[1]

Consider a simple rectangular beam( b x h ) reinforced with

steel reinforcement of As. Assume b = 8 in., d = 12 in., As =
3.0 in2 and fc =4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Oh yeah, h = 14.5 in.
1. Determine the centroid (neutral axis, NA ) and moment
of inertia, Ixx for an ideal beam (no cracks).
2. Determine the NA and moment of inertia, Ixx, of beam if
the beam is cracked and tensile forces are in the steel
only.

Solution:
(1) The two materials are concrete and steel with Es = 29,000 ksi and Ec =3605 ksi
Es 29000 ksi
n   8.04
Ec 3605 ksi
and you will need to subtract 1 from n to correct for the concrete. The steel will have no contribution to the
moment of inertia of the beam.

Section Material Area n n*A yi Yi*niAI Izz di d2*nA

Concrete 3000 ksi 116 1 116 7.25 841 2032.42 -0.73 61.82
Steel 29000 ksi 3 7.04 21.12 12 253.4 4.02 341.31

Sum 137.12 1094.4 2032.42 403.13

The centroid of the beam is

y
 yi ni Ai  1094.4 in 3  7.98 in
 ni Ai 137.12 in 2
The moment of inertia is:

I zz   I xx   d 2 ni Ai  2032.4 in 4  403.1 in 4  2435.5 in 4

(2)
From the equilibrium equations

T C
x
As f s   c b *
2

The value for 

A 3 in 2
  s   0.03125
bd 8 in * 12 in
n  8.04
The value for  is

x  2n   2 n  2  8n
  
d 2
 2 * 8.04 * 0.03125   2 * 8.04 * 0.03125  2  8 * 8.04 * 0.03125
  0.50083
2
x   * d  0.50083 * 12 in  6.01 in

The neutral axis is 6.01 in and the moment of inertia is

1 1
bx 3  nAs  d  x   8 in  6.01 in  3  8.04 * 3 in 2 12 in  6.01 in 
2 2
I zz  
3 3
 578.9 in  865.4 in
4 4
 1444.3 in 4
 [2]
Consider a simple rectangular beam( b x h ) reinforced
with steel reinforcement of As. Assume b = 10 in.,
d = 17 in., h = 19.5 in, As = 3 # 8 bars and fc = 5 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi.

1. Determine the ultimate moment capacity.

2. Determine bal, As (bal), As max all. and As (min)

(1) The area of the given steel is

2 2
As = 3 * ( 0.79 in ) = 2.37 in
Calculate the relationship of the forces in the beam.

T C
As * f y  0.85 * f c * b * a
Note I made an error in this problem in calculating  1

 5000 psi  4000 psi 

 1  0.85  0.05 *    0 .8
 1000 psi 
 

As * f y 2.37 in 2 * 60 ksi
a   3.35 in
0.85 * f c * b 0.85 * 5 ksi * 10 in
The neutral axis is located at

a 3.35 in
c   4.18 in
1 0.8
The moment capacity is
 a  3.35 in 
M n  As * f y * d    2.37 in 2 * 60 ksi * 17 in   2179.5 k - in  181.63 k - ft T
 2  2 
he ultimate capacity

M u  M n  0.9 *181.63 k - ft  163.5 k - ft

(2)
The value for  balanced is given as

0.85 * f c *  1  87  0.85 * 5 ksi * 0.8  87 

 bal  *  *  0.03354
fy  87  f y  60 ksi  87  60 

The balanced area is given as

As(bal)   bal * b * d  0.03354 * 10 in * 17 in  5.70 in 2

The maximum allowable area is given as

As(max)  0.75 *  bal * b * d  0.75 * 0.03354 *10 in *17 in  4.28 in 2

The minimum area is the largest of the two equations

3 fc 3 5000
 min    0.00354
fy 60000
or
200 200
 min    0.00333
fy 60000
The minimum area is

As(min)   min * b * d  0.00354 *10 in *17 in  0.60 in 2

 [3]
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the
section and find cb. Given: fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

Calculate the area of the given steel

2 2
As = 4 * ( 0.79 in ) = 3.16 in
Assume that the concrete spaces are fully developed
T  C w  Cc
As f y  0.85 * f c * area  0.85 * f c * b * a
Rearrange the equation
As f y  0.85 * f c * area 3.16 in 2 * 60 ksi  0.85 * 4 ksi * 2 *  4 in * 3 in 
a   2.65 in
0.85 * f c * b 0.85 * 4 ksi * 12 in
The neutral axis is
a   a  4 in
 2.65 in  4 in  6.65 in

6.65 in
c  7.82 in
0.85
The moment capacity is given as
 h   a 
M n  C w * d    C c * d   h  
 2   2 
 4 in 
 0.85 * 4 ksi * 2 *  3 in * 4 in  * 20 in  
 2 
  2.65 in 
0.85 * 4 ksi *12 in* 2.65 in * 20 in   4 in  
  2 
 1468.8 k - in  1586.66 k - in  3055.46 k - in  254.62 k - ft
The ultimate moment capacity
M u  M n  0.9 * 254.62 k - ft  229.16 k - ft
 [4]
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the
section. Given: fc = 3 ksi and fy = 50 ksi. If the top is
in compression and bottom is in tension.

