bulk com-
pressive residual stress occurs at the surface, tensile
residual stress in the bulk.
NATURE OF RESIDUAL STRESS AND ITS MEASUREMENTS 3
COOLING CURVES
~HASE
TRA"SITION
A8l
I I
..
:z:
co
.:z;
co I
...z
oJ
...
Z
oJ
TIME_ TIME-
1.1 I bl
Schematic cooling curves during a heat treatment
showing the difference in contraction of the surface
and interior. In (a) there is no phase transition,
whereas one occurs in (b).
~'-"""~SURFACE
ELEMENT
ELONGATED
BY PEENING
HARD
REGION
~ SOFT
..'"
(d) - The harder surface ~ REGION
regions contract more (on release
on the load at A) than the softer ~
interior.
STRAtN-
-
surface regions more than the
interior.
LATERAL
SHRINkAGE
STRESSES
Figure 2
4 I. C. NOYAN AND J. B. COHEN
.......
CIS
~ 200
ul 100
tf.I
McClinton R - 1
& Cohen (11) .45% c Annealed Axial uncertain Axial
pull-pull
TerSS8wa R'"' -1
et 81. (12) .16% C Tufftrided Bending 1.10 Axial
1) Destructive Methods
2) Non-destructive Methods
a. Acoustics 24
The basic idea behind this method is that most solids are
anharmonic; when a stress is applied there is a change in the
elastic constants. Therefore the velocity of wave propagation
is altered by stress. Popular methods of analyzing stress
include acoustic birefringence involving the measurement of
velocity or more precisely the transit time or phase difference
in two directions with respect to the stress system. By vary-
ing the frequency, the depth of sampling can be varied. Sur-
face elastic waves are also utilized. All such techniques suffer
from the fact that the effective higher-order elastic 10n-
stants are sensitive to microstructure, texture, and in
NATURE OF RESIDUAL STRESS AND ITS MEASUREMENTS 9
3) . Meth 0 d s 24
Magnet1c
4) D1. ff ract10n
. 25,26
50Kai
slress
(a)
iLLL 21-
-~n
peak in intensity versus scattering angle 2B and Bragg's law A=2dsin9.
(b)
i
!~ ____ .II I
,_
2'--
(e)
Figure 5
Developments in Equipment
Developments in Technique
... ..,~-.,..--
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
APPENDIX
Sij= a ik a jl skl.
(A-2)
Therefore:
T
Atid ( I ) 2;0 . 2 . 2;0 . 2 + ;0. 2
= €33 X,~:ae11cOS ~S1n X+s12 s1n ~S1n X s13cos~s1n X
(A-4)
These may be referred back to the axes Pi by the inverse of
Eqn. A-2 (with aij replacing e ij ).
£33
I I I
= S33kl(Okl '
)
(A-5)
and to obtain the Sl from Sl I in the crystal axial system:
SI -a a a a S I I •
ijk.t im jn ko .tP mnop (A-6)
Also: o ij~aikaj.eak.t. (A-7)
Employing Eqn's A-5 to A-7 for this special case:
e 33 1= Aall+Bc:122~ (A-8)
where: A=S31cos2~cos2X -(S34/2)sin 2~cosX +(S35/2)Cos2~sin2x
REFERENCES