Group Members: Catherine Casil, Averee Archer, Dawson, Kandalynn Naidl
Sean Calder Biology 100 Poster Project 11/ 05/18 Title: Vape E.N.D.S. (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems) Major points:
What is in the liquid? …..CHEMICALS
1.Propylene glycol- used in fog machines, causes eye irritation, dry mouth, and upper respiratory infections 2.Vegetable glycerin- used in cosmetics and foods, helps maintain moisture without sogginess 3.Nicotine 4.Formaldehyde-A cancer causing chemical also known as a building block chemical used for adhesives, binders, disinfectants and preservatives 5.Acetaldehyde- a molecule produced by your liver, it is known to be extremely toxic, studies show acetaldehyde is roughly 30 times more toxic than ethanol itself 6.Water- a chemical composed of hydrogen and oxygen elements 7.Flavoring of unknown origin- Manufacturers don't have to report e-cigarette ingredients, so most users don't know what is in them. ** studies have shown that e-liquids that were considered harmless could become harmful but only after being heated by an e-cigs hot coil. 8. Traces of toxic metals in different brands of e-cigarettes. (nickel, chromium and manganese) ** although these metals occur naturally in rock formations, inside the body they may cause cancer and or harm to the nervous system. More research is needed to show how much consumers are exposed to when inhaling and also long term effects. 9. Benzene a chemical known to pose a cancer risk. Higher power e-cigs which burn hotter produce the most benzene. At least 60 chemical compounds have been found in e-liquids, and more are present in the aerosol produced by e-cigarettes
Smoke and aerosol, known as vapor, release
ultrafine particles which are detrimental to pulimanmary health. Secondhand smoke is smoke from burning cigarettes, pipes, or exhaled smoke and vapor. Thirdhand smoke is the residue of tobacco smoke that accumulates on surfaces, textiles, and people (fingers, lips, clothes) after smoking has occurred in a room or outside. Prevention And Treatment: Do not promote vaping or smoking, especially those younger than you, 94 percent of adult smokers had their first cigarette before turning 21, and 81 percent before age 18. Nothing is 100% risk free. While e-cigarettes contain far fewer toxins than combustible cigarettes, they are not free of toxins, and still deliver dangerous chemicals with harmful effects. 1-800-QUIT-NOW is a toll-free number operated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) that will connect you directly to your state’s tobacco quitline. State quitlines provide a variety of services including: ● brief advice about quitting ● individual counseling ● information on cessation medications ● free or discounted medications ● self-help materials, and referrals to other cessation resources. Hawaii’s state quit line invests $5.56 per smoker, compared with the national average of $2.10. Hawaii does not have a private insurance mandate provision for quitting tobacco. Smoking and Vaping are not cool, there is no reason to start smoking or vaping, and every reason to quit.
A few reasons to be smoke and vape free:
● Cheaper ● Healthier ● Smarter ● Cleaner personally and environmentally How does smoking cause cancer? The main way that smoking causes cancer is by damaging our DNA, including key genes that protect us against cancer. Many of the chemicals found in cigarettes have been shown to cause DNA damage, including benzene, polonium-210, benzo(a)pyrene and nitrosamines. Nicotine: Nicotine is ingested by alveoli in your lungs. After ingesting smoke or vapor, it takes 6 seconds for the active compounds in nicotine to reach your nervous system. Nicotine raises heart rate, constricts blood vessels, increases metabolism, and releases dopamine in the brain making you feel relaxed. In its pure form, Nicotine is a powerful insecticide and among the deadliest of all plant products. Nicotine is a colorless liquid that is highly soluble in water, and is readily absorbed through the skin in its pure form. Timeline of Cigarettes: ● 6000 B.C-1000 C.E: The Tobacco plant is grown in the Americas. Tobacco was chewed, rolled and smokes, or hallucinagenic enamas. ● 1492-1525: Maya and the Aztecs were smoking tobacco for religious rituals through a wooden pipe. ● 1600-1700’s: Tobacco seeds and crop was shipped and traded worldwide. Plantations across the world started growing Tobacco, europeans called it the “cash crop” of the century. ● 1830: Smoking tobacco became more popular in France, introducing the name cigarette. ● 1853: The use of tobacco in cigarette form (as we know how it looks today) was first used during the Crimean War. British soldiers would wrap tobacco in newspaper or any paper product. ● 1900: Luck Strikes began selling cigarettes as they are seen today: filter, tobacco, additives, adhesive rolling paper; 20-25 in pack ● 1920-1945: During WWI and WWII, cigarettes would be rationed to soldiers on both sides. Smoking cigarettes was praised by doctors and soldiers because they were relaxing, a relief of stress and take their mind off the pain. Cigarette rations were given to soldiers until 1975. ● 1956: Surgeon General’s scientific study group determined that there was a causal relationship between excessive cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Timeline of E-Cigarettes: ● 1930- In 1927, Joseph Robinson made the first reference to an electronic cigarette by filling a patent. He was granted a patent in 1930, but he never released a prototype and failed to commercialize. ● 1965- Herbert A. Gilbert is generally credited with the creation of the first device that closely resembled the modern e-cigarette. He created a few prototypes in 1960, patented in 1965, but they did not have nicotine in them, and did not become commercialized. ● 1979- Phil Ray, a computer pioneer, worked with his personal physician Norman Jacobson to create the first commercialized variation on the e-cigarette (which was not actually electronic; it relied on evaporation of the nicotine). ● 1990’s- Philip Morris Accord, electronic heating and cleaning device for cigarettes, offering low tar taste and less second hand smoke. ● 2003- First commercially successful electronic cigarette we see today, created in Beijing, China by Hon Lik, a 52 year old pharmacist, inventor and smoker. The device was developed by Golden Dragon Holdings; which changed names to