Calculate area of the given tensile steel

2 2
As = 6 * ( 0.79 in ) = 4.74 in
Calculate the area of the given compression steel
2 2
As = 2 * ( 0.60 in ) = 1.20 in
Calculate the neutral axis

T  Cs  Cc
As * f y  Ac * f y  0.85 * f c * b * a
As f y  Ac  f y  0.85 f c  4.74 in 2 * 50 ksi  1.20 in 2 *  50 ksi - 0.85 * 3 ksi 
a   7.06 in
0.85 * f c * b 0.85 * 3 ksi * 10 in
Check to make sure that the steel yields in compression

7.06 in
c  8.31 in
0.85
 c  d  8.31 in  2.5 in  fy 50 ksi
 sc   cu    * 0.003  0.210    0.00172
 c   8.31 in  Es 29000 ksi
The compressive steel yields. The moment capacity is given as:

 a
M n  C s *  d  d   C c * d  
 2 
 1.20 in 2 *  50 ksi  0.85 * 3 ksi  * 17 in - 2.5 in  
 7.06 in 
0.85 * 3 ksi * 10 in * 7.06 in * 17 in  
 2 
 826 k - in  2425.0k - in  3251.0 k - in  270.9 k - ft
The ultimate moment capacity

M u  M n  0.9 * 270.9 k - ft  243.8 k - ft

 [5]
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the
section. Given: fc = 3.5 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. The
dimensions are beff = 36 in., bw = 9 in., d = 17 in.,
hf = 3 in., and As 6 # 9 bars. If the top is in
compression and bottom is in tension. Also find As bal,
cbal, As max all and As min.

Calculate the area of the given steel

2 2
As = 6 * ( 1.00 in ) = 6.00 in
Assume that the steel has yielded  s   y
As f y 6.00 in 2 * 60 ksi
a   3.36 in  3 in
0.85 * f c * b 0.85 * 3.5 ksi * 36 in
Must do analysis as a t-beam
C f  0.85 * f c *  beff  bw  * hf  0.85 * 3.5 ksi *  36 in  9 in  * 3 in  240.975 kips
C w  0.85 * f c * bw * a  0.85 * 3.5 ksi * 9 in * a  26.775 kips / in * a
T  A s * f y  6.00 in 2 * 60 ksi  360 kips
Cf  Cw  T
Find a value from the equations.
As f y  0.85 * f c *  beff  bw  * hf 360 kips - 240.975 kips
a   4.45 in  3.00 in
0.85 * f c * bw 26.775 kips/in
Confirm tension yields
a 4.45 in
c   5.23 in
1 0.85
d c  17 in  5.23 in  60 ksi
s    c    * 0.003  0.00675   0.00207
 c   5.23 in  29000 ksi
Confirm the forces
C f  240.975 kips
C w  26.775 k/in * 4.45 in  119.15 kips
The moment capacity is
 hf   a
M n  C f * d    C c * d  
 2   2
 3 in   4.45 in 
 240.975 kips * 17 in    119.15 kips * 17 in 
 2   2 
 3735.1 k - in  1760.4 k - in  5495.5 k - in  458 k - ft
Ultimate moment capacity
M u  M n  0.9 * 458 k - ft  412.2 k - ft
(2)
The balanced form
  cu 
cb    * d   0.003 
 * 17 in  10.06 in
    0.003  0.00207 
 cu y 

a bal  0.85 * cb  0.85 * 10.06 in  8.55 in

Compute the new values for the compression side of the equilibrium equations

C f  240.975 kips
C w  26.775 k/in * 8.55 in  228.93 kips
Find the tension component for the balanced system and the area
T  C f  C w  240.975 kips  228.93 kips  469.91 kips
T 469.91 kips
T  As * f y  As    7.83 in 2
fy 60 ksi
The allowable area is
Aall  0.75 * Abal  0.75 * 7.83 in 2  5.87 in 2
(Note we exceed the allowable area for steel in the analysis)
The minimum area
3 fc 3 3500
As (min)  *b * d  * 9 in * 17 in  0.45 in 2
fy 60000
or
200 200
As (min)  *b*d  * 9 in * 17 in  0.51 in 2
fy 60000

Select the larger value Amin = 0.51 in2