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Group Members: Catherine Casil, Averee Archer, Dawson, Kandalynn Naidl

Sean Calder
Biology 100
Poster Project
11/ 05/18
Title: Vape E.N.D.S. (​Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems)
Major points:

​What is in the liquid? …..CHEMICALS


1.Propylene glycol- used in fog machines, causes
eye irritation, dry mouth, and upper respiratory
infections
2.Vegetable glycerin- used in cosmetics and
foods, helps maintain moisture without
sogginess
3.Nicotine
4.Formaldehyde-A cancer causing chemical also
known as a building block chemical used for
adhesives, binders, disinfectants and
preservatives
5.Acetaldehyde- a molecule produced by your
liver, it is known to be extremely toxic, studies
show acetaldehyde is roughly 30 times more
toxic than ethanol itself
6.Water- a chemical composed of hydrogen and
oxygen elements
7.Flavoring of unknown origin- ​Manufacturers
don't have to report e-cigarette ingredients,
so most users don't know what is in them.
** studies have shown that e-liquids that were
considered harmless could become harmful but
only after being heated by an e-cigs hot coil.
8. Traces of toxic metals in different brands of
e-cigarettes. (nickel, chromium and manganese)
** although these metals occur naturally in rock
formations, inside the body they may cause cancer
and or harm to the nervous system. More research is
needed to show how much consumers are exposed
to when inhaling and also long term effects.
9. Benzene a chemical known to pose a cancer risk.
Higher power e-cigs which burn hotter produce the
most benzene.
At least 60 chemical compounds have been found in
e-liquids, and more are present in the aerosol
produced by e-cigarettes

Smoke​​ and ​aerosol​​, known as ​vapor,​​ release


ultrafine particles which are detrimental to
pulimanmary health.
Secondhand​​ smoke is smoke from burning
cigarettes, pipes, or exhaled smoke and vapor.
Thirdhand​​ smoke is the residue of tobacco smoke
that accumulates on surfaces, textiles, and people
(fingers, lips, clothes) after smoking has occurred in
a room or outside.
Prevention And Treatment:
Do not promote vaping or smoking, especially those younger than
you, 94 percent of adult smokers had their first cigarette before
turning 21, and 81 percent before age 18.
Nothing is 100% risk free. While e-cigarettes contain far fewer
toxins than combustible cigarettes, they are not free of toxins, and
still deliver dangerous chemicals with harmful effects.
1-800-QUIT-NOW is a toll-free number operated by the National
Cancer Institute (NCI) that will connect you directly to your state’s
tobacco quitline.
State quitlines provide a variety of services including:
● brief advice about quitting
● individual counseling
● information on cessation medications
● free or discounted medications
● self-help materials, and referrals to other cessation resources.
Hawaii’s state quit line invests $5.56 per smoker, compared with the
national average of $2.10.​ ​Hawaii does not have a private insurance
mandate provision for quitting tobacco.
Smoking and Vaping are not cool, there is no reason to start smoking
or vaping, and every reason to quit.

A few reasons to be smoke and vape free:


● Cheaper
● Healthier
● Smarter
● Cleaner personally and environmentally
How does smoking cause cancer?
The main way that smoking causes cancer is by
damaging our DNA, including key genes that
protect us against cancer. Many of the chemicals
found in cigarettes have been shown to cause DNA
damage, including benzene, polonium-210,
benzo(a)pyrene and nitrosamines.
Nicotine:
Nicotine is ingested by alveoli in your lungs. After
ingesting smoke or vapor, it takes 6 seconds for the
active compounds in nicotine to reach your nervous
system. Nicotine raises heart rate, constricts blood
vessels, increases metabolism, and releases
dopamine in the brain making you feel relaxed.
In its pure form, Nicotine is a powerful insecticide
and among the deadliest of all plant products.
Nicotine is a colorless liquid that is highly soluble
in water, and is readily absorbed through the skin in
its pure form.
Timeline of Cigarettes:
● 6000 B.C-1000 C.E: The Tobacco plant is grown in the
Americas. Tobacco was chewed, rolled and smokes, or
hallucinagenic enamas.
● 1492-1525: Maya and the Aztecs were smoking tobacco for
religious rituals through a wooden pipe.
● 1600-1700’s: Tobacco seeds and crop was shipped and traded
worldwide. Plantations across the world started growing
Tobacco, europeans called it the “cash crop” of the century.
● 1830: Smoking tobacco became more popular in France,
introducing the name​ cigarette.
● 1853: The use of tobacco in cigarette form (as we know how it
looks today) was first used during the Crimean War. British
soldiers would wrap tobacco in newspaper or any paper product.
● 1900: Luck Strikes began selling cigarettes as they are seen
today: filter, tobacco, additives, adhesive rolling paper; 20-25 in
pack
● 1920-1945: During WWI and WWII, cigarettes would be
rationed to soldiers on both sides. Smoking cigarettes was
praised by doctors and soldiers because they were relaxing, a
relief of stress and take their mind off the pain. Cigarette rations
were given to soldiers until 1975.
● 1956: Surgeon General’s scientific study group determined that
there was a causal relationship between excessive cigarette
smoking and lung cancer.
Timeline of E-Cigarettes:
● 1930- In 1927, ​Joseph Robinson made the first reference to an
electronic cigarette by filling a patent. He was granted a patent
in 1930, but he never released a prototype and failed to
commercialize.
● 1965- Herbert A. Gilbert is generally credited with the creation
of the first device that closely resembled the modern e-cigarette.
He created a few prototypes in 1960, patented in 1965, but they
did not have nicotine in them, and did not become
commercialized.
● 1979- Phil Ray, a computer pioneer, worked with his personal
physician Norman Jacobson to create the first commercialized
variation on the e-cigarette (which was not actually electronic; it
relied on evaporation of the nicotine).
● 1990’s- Philip Morris Accord, electronic heating and cleaning
device for cigarettes, offering low tar taste and less second hand
smoke.
● 2003- First commercially successful electronic cigarette we see
today, created in Beijing, China by Hon Lik, a 52 year old
pharmacist, inventor and smoker. The device was developed by
Golden Dragon Holdings; which changed names to Ruyan.
What are E-Cigarettes?
E-Cigarettes ​are Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
(E.N.D.S.). They a​re non combustible tobacco products that
deliver ​nicotine, flavorings, and other additives to users via an
inhaled aerosol. These devices are referred to as,
“e-cigarettes,” “e-cigs,” “Suorin drop,” “JUUL,” “blus,”
“e-hookahs,” “mods,” “vape pens,” “vapes,” and “tank
systems” by consumers and companies.
All E.N.D.S. contain a lithium Ion battery, a mouthpiece, a
coil, and cotton or a cartridge of nicotine liquid.
Administration on Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes:
● 1973: Arizona became the first state to restrict smoking in public
places.
● 1988 -1990: Cigarette smoking banned on all flights
● 1992, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) as a "Group A"
carcinogen, the most dangerous class of carcinogen.
● In 1994, Mississippi became the first state to sue the tobacco
industry to recover Medicaid costs for tobacco-related illnesses,
settling its suit in 1997.
● 1999: Master Settlement Agreement causes the major U.S.
tobacco companies to remove all advertising from outdoor and
transit billboards across the nation, and on television
● 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act:
This law authorizes the FDA to require warning labels on
packages and advertisements and bans flavored cigarettes.
● 2015 Child Nicotine Poisoning Prevention Act: This law
requires any container of liquid nicotine that is sold,
manufactured, distributed, or imported into the United States to
be placed in packaging that is difficult to open by children under
5 years of age.
● 2018 May, the Food and Drug Administration and the Federal
Trade Commission sent 4 warning letters to 13 different e-liquid
companies that marketed their products to look like candy or
other kid-friendly food items, such as Reddi-wip, Nilla Wafers
and Warheads candy. One company was cited to have sold
e-liquid to minors.
What is in a Cigarette?.....CHEMICALS
1.Filter- Collects particles and tar, prevents
tobacco from entering the smoker’s mouth, and
supports the Cigarette. Made up of 95% plastic
and rayon or cellulose acetate tow which is
purified wood mulch.
2.Tobacco- Nicotiana tabacum, a broad, brown
shaped leaf native to tropical America. Contains
nicotine.
3.Additives- Flavorings and humectants are used
to keep tobacco moist. ​The complete list of
1,400 potential tobacco additives, is
considered a trade secret. Since tobacco is not
classified as a food or drug, there are no legal
maximums on agricultural chemicals or
chemical additives cigarettes may contain.
4.Cigarette wrapper- Flax or linen used to wrap
the tobacco. Manufacturers add various
chemicals to the paper, including salts,
monoammonium phosphate and sodium and
potassium citrates to accelerate or control the
burning rate.
There are approximately 600 ingredients in
cigarettes, when burned makes over 7000
chemicals! 60-69 chemicals are known to cause
cancer.