Ruyan. What are E-Cigarettes? E-Cigarettes are Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (E.N.D.S.). They are non combustible tobacco products that deliver nicotine, flavorings, and other additives to users via an inhaled aerosol. These devices are referred to as, “e-cigarettes,” “e-cigs,” “Suorin drop,” “JUUL,” “blus,” “e-hookahs,” “mods,” “vape pens,” “vapes,” and “tank systems” by consumers and companies. All E.N.D.S. contain a lithium Ion battery, a mouthpiece, a coil, and cotton or a cartridge of nicotine liquid. Administration on Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes: ● 1973: Arizona became the first state to restrict smoking in public places. ● 1988 -1990: Cigarette smoking banned on all flights ● 1992, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) as a "Group A" carcinogen, the most dangerous class of carcinogen. ● In 1994, Mississippi became the first state to sue the tobacco industry to recover Medicaid costs for tobacco-related illnesses, settling its suit in 1997. ● 1999: Master Settlement Agreement causes the major U.S. tobacco companies to remove all advertising from outdoor and transit billboards across the nation, and on television ● 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act: This law authorizes the FDA to require warning labels on packages and advertisements and bans flavored cigarettes. ● 2015 Child Nicotine Poisoning Prevention Act: This law requires any container of liquid nicotine that is sold, manufactured, distributed, or imported into the United States to be placed in packaging that is difficult to open by children under 5 years of age. ● 2018 May, the Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Trade Commission sent 4 warning letters to 13 different e-liquid companies that marketed their products to look like candy or other kid-friendly food items, such as Reddi-wip, Nilla Wafers and Warheads candy. One company was cited to have sold e-liquid to minors. What is in a Cigarette?.....CHEMICALS 1.Filter- Collects particles and tar, prevents tobacco from entering the smoker’s mouth, and supports the Cigarette. Made up of 95% plastic and rayon or cellulose acetate tow which is purified wood mulch. 2.Tobacco- Nicotiana tabacum, a broad, brown shaped leaf native to tropical America. Contains nicotine. 3.Additives- Flavorings and humectants are used to keep tobacco moist. The complete list of 1,400 potential tobacco additives, is considered a trade secret. Since tobacco is not classified as a food or drug, there are no legal maximums on agricultural chemicals or chemical additives cigarettes may contain. 4.Cigarette wrapper- Flax or linen used to wrap the tobacco. Manufacturers add various chemicals to the paper, including salts, monoammonium phosphate and sodium and potassium citrates to accelerate or control the burning rate. There are approximately 600 ingredients in cigarettes, when burned makes over 7000 chemicals! 60-69 chemicals are known to cause cancer.
Tobacco farms also indorse CHILD LABOR (possibly another
reason to quit the terrible habit), children as young as the age of 7 are working in toxic environments for these companies to produce tobacco. Phillip Morris is a big company under speculations; speculations were found true when it was admitted teens as young as 10 were working on their farms to produce the cigarettes. Health Risks involved with chemical flavors and additives in Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes: Tobacco and Vape companies are unregulated and lack of quality testing and control.
When burned, many additives form new compounds,
possessing unique properties. A widely used cigarette additive is glycerol. When heated glycerol produces acrolein, a chemical which has been found to interfere with the normal clearing of the lungs. While e-cigarettes contain far fewer toxins than combustible cigarettes, they are not free of toxins and still deliver harmful chemicals. Vape liquid ingredients can differ greatly between manufacturers. For example some vape liquids contain the chemical Diacetyl. Diacetyl gives gives butter its buttery taste; when inhaled it causes scarring on the alveoli in your lungs. This disease is nicknamed popcorn lung due to the hundreds of microwave popcorn workers that suffered irreversible lung damage from inhaling the flavoring. There are more than 7,000 flavors of e-liquid on the market, more and more are made everyday without quality testing. In one of several research studies done by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 51 popular e-liquid flavors were tested for Diacetyl. 75% of those flavors tested positive for Diacetyl. Just because vapes are considered “healthier”, does not mean they are any less safe! How does vaping and smoking lower your immune system? ● Smoking and Vaping are Cytotoxic, meaning they kill living cells. ● E-liquid increases toxicity when heated and vaporized. The vapor inflames air pathways, and impairs the activity of alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages are the cells that remove potentially damaging dust particles, bacteria, and allergens that could get you sick. ● Smoking alters the development of cytokine production, as well as both adaptive and innate immunity. Adaptive immunity is impacted by impairment or death of helper and regulatory T cells, B cells, and memory T/B lymphocytes. These cells are responsible for fighting viruses and pathogens to keep you healthy. Innate immunity impacted by DCs, macrophages and NK cells, crucial for white blood cells and immune responses to happen. E-Cigarette Health Risks: ● Popcorn lung Disease ● Lower immune system ● Cancer ● Addiction ● Depression ● Stillbirth ● Bleeding mouth and throat ● Gum disease. ● Upper and Lower Respiratory infections;i.e. Pneumonia ● E-cigarettes can explode due to poor electronic maintenance, resulting in serious burns or death Cigarette Health Risks: ● Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ● Emphysema ● Bronchitis ● Asthma ● Stroke ● Heart Disease ● Cancer ● Addiction ● Stillbirth and Sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS) ● Gum Disease ● Facial wrinkles ● Death Citations: “Can Menthol Have Harmful Effects.” Poison Prevention Materials, National Capital Poison Control Center, 17 Nov. 2017, www.poison.org/articles/what-happens-with-swallowing-or-inhaling-too-much-menthol--174. 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