Tobacco farms also indorse CHILD LABOR (possibly another


reason to quit the terrible habit), children as young as the age
of 7 are working in toxic environments for these companies to
produce tobacco. Phillip Morris is a big company under
speculations; speculations were found true when it was
admitted teens as young as 10 were working on their farms to
produce the cigarettes.
Health Risks involved with chemical flavors and
additives in Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes:
Tobacco and Vape companies are unregulated and lack of
quality testing and control.

When burned, many additives form new compounds,


possessing unique properties.
A widely used cigarette additive is glycerol. When heated
glycerol produces acrolein, a chemical which has been found
to interfere with the normal clearing of the lungs.
While e-cigarettes contain far fewer toxins than combustible
cigarettes, they are not free of toxins and still deliver harmful
chemicals.
Vape liquid ingredients can differ greatly between
manufacturers. For example some vape liquids contain the
chemical Diacetyl. Diacetyl gives gives butter its buttery taste;
when inhaled it causes scarring on the alveoli in your lungs.
This disease is nicknamed popcorn lung due to the hundreds
of microwave popcorn workers that suffered irreversible lung
damage from inhaling the flavoring.
There are more than 7,000 flavors of e-liquid on the market,
more and more are made everyday without quality testing. In
one of several research studies done by Occupational Safety
and Health Administration, 51 popular e-liquid flavors were
tested for Diacetyl. 75% of those flavors tested positive for
Diacetyl.
Just because vapes are considered “healthier”, does not mean
they are any less safe!
How does vaping and smoking lower
your immune system?
● Smoking and Vaping are Cytotoxic, meaning
they kill living cells.
● E-liquid increases toxicity when heated and
vaporized. The vapor inflames air pathways, and
impairs the activity of alveolar macrophages.
Alveolar macrophages are the cells that remove
potentially damaging dust particles, bacteria,
and allergens that could get you sick.
● Smoking alters the development of cytokine
production, as well as both adaptive and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is impacted by
impairment or death of helper and regulatory T
cells, B cells, and memory T/B lymphocytes.
These ce​lls are responsible for fighting viruses
and pathogens to keep you healthy. Innate
immunity impacted by DCs, macrophages and
NK cells, crucial for white blood cells and
immune responses to happen.
E-Cigarette Health Risks:
● Popcorn lung Disease
● Lower immune system
● Cancer
● Addiction
● Depression
● Stillbirth
● Bleeding mouth and throat
● Gum disease.
● Upper and Lower Respiratory infections;i.e.
Pneumonia
● E-cigarettes can explode due to poor electronic
maintenance, resulting in serious burns or death
Cigarette Health Risks:
● Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
● Emphysema
● Bronchitis
● Asthma
● Stroke
● Heart Disease
● Cancer
● Addiction
● Stillbirth and Sudden infant death
syndrome(SIDS)
● Gum Disease
● Facial wrinkles
● Death
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Center, 17 Nov. 2017,
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Chao, Julie. “All E-Cigarettes Emit Harmful Chemicals, but Some Emit More Than Others | Berkeley
Lab.” ​News Center​, Berkeley Lab, 27 July. 2016,
https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2016/07/27/e-cigarettes-emit-harmful-chemicals-emit-others/
“Cigarette Litter.” ​Virginia Agiculture 2007​, ​www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigbuttfilters.htm​.
“Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke.” ​Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,​ Centers for
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“Historical Timeline of Electronic Cigarettes.” ​CASAA,​ CASAA, 18 Oct. 2018,
www.casaa.org/historical-timeline-of-electronic-cigarettes/​.
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Marsh, Gary M., et al. “An Updated Re-Analysis of the Mortality Risk from Nasopharyngeal Cancer in
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